農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。

農林水産研究情報センターで作成したPDFファイルを使用している。

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MILCIADES HEITOR DE ABREU PARDO.pdf: 4439277 bytes, checksum: ff5766d35aca3a3804289bc389bf50d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-20 / For proper exploitation of natural resources, it is necessary, besides the use of tools that assist in the planning of environmental activities and detailed knowledge of the region, an accurate environmental perception of those who inhabit this environment. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to propose a methodology for environmental management that helps in the understanding of processes related to conservation of natural resources with emphasis on its employees and neighboring communities. The study was carried out at Embrapa Acre with the use of direct and indirect research techniques (questionnaires), and also tools necessary for the utility of a geographic information system (GIS). To enhance the environmental perception of the communities involved two kinds of questionnaires were applied with closed and choice multiple questions. These were applied in the employees and neighboring communities levels, which resulted in a better understanding of the existing potentiality for development and the socioeconomic factors of the locality. We observed evident possibilities for the increase of the use of natural resources in the experimental field. The questionnaire results pointed and suggested practical unit developments, such as the reforestation of permanent preservation areas. These facts were corroborated by studies in the evaluation of field data collected and integrated in remote sensing. We highlighted the photointerpretation and as a result the suggestion of the adoption of a GIS by the company. Besides the theoretical emphasis, the compatibility between the use of aerial photographs and data mining was supported by softwares such as ArcGIS and made it possible the development of a database, which included the creation and development of spatial structures recognized and measured in field with the use of geographic position system (GPS). Thus, by means of experimental results obtained, the method of photointerpretation presented effective classification of the experimental field of Embrapa Acre, with elaboration of thematic maps of the area and a GIS. Allied to these techniques, the study infers the global perception of the community and employees as essential and confirms that environmental care has acquire more social and ecological sensitivity, in search of a better quality of life and sustainable development. / Para a exploração adequada dos recursos naturais é necessário, além da utilização de ferramentas que auxiliem no planejamento das atividades ambientais e do conhecimento detalhado da região, uma percepção ambiental apurada daqueles que habitam este meio. Portanto, o objetivo desse trabalho é propor uma metodologia de gestão ambiental que auxilie na compreensão dos processos relacionados à conservação dos recursos naturais, com ênfase em seus colaboradores e comunidades vizinhas. O estudo foi desenvolvido no campo experimental da Embrapa Acre com utilização de técnicas de pesquisa direta e indireta (questionários), além de ferramentas necessárias para utilização de um sistema de informação geográfica (SIG). Para acrescer a percepção ambiental das comunidades envolvidas, foram aplicados dois modelos de questionários com perguntas fechadas e de múltiplas escolhas. Estes foram aplicados nos níveis de colaboradores e das comunidades vizinhas, o que resultou uma melhor compreensão das potencialidades existentes de desenvolvimento e os fatores socioeconômicos da localidade. Observaram-se evidentes possibilidades de aumento do uso dos recursos naturais do campo experimental, como, por exemplo, o reflorestamento de áreas de preservação permanente. Este último, apoiado pelo estudo na avaliação dos dados de campo coletados e integrados no sensoriamento remoto. Destacou-se a fotointerpretação e, como resultado, a sugestão de adoção pela Empresa de um SIG. Além da ênfase teórica a compatibilidade entre o uso de fotografias aéreas e a mineração de dados, apoiou-se em softwares como o ArcGIS e tornou-se possível a elaboração de uma base de dados, que contou com a criação e elaboração de estruturas espaciais reconhecidas e aferidas no campo com auxílio de GPS Global Positioning System . Assim, por meio dos resultados experimentais obtidos, o método da fotointerpretação apresentou efetividade de classificação do campo experimental da Embrapa Acre, com elaboração de mapas temáticos da área e um SIG. Aliado a essas técnicas o estudo infere a percepção global das comunidades e colaboradores como essencial e confirma que o cuidado ambiental adquiriu maior sensibilidade social e ecológica na busca de uma melhor qualidade de vida e desenvolvimento sustentável.

L’activité physique, couramment exprimée en multiple des besoins du métabolisme de base, induit une dépense supplémentaire en termes d’énergie qui varie selon les exercices pratiqués et leurs caractéristiques. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était d’estimer la dépense énergétique liée aux exercices d’entraînement chez le cheval trotteur attelé. Pour cela, la consommation d’oxygène (VO2) et la fréquence cardiaque (FC) ont été mesurées en conditions de terrain sur des chevaux trotteurs maintenus en situation expérimentale contrôlée à partir d’un appareil portable de mesure des échanges respiratoires, le K4b² équin et l’Equimask. Les chevaux ont été soumis à quatre exercices d’entraînement utilisés chez le cheval trotteur : promenade, jogging, parcours et interval. Des mises au point méthodologiques se sont avérées nécessaires pour répondre à notre objectif de thèse et ont été menées de manière préliminaire à la quantification énergétique. Nos travaux ont montré que l’utilisation de l’analyseur portable des échanges gazeux permet d’obtenir des données cardiorespiratoires cohérentes, même à des vitesses de course élevées (12 m/s) et ainsi d’estimer la dépense énergétique liée aux différents exercices. Néanmoins pour une application pratique sur le terrain, nos résultats suggèrent que la fréquence cardiaque peut être utilisée pour estimer VO2, sous conditions d’avoir individuellement établie la relation VO2/FC au cours d’un test incrémental spécifique à la discipline du trot. Nos résultats confirment l’intérêt d’investiguer la dépense énergétique spécifique à chaque exercice puisque cette dernière est directement liée à l’intensité, à la durée et au type d’exercice pratiqué. En effet, nous avons proposé des coefficients de majoration de la dépense énergétique liée aux exercices en multiple des besoins liés au métabolisme de base. Les coefficients de majoration correspondent à 1,26 – 1,23 – 1,39 et 1,39 fois les besoins d’entretien pour les exercices promenade, jogging, parcours et interval respectivement. En moyenne, une semaine type d’entraînement chez un cheval trotteur induit une augmentation de ces besoins en énergie de 1,30 fois les besoins d’entretien. Bien que cette estimation nécessite d’être complétée en ajoutant la contribution anaérobie dans la fourniture énergétique mais aussi l’ensemble des pratiques complémentaires exercées par les chevaux trotteurs, nos travaux apportent de nouveaux éléments à la quantification de la dépense énergétique liée aux exercices spécifiques chez le cheval trotteur attelé. / Physical activity, commonly expressed as a multiple of basal metabolic requirements, induces an additional energy cost which varied with exercises and their characteristics. The objective of the present work was to estimate energy expenditure related to training exercises in the harnessed Standardbred trotters. Oxygen consumption (VO2) and heart rate (HR) were measured in field conditions in trotters maintained under controlled situation using a portable device measuring respiratory gas exchanges, the equine K4b² and the Equimask. Trotters were submitted to four exercises used in the trotter training: ‘promenade’, ‘jogging’, ‘parcours’ and ‘interval’. Preliminary to the quantification of the exercise energy expenditure, some methodological adaptations were needed. Our results showed that the use of portable analyzers provides consistent cardiorespiratory data even at high running speeds (12 m/s) and thus a good estimation of the exercise energy expenditure. However for practical application in the field, our results suggest that heart rate can be used to estimate VO2, particularly when individual VO2/HR curve was established previously. Our results confirm the interest of the investigation of the exercise energy expenditure which is directly related to the intensity, duration and type of exercise performed. Indeed, we proposed coefficients to increase total energy expenditure due to the exercise in multiple to the energy basal metabolism. Coefficients correspond to 1.26 - 1.23 to 1.39 and 1.39 times the maintenance requirements for ‘promenade’, ‘jogging’, ‘parcours’ and ‘interval’ exercises. A typical training week in trained trotter requires an increase of the energy 1.30 times maintenance requirements. Although this estimate needs to be completed by adding anaerobic contribution to the energy supply but also all additional physical activities performed by trained trotters, our work provides new evidence to quantify energy expenditure related to specific exercises in harnessed Standardbred trotter.

Nutrients are usually patchily distributed in natural soils. Plants are often able to respond to nutrient heterogeneity in artificial conditions by active plastic changes of root system morphology. The occurrence or magnitude of a foraging response can be altered by the presence of competition. However, it is unclear to what extent root foraging takes place in the field. I conducted a field experiment in order to determine the effect of an artificial nutrient patch on fine belowground biomass of (a) an established community and (b) model plants. The study array consisted of a grid of 30×30 cm plots with model plants located in the centre. Half of the plots contained the artificial patch located 5.5 cm from the model plant. Fertilizer patch treatment did not increase mean plot fine underground biomass. Instead, fine underground biomass was higher in places of greater soil moisture estimated from mean plot EIVs. Neither total model plant root biomass nor proportion of roots in the enriched quarter increased in the fertilizer treatment. Competition was probably higher in fertilized than in control plots judging by a 2-fold increase in death rate of model plants. However, greater proportion of model plants flowered in the treatment plots. Possible causes include a plastic response to the patch as well...