Le débit maximal d’oxygène (VO2max), aussi appelé consommation maximale d’oxygène, est actuellement l’un des paramètres central pour la compréhension de la physiologie humaine lors d’un effort physique. Plus ce débit est important et plus le sujet, sportif ou non, est capable de fournir une grande quantité d’énergie pour courir, sauter, voir courir plus vite, sauter plus haut… Ainsi, le temps pendant lequel l’homme est capable de soutenir cette valeur de débit maximal (endurance au VO2max) est l’un des facteurs déterminant de la performance. Plus ce temps est long et plus le sujet maintient une haute vitesse de course. C’est pourquoi, de nombreuses études dans le domaine de la physiologie humaine et sportive se sont attachées à analyser les facteurs limitants le VO2max et l’endurance au VO2max. Néanmoins, si les facteurs limitants du VO2max sont aujourd’hui largement acceptés, les facteurs limitant l’endurance au VO2max restent encore à déterminer. La mise en place d’un modèle expérimental innovant utilisant comme variable indépendante la VO2max et non la puissance, comme cela était fait habituellement, a permis de mettre en évidence les facteurs limitant l’endurance au VO2max. Grâce à ce modèle, nous avons démontré que l’endurance au VO2max dépend de variations de puissance (ou de vitesse) durant cet effort au VO2max. Cette variation de puissance permet d’épargner les réserves du métabolisme anaérobie. Ainsi, nous avons montré que ces réserves anaérobies sont également un facteur limitant de l’endurance au VO2max. De plus, l’endurance au VO2max n’est pas corrélée au VO2max des sujets. Autrement dit, un sujet, avec un VO2max bas sera capable de soutenir longtemps son VO2max, s’il a en contre partie une grande capacité anaérobie et s’il est capable d’adapter sa vitesse de façon adéquate lors de sa course. L’endurance au VO2max sera identique au niveau de la mer ou en altitude (3000m) et ne dépendra pas des facteurs cardiovasculaires intervenant dans l’équation de Fick, principaux facteurs limitants de l’amplitude du VO2max. L’ensemble de ses résultats a donc permis, pour la première fois, de déterminer des facteurs limitant l’endurance au 2max qui sont différents des facteurs limitant l’amplitude du VO2max. Ces nouvelles connaissances sur l’endurance trouveront des applications dans la planification des entraînements sportifs afin d’améliorer la qualité des entraînements et en épargnant le surentraînement aux sportifs. De plus, ces données pourraient être également mise en œuvre chez les sujets dont les capacités physiques ont été endommagées par des pathologies (cardiaques, respiratoires par exemple). / Maximal Oxygen uptake (VO2max) is currently one of the central parameters for the comprehension of human physiology during a physical activity. Higher is this oxygen uptake is and greater is the energy supply to run or jump for trained or untrained subjects … Thus, the time during which the subject is able to support this maximal oxygen uptake (endurance at VO2max) is one of the factors determining the performance. Longer is this endurance at VO2max Higher is the speed of race maintains by the subjects this is why, Among the numerous studies in the field of human and sporting physiology, the limiting factors of VO2max and the limiting factors of endurance at VO2max were studied. Nevertheless, if the limiting factors of VO2max today are well accepted, the factors limiting the endurance at VO2max still remain to be determined.The development of an innovating experimental model using VO2max as independent variable and not the power, as that was usually done, highlight the factors limiting the endurance at VO2max. Thanks to this model, we showed that the endurance at VO2max depends on variations of power (or speed) during this effort at VO2max. This variation of power minimizes the anaerobic metabolism reserve utilization during the 2max plateau. Thus, we showed that these anaerobic reserves are also a limiting factor of the endurance at VO2max. Moreover, the endurance at VO2max was not correlated with the VO2max. In other words, a subject, with a low VO2max may be able to support VO2max for a long time, if the anaerobic capacity is important and if the speed variation is properly adapted during the race. The endurance at VO2max is identical at sea level and in hypoxic condition (3000m) and that not depend on the cardiovascular factors entering in the Fick equation, known as limiting factors of VO2max amplitude. For the first time, all of these results determine factors limiting the endurance at VO2max which are different from the factors limiting the amplitude of VO2max. This new knowledge about endurance will find applications in the planning of the sport training in order to improve its quality and by saving athletes overtraining. Moreover, these data could also be implemented for subjects whose physical capacities are damaged by pathologies (cardiac, respiratory impairments for example).

No description available.

Das Ficksche Prinzip gilt als der Goldstandard der Bestimmung des Herzminutenvolumens. Neben der invasiven Bestimmung über einen Pulmonaliskatheter steht die nicht-invasive Rückatmungsmethode (Rebreahting) zur Verfügung. Bereits 1996 ist von FW Schardt eine weitere nicht-invasive ergospirometrische Variante vorgestellt worden, die ohne Rückatmung auskommt. Hier wird der gemischt-venösen Kohlendioxidgehalt basierend auf den Kohlendioxidverbrauch berechnet. Ziel der Arbeit ist eine vergleichende Darstellung der Bestimmungsmethode nach Schardt mit dem als Referenzmethode dienenden Rückatmungsverfahren. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf Messungen unter hohen Belastungen gelegt, denn hier neigt das Rebreathingverfahren zur Unterschätzung des Herzminutenvolumens, zudem wird die Rückatmung selbst für den Patienten unerträglich. Parallel wurde bei 36 Probanden das Herzminutenvolumen sowohl durch Rebreathing (Qt) wie auch nach Schardt (HMV) ergospirometrisch auf dem Fahrradergometer (in 50 Watt Stufen) bis maximal 350 Watt bestimmt. Ausgewertet wurde die absolute bzw. prozentuale Abweichung des HMV von Qt, sowie HMV vom Mittelwert beider Methoden nach Bland/Altman bzw. Critchley/Critchley. Unter Einbeziehung der Ergebnisse aller Belastungsstufen wird deutlich, dass die Werte für HMV bei niedrigeren Ausgangswerten unter den Werten der Rückatmungsmethode (Qt) liegen. Dagegen werden bei hohen Belastungen für HMV höhere Werte berechnet als für Qt. Die größten Abweichungen sind in Ruhe die zu erkennen. Die Abweichung des HMV vom Mittelwert beider Methoden liegt in Ruhe im Mittel bei 18,8%, unter niedriger Belastung bei 8,7-9,4%. Die Grenzen der Übereinstimmung überschreiten jedoch die Grenzen der Genauigkeit. Die niedrigsten Abweichungen sind bei mittelschwerer Belastung (150-200 Watt) zu verzeichnen, sowie geringe Abweichungen unter sehr hoher Belastung (1,2-4,0%). Die Grenzen der Übereinstimmung liegen innerhalb der Grenzen der Genauigkeit. Die prozentuale Abweichung der Ergebnisse für das Herzminutenvolumen nach Schardt vom Mittelwert beider Methoden liegt über allen Belastungsstufen innerhalb der von Critchley und Critchley geforderten +/- 20 Prozent. Insgesamt konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Methode nach Schardt eine Variante des Fickschen Prinzips liefert, die als einfache, nicht invasive Maßnahme auch unter hoher Belastung und bei wiederholten Messungen anwendbar ist und insbesondere unter mittleren und hohen Belastungen mit der Rebreathingmethode austauschbar ist. / The Fick principle is known as the goldstandard for measuring the cardiac output. Apart from the invasiv measurements via a pulmonalis catheter there is another option for measuring the cardiac output by non-invasive rebreathing. FW Schardt already introduced another non-invasive ergospirometric alternative in 1996 working without rebreathing. Aim of the thesis is to compare the method according to Schardt to the well-known rebreathing method which is used as a reference method. Stress is laid on measurements at high strain because then the rebreahting method tends to underestimate the cardiac output, additionally the rebreathing itself then becomes unbearable. The cardiac output of 36 subjects was measured at the same time according to Schardt (HMV) as well as to Rebreahting (Qt) with incremental treadmill tests (50 watt steps) until a maximum of 350 watts. The absolute and the percentage deviation of the HMV from Qt as well as from the mean value of both methods was analysed. Afterwards the results were evaluated according to Bland/Altmann and Critchley/Critchley. Considering all the results of the various stress levels it became apparent that the HMV results were below the Qt results at low stress levels, in contrast to high stress levels where the HMV results are higher than the Qt results. The largest deviations are apparent at rest : The deviation of the HMV from the mean value of both methods is about 18.8%, at low stress levels (50-100 watts) about 8.7 – 9.4%. Here the limits of agreement exceed the limits of precision. The lowest deviations are found at medium stress levels (150-200 watts), as well as slight deviations at high stress-levels (250-350 watt).Here the limits of agreement are within the limits of precision. At all stress levels the percentage deviation for HMV from the mean value of both methods lies within the +/- 20 % demanded by Critchley/Critchly. The main conclusion of this thesis is that the method according to Schardt offers an alternative to the Rebreahting method expecially at high and middle stress levels. It is a simple, non-invasive method which can be easily applied under high stress levels and can be repeated several times.

Yes / Ophthalmologists rely on a device known as the Goldmann applanation tonometer to make intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements. It measures the force required to press a flat disc against the cornea to produce a flattened circular region of known area. The IOP is deduced from this force using the Imbert-Fick principle. However, there is scant analytical justification for this analysis. We present a mathematical model of tonometry to investigate the relationship between the pressure derived by tonometry and the IOP. An elementary equilibrium analysis suggests that there is no physical basis for traditional tonometric analysis. Tonometry is modelled using a hollow spherical shell of solid material enclosing an elastic liquid core, with the shell in tension and the core under pressure. The shell is pressed against a rigid flat plane. The solution is found using finite element analysis. The shell material is anisotropic. Values for its elastic constants are obtained from literature except where data are unavailable, when reasonable limits are explored. The results show that the force measured by the Goldmann tonometer depends on the elastic constant values. The relationship between the IOP and the tonometer readings is complex, showing potentially high levels of inaccuracy that depend on IOP.

No / A mathematical model which describes the functioning of a Goldmann-type applanation tonometer is proposed in order in order to verify the validity of the Imbert-Fick principle. The spherical axi-symmetric elastic equilibrium equation and solved using a Love stress function. Conclusions are drawn regarding the circumstances under which the Imbert-Fick principle may or may not be vaild.

This thesis provides a first description and proof-of-concept of iterative cardiac output measurement (ICO) – a respiratory, carbon-dioxide (CO2) based method of measuring cardiac output (CO). The ICO method continuously tests and refines an estimate of the CO by attempting to maintain the end-tidal CO2 constant. To validate the new method, ICO and bolus thermodilution CO (TDCO) were simultaneously measured in a porcine model of liver transplant. Linear regression analysis revealed the equation ICO = 0.69•TDCO + 0.65 with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.89. Analysis by the method of Bland and Altman showed a bias of -0.2 L/min with 95% limits of agreement from -1.1 to 0.7 L/min. The trending ability of ICO was determined using the half-circle polar plot method where the mean radial bias, the standard deviation of the polar angle, and 95% confidence interval of the polar angle were -8º, ±17º, and ±33º, respectively.

This thesis provides a first description and proof-of-concept of iterative cardiac output measurement (ICO) – a respiratory, carbon-dioxide (CO2) based method of measuring cardiac output (CO). The ICO method continuously tests and refines an estimate of the CO by attempting to maintain the end-tidal CO2 constant. To validate the new method, ICO and bolus thermodilution CO (TDCO) were simultaneously measured in a porcine model of liver transplant. Linear regression analysis revealed the equation ICO = 0.69•TDCO + 0.65 with a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.89. Analysis by the method of Bland and Altman showed a bias of -0.2 L/min with 95% limits of agreement from -1.1 to 0.7 L/min. The trending ability of ICO was determined using the half-circle polar plot method where the mean radial bias, the standard deviation of the polar angle, and 95% confidence interval of the polar angle were -8º, ±17º, and ±33º, respectively.

Adolf Fick’s work represents in many ways an important starting point for modern scientific research on diffusion. Diffusion itself is a slow process taking long time to progress. In this talk, we aim to discuss the progress of diffusion science. For this purpose, we present a highly subjective review of the study of diffusion since the times of Adolf Fick. Our focus is on mutual diffusion in liquids which is at the heart of many processes in (bio)chemical systems. Here, diffusion is often the rate-limiting step and thus decisive for overall process performance.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T15:00:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1410495 bytes, checksum: 297a35ec22dfac08098347ad18406247 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Drying is one of the most widely used commercial processes for the preservation of agricultural products, whose maximum objective is to maintain its qualities. On the other hand, for the optimal design and control of processes and equipments it is necessary a clear understanding of the involved phenomena and the transport properties of the product being handled. In this sense two mathematical models were developed, in the configuration of an infinite plane plate, with the aim of studying the process of drying food. The first model was based on Fick's second law, to model the process of mass transfer, treated by the Classical Integral Transform Technique (CITT). The second model was developed for the analysis of the simultaneous heat and mass transfer using the equations of Luikov, where the distributions of temperature and moisture content inside the food were obtained following the formalism inherent to the Generalized Integral Transform Technique (GITT). In both models, the thermophysical properties are considered constant. The results obtained in the two models were compared and found that they are able to describe the process of drying food. The influence of thermophysical parameters relating to the simultaneous heat and mass transfer was also analyzed. The accuracy of the calculations of a heat and mass balance depends on the precision as that is known the properties of the product and the choice of reliable data for these properties is an important part to any careful analysis engineering. Thus, an inverse problem of parameters estimation, for the mass transfer, was solved through the Levenberg-Marquardt's minimization algorithm. The results obtained through the solution of the inverse problem for the effective mass diffusivity are the same order magnitude of those reported in the literature. Key words - food drying, Fick law, Luikov, GITT, inverse method. / A secagem é um dos processos comerciais mais usados na conservação de produtos agropecuários, cujo objetivo máximo é a manutenção de suas qualidades. Por outro lado, para o dimensionamento e controle ótimos dos processos e dos equipamentos é necessário um claro entendimento dos fenômenos envolvidos e das propriedades de transporte do produto que está sendo manuseado. Neste sentido, foram desenvolvidos dois modelos matemáticos, na configuração de uma placa plana infinita, com o objetivo de se estudar o processo de secagem de alimentos. O primeiro modelo foi baseado na segunda lei de Fick, para modelar o processo de transferência de massa, tratado através da Técnica da Transformada Integral Clássica (CITT). O segundo modelo foi desenvolvido para a análise da transferência simultânea de calor e massa usando-se as equações de Luikov, onde as distribuições de temperatura e teor de umidade no interior do alimento foram obtidas segundo os formalismos inerentes à Técnica da Transformada Integral Generalizada (GITT). Em ambos os modelos as propriedades termofísicas são consideradas constantes. Os resultados obtidos nos dois modelos foram comparados e constatou-se que os mesmos são capazes de descrever o processo de secagem de alimentos. Avaliou-se também a influência dos parâmetros termofísicos referentes à transferência simultânea de calor e massa. A exatidão dos cálculos de um balanço de calor e massa depende da precisão com que se conhecem as propriedades do produto e, a escolha de dados confiáveis dessas propriedades é uma parcela importante para qualquer análise cuidadosa de engenharia. Desta forma, um problema inverso de estimação de parâmetros, para a transferência de massa, foi resolvido através do algoritmo de minimização de Levenberg-Marquardt. Os resultados obtidos através da solução do problema inverso para a difusividade efetiva de massa são da mesma ordem de grandeza dos reportados na literatura.

Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es die Fick-Jacobs Näherung, welche eine genaue Beschreibung zahlreiche Transporteigenschaften von Brownschen Teilchen in räumlich beschränkten Geometrien liefern kann, auf experimentell vorherrschende Gegebenheiten, z.B., sich stark ändernde Geometrien, komplizierte Kraftfelder, Teilchenausdehnung und endliche viskose Reibung, zu erweitern. Dazu wird zuerst die exakte Lösung für die stationäre Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte mittels Entwicklung in einem geometrischen Parameter, der die Kanalmodulation misst, berechnet. Die höheren Entwicklungsterme ermöglichen die Berechnung von Korrekturen zu den Transportkoeffizienten für sich stark ändernde Geometrien. Ferner kann die Fick-Jacobs Näherung mittels der Entwicklungsmethode auf beliebige Kraftfelder verallgemeinert werden. Am Beispiel des mikrofluidischen Kanals zeigen wir, dass das Zusammenspiel von externen Kräften (skalare Potentiale) und Strömungen (Vektorpotentiale) zur effizienten Trennung von Objekten, mittels des Effektes des hydrodynamisch induzierten entropischen Einsperrens, genutzt werden kann. Da das effiziente Sortieren nach Größe eine der wichtigsten Ziele in der Grundlagenforschung ist, zeigen wir wie die Teilchenausdehnung in die Fick-Jacobs Näherung integriert werden kann. Abschließend wird der Einfluss der Mediumsviskosität auf den Teilchentransport untersucht. Wenn die Zeitskalen separieren, führt adiabatische Eliminierung auch für endliche Reibung zu einer Fick-Jacobs ähnlichen Beschreibung. Diese ist unweigerlich mit Energiegleichverteilung und mit verschwindender Geschwindigkeitskorrelation verbunden. Numerische Simulationen zeigen, dass diese Beschreibung für moderate bis starke Dämpfung und schwache externe Kräfte akkurat ist. Für starke Kräfte wird die angenommene Energiegleichverteilung infolge von Teilchen-Wand Kollisionen verletzt. Dies führt zu einer nichtlinearen Abhängigkeit der Teilchengeschwindigkeit und des effektiven Diffusionskoeffizienten von der Kraftstärke. / This work intends to show how experimentally relevant issues such as strong channel corrugation, sophisticated external force fields, particle size, and the solvent''s viscosity can be incorporated into the commonly used Fick-Jacobs approach which provides a powerful tool to capture many properties of Brownian particles'' transport in confined geometries. First, we derive exact solutions of the stationary probability distribution in terms of an expansion parameter specifying the channel corrugation. Thereby, the leading order is equivalent to the Fick-Jacobs approach. By means of higher expansion orders, which become significant for strong channel corrugation, we obtain corrections to the key particle transport quantities. Going one step further, we generalize the Fick-Jacobs approach to the most general forces. As an exemplary application, we consider microfluidic devices in which the interplay of conservative forces and pressure-driven flows (vector potentials) offers a unique opportunity to efficiently separate Brownian particles of the same size using the newly discovered effect of hydrodynamically enforced entropic trapping. Since separation and sorting by size is a main challenge in basic research, we demonstrate that within certain limits the analytic expressions for the key transport quantities, derived for point-like particles, can be applied to extended objects, too. Lastly, we study the impact of the solvent''s viscosity on particle transport. If the time scales separate, adiabatic elimination results in an effective description even for finite damping. The possibility of such description is intimately connected with equipartition and vanishing velocity correlation. Numerical simulations show that this approach is accurate for moderate to strong damping and for weak forces. For strong external forces, equipartition may break down due to reflections at the boundaries. This leads to a non-monotonic dependence of the particle mobility on the force strength.