京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21618号 / 医博第4424号 / 新制||医||1033(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 大森 孝一, 教授 松田 秀一, 教授 安達 泰治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. Johannesburg, October 2017 / This research looks into the manufacturing process of complex geometries using continuous fibre reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTP). The purpose of this work was to develop methods that will enable the production of defect free complex components. This was achieved by investigating the key process parameters in the CFRTP manufacturing process, and optimizing them in order to improve the quality of components. The investi- gations were performed with the aid of software making use of the finite element method, and this was found to be instrumental in predicting the formability of geometries. The re- search showed that the formability of complex geometry is largely determined by the ability of the laminate to be draped into the required geometry. The forming mechanisms that take place during the draping process can be linked to the formation of defects where draping is unsuccessful. The study also showed that the quality of the drape can be influenced by blank and tool design factors. It was also shown that the blank can be manipulated using a restraint mechanism to improve the formability of geometries. The effect of processing parameters such as forming speed, forming pressure and tool temperature were also investigated. The research resulted in the formulation of guidelines to follow when manufacturing CFRTP components. The developments that were made were successfully implemented to improve the formability of a complex component that had previously been difficult to form without defects. / MT2018

Bioabsorbable orthopedic fixation devices are conceptually more attractive than metallic devices in repairing damaged tissues or in fastening implants. Our study focuses on investigating bioabsorbable composites for potential use as materials for orthopedic appliances. The study focuses on Poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA), Polyglycolic acid (PGA), Poly-e-caprolactone (PCL), matrices with Carbon fibers (AS4), Nylon fibers and PLLA fibers. Fiber coating effects have also been investigated, with compliant polymers (1%, 50% and 100% of matrix properties) and with hydroxyapatite (HA). Unidirectional, continuous fiber plies, and multi-directional, random and quasi-random short-fiber composites were considered in our study. NDSANDS a concentric cylinder model computer software, was used to evaluate the stiffness and strength of the bioabsorbable composites with unidirectional fiber orientation. To achieve a better physical understanding, the NDSANDS predictions were also compared with those given by a simple, mechanics of materials approach. The theory for multidirectional short fiber composites, recently developed by Giurgiutiu and Reifsnider was employed with three fiber-orientation distribution functions and three failure mechanisms. Stiffness and strength of bioabsorbable composites were predicted over a range of fiber volume fraction. It was found that AS4/PLLA with 16% fiber volume fraction can have properties close to the bone when used in short fiber composite. Similar results are obtained using AS4/PLLA with hydroxyapatite coating. PLLA/PGA and PLLA/PLLA also demonstrated properties close to those of the bone in the range of 25% and 64%. / Master of Science

Thesis (M.Tech.:Mechanical Engineering)-Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Durban University of Technology, 2006 xv, iii, 108 leaves / Fibre Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) have been used in many practical structural applications due to their excellent strength and weight characteristics as well as the ability for their properties to be tailored to the requirements of a given application. Thus, designing with FRPs can be extremely challenging, particularly when the number of design variables contained in the design space is large. For example, to determine the ply orientations and the material properties optimally is typically difficult without a considered approach. Optimization of composite structures with respect to the ply angles is necessary to realize the full potential of fibre-reinforced materials. Evaluating the fitness of each candidate in the design space, and selecting the most efficient can be very time consuming and costly. Structures composed of composite materials often contain components which may be modelled as rectangular plates or cylindrical shells, for example. Modelling of components such as plates can be useful as it is a means of simplifying elements of structures, and this can save time and thus cost. Variations in manufacturing processes and user environment may affect the quality and performance of a product. It is usually beneficial to account for such variances or tolerances in the design process, and in fact, sometimes it may be crucial, particularly when the effect is of consequence. The work conducted within this project focused on methodologies for optimally designing fibre-reinforced laminated composite structures with the effects of manufacturing tolerances included. For this study it is assumed that the probability of any tolerance value occurring within the tolerance band, compared with any other, is equal, and thus the techniques are aimed at designing for the worst-case scenario. This thesis thus discusses four new procedures for the optimization of composite structures with the effects of manufacturing uncertainties included.

Thesis (MScEng (Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / A refrigerated semi-trailer was designed to solve manufacturing and operational problems. This was achieved by using advanced pultruded composites. The static and dynamic material response was determined. The dynamic loading on the vehicles was also measured and is presented along with static load cases. These boundary conditions were used in a finite element model to determine the structural performance of the trailer. The results show good static performance with some problem areas which still need attention. Initial poor fatigue performance is improved by increasing the ultimate shear stress of the material. A fatigue optimisation technique is suggested for future use.

published_or_final_version / abstract / Civil Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

Heat insulation is the process of blocking the transfer of thermal energy between objects at different temperatures. Heat transfer occurs due to conduction, convection, or radiation, as well as any combination of these three mechanisms. Fibrous insulations can completely suppress the convective mode of heat transfer for most applications, and also help to reduce the conductive and radiative modes to some extent. In this study, an attempt has been made to computationally predict the effects of microstructural parameters (e.g., fiber diameter, fiber orientation and porosity) on the insulation performance of fibrous materials. The flexible simulation method developed in this work can potentially be used to custom-design optimal multi-component fibrous insulation media for different applications. With regards to modeling conductive heat transfer, a computationally-feasible simulation method is developed that allows one to predict the effects of each microstructural parameter on the transfer of heat across a fibrous insulation. This was achieved by combining analytical calculations for conduction through interstitial fluid (e.g., air) with numerical simulations for conduction through fibrous structures. With regards to modeling radiative heat transfer, both Monte Carlo Ray Tracing and Electromagnetic Wave Theory were implemented for our simulations. The modeling methods developed in this work are flexible to allow simulating the performance of media made up of different combinations of fibers with different materials or dimensions at different operating temperatures. For example, our simulations demonstrate that fiber diameter plays an important role in blocking radiation heat transfer. In particular, it was shown that there exists an optimum fiber diameter for which maximum insulation against radiative transfer is achieved. The optimum fiber diameter is different for fibers made of different materials and also depends on the mean temperature of the media. The contributions of conduction and radiation heat transfer predicted using the above techniques are combined to define a total thermal resistance value for media with different microstructures. Such a capability can be of great interest for design and optimization of the overall performance of fibrous media for different applications.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união (RU) e a interface adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados e convencionais em canais radiculares achatados. Molares inferiores foram escaneados por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para a seleção de 22 raízes distais com canais radiculares achatados, levando em consideração a relação de diâmetro maior/menor entre 2,5 e 4,0 e de circularidade < 0,35. Foi realizado o preparo biomecânico com instrumento Reciproc R50 e obturação pela técnica de condensação lateral com cimento AH Plus. As raízes foram distribuídas em dois grupos (n=11) de acordo com o protocolo restaurador utilizado: raízes com preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro convencionais (WhitePost DC #0,5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brasil), e raízes sem preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados Comet Tail® #4 (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canadá). Os pinos foram submetidos a tratamento de superfície com ácido fluorídrico 10% e cimentados com cimento RelyX U200 de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após a cimentação dos pinos, os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente em slices de 1 mm de espessura, obtendo-se 2 slices de cada terço (cervical, médio e apical). Os slices mais cervicais de cada terço foram utilizados para avaliar a RU, por meio do teste de push-out com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, e posterior análise do padrão de falha em estereomicroscópio. Os slices mais apicais de cada terço foram selecionados para análise da interface pino/cimento/dentina em microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aumentos de 100, 1000, 2000 e 4000X. Os dados de RU e adaptação da interface cimento/dentina foram submetidos aos testes de distribuição normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk) e homogeneidade (Levene). Os resultados de RU foram expressos em valores médios (e desvios-padrão) e comparados entre grupos utilizando os testes ANOVA dois fatores com pós-teste de Tukey e os resultados da adaptação da interface foram expressos em porcentagem e comparados entre grupos por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunns, com nível de significância de 5%. A análise de variância dois fatores evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tipos de pino de fibra de vidro (convencional e multifilamentado), sendo que o pino convencional (2,61 ± 1,30) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união quando comparado ao pino multifilamentado (1,59 ± 1,54) (P=0,008), no entanto, não houve diferença estatística para o fator terços radiculares (P=0,621) e nem para a interação dos fatores tipos de pino x terços radiculares (P=0,266). O padrão de falhas mostrou predominância de falhas adesivas mistas para os pinos convencionais e adesivas à dentina para os pinos multifilamentados. Já a análise da interface cimento/dentina por MEV, mostrou melhor adaptação do material restaurador no terço cervical para os pinos convencionais e nos terços médio e apical para os pinos multifilamentados. Conclui-se que os pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados apresentaram menores valores de resistência de união em relação aos pinos convencionais, com maior prevalência de falhas adesivas à dentina e melhor adaptação da interface adesiva nos terços médio e apical / The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength (BS) and the adhesive interface of multifilament and conventional glass fiber posts in flat-oval root canals. Mandibular molars were scanned by cone beam computed tomography for the selection of 22 distal roots with flat-oval root canals, with major / minor diameter ratio between 2.5 and 4.0 and <0.35 roundness. Biomechanical preparation with Reciproc R50 instrument and filling by lateral condensation technique with AH Plus sealer were performed. The roots were distributed in two groups (n = 11) according to the restorative protocol used: post space preparation with burs and conventional fiberglass post cementation (WhitePost DC # 0.5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brazil), or no post space preparation and #4 Comet Tail® multifilament fiberglass posts cementation (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canada). The posts surface were treated with 10% hydrofluoric acid and cemented with RelyX U200 resin cement according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. After the posts cementation, the teeth were sectioned transversely into 1 mm thick slices, obtaining 2 slices from each third (cervical, middle and apical). The cervical slices of each third were used to evaluate the BS by push-out test with 0.5 mm / min crosshead speed, followed by the analysis of the failure pattern by stereomicroscope. The apical slices of each third were selected for analysis of the post / resin cement / dentin interface by scanning electron microscopy with the following magnifications 100, 1000, 2000 and 4000X. The BS and adaptation of the resin cement / dentin interface data were submitted to normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene) tests. The BS results were expressed as mean values (and standard deviations) and compared between groups using two-way ANOVA with Tukey\'s post-test and interface adaptation results were expressed as percentages and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn\'s test, with a significance level of 5%. The two-way analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the fiberglass posts types (conventional and multifilament), and the conventional posts (2.61 ± 1.30) had the highest bond strength values when compared to the multifilament (1.59 ± 1.54) (P = 0.008), however, there was no statistically significant difference for the root thirds (P = 0.621) and for the interaction between the factors (P = 0.266). The failure pattern showed a predominance of mixed adhesive failures for the conventional posts and adhesive to dentin failures for the multifilament posts. The cement / dentin interface analysis by SEM showed a better adaptation of the restorative material in the cervical third for the conventional and in the middle and apical thirds for the multifilament posts. It can be concluded that the multifilament fiberglass posts had lower bond strength values compared to conventional posts, with a higher prevalence of adhesive to dentin failures and better adhesive interface adaptation for the middle and apical thirds

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the built environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering Johannesburg, October 2017 / An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the addition of clay on the mechanical properties of a Natural Fibre Composite consisting of a polypropylene matrix with kenaf fibre reinforcement. The kenaf fibres were treated using various chemical treatments to improve the strength of the composites manufactured. Four treatments using different 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxy silane (MPS) concentrations were investigated to determine which treatment resulted in the best mechanical properties. [Abbreviated Abstract. Open document to view full version] / MT 2018

Degradation of the Carbon Fiber/Vinylester (CF/VE) polymer matrix composites due to different electrochemical interactions when exposed to seawater or at high temperature had been experimentally investigated. Water uptake behavior of composite specimen was examined based on weight gain measurement. Three point bending test was performed to quantify the mechanical degradation of composite immersed in seawater with different environmental and electrochemical interactions. Finally, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used to better understanding of the degradation process in CF/VE composite produced by interactions between electrochemical and different environmental conditions. A detailed equivalent circuit analysis by using EIS spectra is also presented in an attempt to elucidate the degradation phenomenon in composites. / by Md Hasnine. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.