La thermoélectricité est considérée comme une source prometteuse de l'énergie puisqu'elle est capable de convertir directement la chaleur en électricité. Ceci permet de récupérer la chaleur dissipée sans causer de la pollution. Cependant, les options applicatives à grande échelle sont encore en restriction en raison du faible rendement de conversion thermoélectrique. Par conséquent, de nombreux travaux de recherche sont consacrés à l'amélioration de la performance thermoélectrique de différents matériaux, qui est caractérisée par la figure de mérite ZT. Un ZT favorable comprend simultanément un coefficient Seebeck satisfaisant, une conductivité électrique élevée et une faible conductivité thermique. Rechercher un matériau approprié avec une meilleure performance thermoélectrique est l'objectif de nos analyses. Avec les techniques de dopage, différents éléments peuvent être ajoutés dans des semi-conducteurs à différentes concentrations. La densité de charge pourrait ainsi être modifiée pour améliorer les propriétés thermoélectriques. En raison des obstacles liés à la synthèse des matériaux, des simulations numériques basées sur différentes méthodes, telles que la théorie fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT), la dynamique moléculaire (DM), sont ensuite mises en oeuvre pour estimer l'approche d'amélioration la plus prometteuse. Au cours de cette thèse, les propriétés thermoélectriques de plusieurs matériaux sont étudiées pour des applications dans différentes situations, à savoir CsSnI₃ comme un candidat potentiel avec sa haute conductivité électrique, ZnO comme un matériau thermoélectrique transparent, Bi₂Te₃ comme un traditionnel matériau avec d'autres améliorations et la cellulose comme futur semi- conducteur organique. Comme la DFT ne concerne que les propriétés des électrons (coefficient de Seebeck, conductivité électrique, conductivité thermique due aux électrons), la conductivité thermique du réseau n'est pas incluse ici. Par conséquent, DFT avec des déplacements finis et DM sont utilisés comme méthodes complémentaires pour établir la conductivité thermique due aux phonons. De cette façon, cette thèse est divisée en deux parties. Dans la première partie, des contextes théoriques de DFT sont introduits à partir de l'équation de Schrödinger. Les résultats des simulations DFT classiques sont présentés par la suite. En utilisant des positions atomiques issues de mesures expérimentales, nous avons lancé la relaxation de la structure cristalline pour assurer que chaque atome dans le système est à sa position d'équilibre. Les structures de bande d'énergie électronique sont également calculées pour valider les configurations de calcul (énergie de coupure, conditions de convergence, etc.). Une cartographie complète des valeurs propres dans l'espace réciproque est faite et les propriétés thermoélectriques sont calculées en résolvant les équations de transport de Boltzmann. Dans la deuxième partie, les théories de base des phonons sont mentionnées, suivies des introductions des méthodes en DFT avec des déplacements finis et en DM. Nous avons mis en oeuvre des simulations DM pour étudier l'influence du dopage à l'aluminium sur la conductivité thermique du réseau pour ZnO. Nous avons également utilisé la méthode en DFT avec des déplacements finis pour étudier la variation de la conductivité thermique de l'alliage Bi₂Te₃₋ₓSeₓ. / Thermoelectricity is considered a promising source of energy since it is able to directly convert heat into electricity. This makes it possible to recover dissipated heat without causing pollution. However, large-scale applicative options are still under restriction because of the dim thermoelectric conversion yield. Therefore, numerous research works are dedicated to improving thermoelectric performance of different materials, which is characterized by the dimensionless figure of merit ZT. A favorable ZT includes simultaneously a satisfying Seebeck coefficient, a high electrical conductivity and a low thermal conductivity. To seek a suitable material with a better thermoelectric performance is the objective of our analyses. With doping technics, different elements can be added into semi-conductors within different concentrations. The charge density could be thus modified in order to change thermoelectric properties. Due to hurdles related to materials synthesis, numerical simulations based on different methods, such as density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), are then implemented to estimate the most promising improvement approach. During this thesis, thermoelectric properties of several materials are investigated for applications in different situations, i.e. CsSnI₃ as a potential candidate with its high electronic conductivity, ZnO as a transparent thermoelectric material, Bi₂Te₃ as a traditional material with further improvements and cellulose as future organic semi-conductor. As DFT concerns only properties of electrons (Seebeck coefficient, electric conductivity, thermal conductivity due to electrons), lattice thermal conductivity is not included herein. Therefore, DFT with finite displacement and MD are used as a complementary method to establish thermal conductivity due to phonons. In this way, this thesis is divided into two parts. In the first part, theoretical backgrounds of DFT are introduced starting with Schrödinger equation. Results of classical DFT simulations are presented afterwards. By using atomic positions from experimental measurements, we launched crystal structure relaxation to ensure that every atom in the system is at its equilibrium position. Electronic band structures are also calculated to validate calculation configurations (cutoff energy, convergence conditions, etc.). A full mapping of Eigenvalues in reciprocal space is realized and thermoelectric properties are calculated by solving Boltzmann transport equations. In the second part, basic theories of phonons are mentioned, followed by introductions of DFT with finite displacements and MD methods. We implemented MD simulations to study the influence of aluminum doping on lattice thermal conductivity for ZnO. We also used DFT with finite displacements method to study lattice thermal conductivity variation of Bi₂Te₃₋ₓSeₓ alloy.

This letter presents the design and characterization results of a multi-octave power amplifier fabricated in a 0.13μm SiGe-BiCMOS technology. The single stage power amplifier is implemented as the stack of a cascode amplifier combining broadband input matching network with resistive feedback, and a common-base amplifier with base capacitive feedback. Measurement results show that the design delivers a peak saturated output power level of 20.2 dBm, with output 1 dB compression at 19.4 dBm. The measured 3 dB power bandwidth is from 4 GHz to 32 GHz, covering three octaves. The corresponding power fractional bandwidth is 156 %. The measured peak power added efficiency is 20.6 %, and peak small signal gain is 18.6 dB. The fabricated integrated circuit occupies an area of 0.71mm2. To compare state-of-the-art multi-octave power amplifiers, the power amplifier figure of merit defined by the international technology roadmap for semiconductors is modified to include power fractional bandwidth and area. To the knowledge of the authors, the presented design achieves the highest figure of merit among multi-octave power amplifiers in a silicon based integrated circuit technology reported in literature.

Auditory preemption theory suggests two competing assumptions for the attention-capturing and performance-altering properties of auditory tasks. In onset preemption, attention is immediately diverted to the auditory channel. Strategic preemption involves a decision process in which the operator maintains focus on more complex auditory messages. The limitation in this process is that the human auditory, or echoic, memory store has a limit of 2 to 5 seconds, after which the message must be processed or it decays. In contrast, multiple resource theory suggests that visual and auditory tasks may be efficiently time-shared because two different pools of cognitive resources are used. Previous research regarding these competing assumptions has been limited and equivocal. Thus, the current research focused on systematically examining the effects of complexity and timing of communication interruptions on visual detection tasks. It was hypothesized that both timing and complexity levels would impact detection performance in a multi-task environment. Study 1 evaluated the impact of complexity and timing of communications occurring before malfunctions in an ongoing visual detection task. Twenty-four participants were required to complete each of the eight timing blocks that included simple or complex communications occurring simultaneously, and at 2, 5, or 8 seconds before detection events. For simple communications, participants repeated three pre-recorded words. However, for complex communications, they generated three words beginning with the same last letter of a word prompt. Results indicated that complex communications at two seconds or less occurring before a visual detection event significantly impacted response time with a 1.3 to 1.6 second delay compared to all the other timings. Detection accuracy for complex communication tasks under the simultaneous condition was significantly degraded compared to simple communications at five seconds or more prior to the task. This resulted in a 20% decline in detection accuracy. Additionally, participants' workload ratings for complex communications were significantly higher than simple communications. Study 2 examined the timing of communications occurring at the corresponding seconds after the visual detection event. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to the communication complexity and timing blocks as in study 1. The results did not find significant performance effects of timing or complexity of communications on detection performance. However the workload ratings for the 2 and 5 second complex communication presentations were higher compared to the same simple communication conditions. Overall, these findings support the strategic preemption assumption for well-defined, complex communications. The onset preemption assumption for simple communications was not supported. These results also suggest that the boundaries of the multiple resource theory assumption may exist up to the limits of the echoic memory store. Figures of merit for task performance under the varying levels of timing and complexity are presented. Several theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

No description available.

Thermoelectric (TE) ZrNiSn samples with a half-Heusler atomic structure were synthesized by mechanical alloying (MA) and consolidation by either Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) or hot pressing (HP). X-Ray diffraction patterns of as milled powders and consolidated samples were compared and analyzed for phase purity. Thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient are measured as a function of temperature in the range 300 K to 800 K and compared with measurements reported for high temperature solid state reaction synthesis of this compound. HP samples, compared to SPS samples, demonstrate increased grain growth due to longer heating times. Reduced grain size achieved by MA and SPS causes increased phonon scattering due to the increased number of grain boundaries, which lowers the thermal conductivity without doping the base system with addition phonon scattering centers. Mechanical characterization of the samples by microindentation and depth sensing indentation for hardness and elastic modulus will be discussed.

Malgré leurs contribution dans plusieurs domaines, les biopuces à lecture plasmonique conventionnelles basées sur l'utilisation d’un film métallique plan d'or, sont limitées en terme de sensibilité surtout quand il s'agit de détecter des molécules de faible masse molaire à l’état de trace.Dans ce cadre, nous étudions numériquement et expérimentalement le potentiel de détection d’interactions biomoléculaires d’une nouvelle génération de biopuces à lecture plasmonique intégrant un film métallique micro-nano-structurée en réseau rectangulaire 1D. L’étude numérique développée met en œuvre une méthode hybride, basée sur la combinaison de deux méthodes classiques : la méthode des éléments finis et la méthode modale de Fourier. Grâce à ce nouvel outil numérique, nous présentons une cartographie exhaustive du potentiel de détection d’une couche biologique, en variant les paramètres de la structuration liés aux dimensions du réseau. La réponse de la biopuce à l’accrochage de biomolécules est ensuite interprétée théoriquement par les différents phénomènes plasmoniques notamment les «points chauds» et les bandes plasmoniques interdites. Nos calculs soulignent l'importance de l’exploitation du confinement de la lumière à travers la structuration sub-longueur d’onde des surfaces plasmoniques. Ceci permet non seulement d’optimiser les paramètres géométriques afin d’améliorer la sensibilité vis-à-vis de la réponse d’une biopuce conventionnelle, mais aussi de mettre en évidence la transition entre le régime où les plasmons propagatifs dominent et le régime où les plasmons localisés dominent. De nouvelles figures de mérite sont introduites pour évaluer les performances des biopuces structurées.Cette étude montre également que de nouvelles opportunités pour améliorer davantage la bio-sensibilité sont offertes, si la localisation de biomolécules peut être effectuée dans les régions où le champ électrique est amplifié et confiné. / Surface plasmons resonance imaging with continuous thin metallic films have become a central tool for the study of biomolecular interactions. However, in order to extend the field of applications of surface plasmons resonance systems to the trace detection of biomolecules having low molecular weight, a change in the plasmonic sensing methodology is needed. In this study, we investigate theoretically and experimentally the sensing potential of 2D nano- and micro- ribbon grating structuration on the surface of Kretschmann-based surface plasmon resonance biosensors when they are used for detection of biomolecular binding events. Numerical simulations were carried out by employing a fast and novel model based on the hybridization of two classical methods, the Fourier Modal Method and the Finite Element Method. Our calculations confirm the importance of light manipulation by means of structuration of the plasmonic thin film surfaces on the nano- and micro- scales. Not only does it highlight the geometric parameters that allow the sensitivity enhancement, and associated figures of merit, compared with the response of the conventional surface plasmon resonance biosensor based on a flat surface, but it also describes the transition from the regime where the propagating surface plasmon mode dominates to the regime where the localized surface plasmon mode dominates. An exhaustive mapping of the biosensing potential of the nano- and micro- structured biosensors surface is presented, varying the structural parameters related to the ribbon grating dimensions. New figures of merit are introduced to evaluate the performance of the structured biosensors. The structuration also leads to the creation of regions on biosensor chips that are characterized by strongly enhanced electromagnetic fields. New opportunities for further improving the bio-sensitivity are offered if localization of biomolecules can be carried out in these regions of high electromagnetic fields enhancement and confined.

Observamos o comportamento espectral do efeito Kerr transversal, para filmes amorfos de terra rara - cobalto na região do espectro visível e ultravioleta próximo (comprimento de onda, , entre 325 nm e 670 nm), onde o sinal magnetoóptico apresentou um máximo na região azul do espectro. Concluímos que, para esta região espectral, a variação relativa de refletividade é proporcional à magnetização do cobalto e a constante de proporcionalidade depende da composição da liga e do comprimento de onda da luz. Desenvolvemos uma técnica de modulação de fase, própria para medir o efeito Kerr transversal e a comparamos com a técnica de modulação de amplitude. Montamos um magnetômetro a efeito Kerr que opera com a modulação de fase e utiliza um laser de He-Cd ( = 325 nm e 442 nm) ou um diodo laser vermelho ( = 670 nm). Fazendo uma analogia com a figura de mérito para os efeitos Kerr longitudinal e polar (Fe), nós propusemos uma figura de mérito para o efeito Kerr transversal (FJ. Mostramos que sua dependência do ângulo de incidência é semelhante à da variação relativa de refletividade e, comparando medidas da figura de mérito do efeito Kerr longitudinal com a figura de mérito para o efeito transversal, comprovamos que a grandeza proposta é um bom parâmetro para medida de qualidade magnetoóptica de materiais. Observamos os efeitos do sperimagnetismo de ligas com anisotropia local fraca (Gd-Co) e forte (Ho-Co), através do comportamento térmico dos ciclos de histerese magnética e magnetoóptica. Dentre os fenômenos observados estão os efeitos da compensação, o crescimento hiperbólico do campo coercivo e os efeitos da reorientação de spin. Para a liga de Gd20C080a, transição observada foi uma inversão de spin, cujo o campo magnético aplicado, no qual ocorre a transição, cresce exponencialmente com o aumento da temperatura da amostra. / We have observed the spectral behavior of the transverse magnetooptical Kerr effect (TMOKE) in thin films of rare earth - cobalt amorphous alloys for the visible and the near-ultraviolet ranges of spectrurn (wavelength fiom 325 nm up to 670 nm). The relative change of reflectivity has shown a maximum at the blue wavelength. We have concluded that this magneto-optical signal is proportional to the cobalt magnetization and the proportionality constant depends on the alloy composition and on the wavelength. Besides developing an apparatus and a new phase modulation technique for the TMOKE, we have compared it to the more usual amplitude modulation TMOKE technique. This apparatus operates using either a He-Cd laser ( = 325 nm and 442 nm) for a red diode laser ( = 670nm). We have proposed the figure of merit for the transverse Kerr effect (F,) by analogy with the figure of merit for the longitudinal and polar Kerr effect (Fe). We have measured F, as a function of the angle of incidence and we have shown that F, has the same behavior of the magneto-optical signal. A comparison between F, and Fe has shown that F, is as good parameter as well as Fe for the characterization of the materials magneto-optical quality. We have studied the sperimagnetism of thin films of amorphous alloys with weak (Gd-Co) and strong (Ho-Co) random local anisotropy by the thermal behavior of the magnetic and magneto-optical hysteresis loops. The phenomena of compensation, coercivity and spin-reorientation phase transitions were observed. The comparison between magnetic and magneto-optical hysteresis loops for Gd20C~8h0as shown that the transition occurs from a colinear phase to an opposite collinear phase. In this case, the transition magnetic field grows exponentially when the temperature increases.

Observamos o comportamento espectral do efeito Kerr transversal, para filmes amorfos de terra rara - cobalto na região do espectro visível e ultravioleta próximo (comprimento de onda, , entre 325 nm e 670 nm), onde o sinal magnetoóptico apresentou um máximo na região azul do espectro. Concluímos que, para esta região espectral, a variação relativa de refletividade é proporcional à magnetização do cobalto e a constante de proporcionalidade depende da composição da liga e do comprimento de onda da luz. Desenvolvemos uma técnica de modulação de fase, própria para medir o efeito Kerr transversal e a comparamos com a técnica de modulação de amplitude. Montamos um magnetômetro a efeito Kerr que opera com a modulação de fase e utiliza um laser de He-Cd ( = 325 nm e 442 nm) ou um diodo laser vermelho ( = 670 nm). Fazendo uma analogia com a figura de mérito para os efeitos Kerr longitudinal e polar (Fe), nós propusemos uma figura de mérito para o efeito Kerr transversal (FJ. Mostramos que sua dependência do ângulo de incidência é semelhante à da variação relativa de refletividade e, comparando medidas da figura de mérito do efeito Kerr longitudinal com a figura de mérito para o efeito transversal, comprovamos que a grandeza proposta é um bom parâmetro para medida de qualidade magnetoóptica de materiais. Observamos os efeitos do sperimagnetismo de ligas com anisotropia local fraca (Gd-Co) e forte (Ho-Co), através do comportamento térmico dos ciclos de histerese magnética e magnetoóptica. Dentre os fenômenos observados estão os efeitos da compensação, o crescimento hiperbólico do campo coercivo e os efeitos da reorientação de spin. Para a liga de Gd20C080a, transição observada foi uma inversão de spin, cujo o campo magnético aplicado, no qual ocorre a transição, cresce exponencialmente com o aumento da temperatura da amostra. / We have observed the spectral behavior of the transverse magnetooptical Kerr effect (TMOKE) in thin films of rare earth - cobalt amorphous alloys for the visible and the near-ultraviolet ranges of spectrurn (wavelength fiom 325 nm up to 670 nm). The relative change of reflectivity has shown a maximum at the blue wavelength. We have concluded that this magneto-optical signal is proportional to the cobalt magnetization and the proportionality constant depends on the alloy composition and on the wavelength. Besides developing an apparatus and a new phase modulation technique for the TMOKE, we have compared it to the more usual amplitude modulation TMOKE technique. This apparatus operates using either a He-Cd laser ( = 325 nm and 442 nm) for a red diode laser ( = 670nm). We have proposed the figure of merit for the transverse Kerr effect (F,) by analogy with the figure of merit for the longitudinal and polar Kerr effect (Fe). We have measured F, as a function of the angle of incidence and we have shown that F, has the same behavior of the magneto-optical signal. A comparison between F, and Fe has shown that F, is as good parameter as well as Fe for the characterization of the materials magneto-optical quality. We have studied the sperimagnetism of thin films of amorphous alloys with weak (Gd-Co) and strong (Ho-Co) random local anisotropy by the thermal behavior of the magnetic and magneto-optical hysteresis loops. The phenomena of compensation, coercivity and spin-reorientation phase transitions were observed. The comparison between magnetic and magneto-optical hysteresis loops for Gd20C~8h0as shown that the transition occurs from a colinear phase to an opposite collinear phase. In this case, the transition magnetic field grows exponentially when the temperature increases.

Climate change is a subject of deep distress in today’s world. Over dependence on hydrocarbon has resulted in serious environmental problems. Rising sea level, global warming and ozone layer depletion are the mainstream of any discuss world over. The collective goal of cutting carbon emission by the year 2020has prompted the search for clean, alternative energy sources. This effort are already yielding good reward as other forms of energy such as solar, wind, nuclear and hydro have received huge investment and renew interest over the past decade. Thermoelectric materials over the past decades have been tipped to replace conventional means of power generations as these materials have the ability to convert heat to electrical energy and vice versa. They are simple, have no moving parts and use no greenhouse gases. But the major drawback of these materials is their low conversion efficiency. Hence there is a need to enhance the efficiency of thermoelectric material to fulfill their undeniable potentials. A parameter called the thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT defines the efficiency of a thermoelectric material. ZT relates three non-mutually exclusive transport properties namely Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. Efficient thermoelectric material should possess high Seebeck coefficient, high electrical conductivity and low thermal conductivity. Hence, one of the interesting ideas in the area of thermoelectric research is the concept of designing a bulk material with high density of phonon scattering centers so has to reduce the lattice contribution to thermal conductivity but at the same time have minimum impact oncharge carriers. This is usually achieved by utilizing interphase and grain boundaries which are localized defects to scatter phonons. The volume fraction of the grain/interphase boundaries can be control through phase modification and microstructure design. This thesis is centered on Bi-Sb-Te systems which are the present room temperature state of the earth thermoelectric material. The investigation revolves around developing a new kind of microstructure in the well-studied Bi-Sb-Te system that shows tremendous potential as a means to reduce lattice contribution to thermal conductivity. The idea of having both p and n-type thermoelectric material preferably from the same material was also a motivation in our investigation. The thesis isdivided into six chapters. The first chapter introduces the concept of thermoelectricity i.e. the direct conversion of thermal energy into electricity. The physics involved and contribution of individual to the science of thermoelectricity were enumerated. Efficiency, optimization and material selection for better thermoelectric performance were briefly enumerated. Prospective materials that are currently been investigated for better thermoelectric properties were also mentioned. The structure of the Bi-Sb-Te system which is the focus of this thesis is present in this chapter including doping effect on the thermoelectric performance of the system as well as the various methods present been employed to improve the thermoelectric properties of the system. Finally the chapter enumerates the scope and object of the present thesis. The different experimental procedures adopted in the present thesis arediscussed in chapter 2. The details of different processing routes followed to synthesize flame-melted ingots, flame-melted + low temperature milled (cryo milling) + spark plasma sintering (SPS) alloy and flame-melted + melt spinning + spark plasma sintering (SPS) alloy, are discussed followed by the various structural and functional characterization techniques. The unique advantage of the spark plasma sintering techniques over the conventional sintering method was talked out in detail. The structural characterizations performed on the synthesized alloys include XRD, SEM and whilethe functional characterizations comprised of Hall measurement, Seebeck coefficient, electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity measurements. Thermoelectric properties of selected composition of Bi-Sb-Te synthesized via flame-melting are presented in chapter 3.Detail study of four analyzed compositions namelyBi24Sb20Te56, Bi20Sb12Te69, Bi16Sb5Te79 and Bi29Sb11Te60resulted in four unique microstructure and different volume fraction of primary and secondary phases. The resultant morphologies of the microstructure were observed to have influence the thermoelectric behavior corresponding to each composition. The sole influence of anti-structural defects on the conductivity type and the role of microstructure morphologies and length scale were understood in this chapter. Samples with segregated Te and a solid solution BiSbTe3(eutectic morphology) form an n-type thermoelectric material while samples with only solid solution BiSbTe3 forms a p-type thermoelectric material. Pair of n-type and p-type material was obtained without the introduction of external dopant.The pair shows good compatibility factorsuitable for thermoelectric device. In chapter 4, the thermoelectric properties of four selected composition of Bi-Sb-Te synthesized via low temperature milling plus spark plasma sintering is addressed. The analyzed compositions are as follows Bi24Sb20Te56, Bi18Sb11Te71, Bi17Sb6Te77, and Bi28Sb15Te57 respectively. The effect of low temperature milling combine with the prospect of minimum grain growth of spark plasma sintering on the thermoelectric properties of the selected compositions were determined. Samples with eutectic morphology which would otherwise scatter charge carriers were observed to have the highest carrier mobility as a result of high volume fraction of Te phase which serves as a donor injecting excess electrons into the system. The impact of small grain size was observed on the transport properties of the sample Bi28Sb15Te57 with the highest electrical resistivity, the best Seebeck coefficient and the lowest thermal conductivity. Pair of n-type and p-type material was obtained without the introduction of external doping elements. The pairshows good compatibility factor suitable for segmented thermoelectric device. Chapter 5 narrates the thermoelectric properties of four compositions namely Bi30Sb13Te58, Bi23Sb13Te65, Bi18Sb5Te77 and Bi23Sb20Te58subjected to melt spinning plus spark plasma sintering.High cooling rate obtained during melt spinning process was observed in this chapter to cause a shift of composition which resulted in a microstructure morphology with eutectic colonies that is predominantly Te rich. These Te rich colonies in the sample Bi30Sb13Te58 was observed to change the conductivity type of the sample from an otherwise p-type to n-type while also aiding bipolar conduction which was detrimental to the overall thermoelectric performance of the alloy. Segregated Te in the form of eutectic morphology helps to inject excess electron into the bulk of the sample Bi23Sb13Te65 and Bi18Sb5Te77hereby increases the observed electrical conductivity which by virtue of the microstructure morphology is expected to be low. As a result of the processing routes, all four compositions in this chapter shown-type conductivity. Chapter 6 presents the summary of the important conclusions drawn from this work.

Le laboratoire LT2C utilise depuis quelques années un procédé sol-gel basse température pour développer un matériau magnéto-optique composite parfaitement compatible avec les technologies d’optique intégrée sur verre. Néanmoins, la qualité actuelle du matériau ne permet pas son utilisation dans l’intégration des composants à effets non-réciproques. Dans le but d’exalter les effets magnéto-optiques et le facteur de mérite du matériau, le laboratoire LT2C s’est orienté vers sa structuration 3D en adaptant une approche basée sur les opales. Cette dernière consiste à fabriquer des opales directes à partir de l’auto-arrangement de microbilles de polystyrène sur un substrat de verre. Les opales sont ensuite infiltrées par une solution sol-gel dopée par des nanoparticules magnétiques de ferrite de cobalt. Après traitement thermique, le polystyrène est dissout dans l’acétate d’éthyle pour obtenir une structure 3D formée de trous d’air dans une matrice de silice dopée. Dans ce cadre, l’objectif des travaux de cette thèse consiste tout d’abord à optimiser au mieux la procédure d’élaboration des opales afin d’améliorer leur qualité structurelle et magnéto-optique. Ensuite, il consiste à réaliser une étude systématique des effets magnéto-optiques dans ces structures 3D pour investiguer le comportement spectral de l’effet Faraday, et ainsi qualifier les modifications apportées au facteur de mérite. Une analyse des images MEB et une caractérisation optique montrent que notre méthode d’élaboration conduit à la fabrication d’opales de bonne qualité structurelle et optique. Les mesures de rotation et d'ellipticité Faraday en fonction du champ magnétique appliqué présentent des cycles d’hystérésis, et mettent en évidence un effet non-réciproque, ce qui surligne le caractère magnéto-optique des opales inverses dopées. Une étude spectrale systématique des effets magnéto-optiques dans ces structures 3D montre deux pics et une atténuation de rotation et d’ellipticité Faraday, respectivement en bords et au centre de la BIP. Cependant, ces modifications spectrales significatives ne conduisent pas à une exaltation de la valeur du facteur de mérite. Cela est principalement dû aux défauts structurels qui diminuent le niveau de transmission de l’opale inverse dopée par rapport la couche de référence / LT2C laboratory uses since recent years a low temperature sol-gel process to develop a magneto-optical composite material that is perfectly compatible with glass integrated optics. However, due to an actual low figure of merit, this material cannot be embedded on integrated non-reciprocal devices. In order to exalt the magneto-optical effects and figure of merit, the LT2C laboratory adopted a process based on opals to 3D structure the material. The selected process consists in elaborating direct opals by self-assembling monodisperse polystyrene microspheres on glass substrate. Those opals are then impregnated with a homogeneous solution of sol-gel silica precursors doped with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Resulting samples are later oven dried for 1 hour at 90°C. Finally, polystyrene spheres are dissolved in ethyl acetate to obtain a 3D structure formed by air voids in doped silica matrix. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to optimize the fabrication process of opals in order to improve their structural and magneto-optical quality. Furthermore, it consists in making a systematic study of the magneto-optical effect in these structures in order to investigate the spectral behavior of the Faraday effect and thus quantify the figure of merit. Analysis of SEM images and optical characterization prove that our elaboration process leads to the fabrication of opals with good structural and optical quality. Measurements of Faraday rotation and ellipticity as a function of applied magnetic field show hysteresis loops with an unambiguous non-reciprocal behavior. These observations highlight the magneto-photonic character of the doped inverse opals. A systematic spectral study of the magneto-optical effect in these 3D structures displays two peaks and an attenuation of Faraday rotation and ellipticity, respectively at the edges and the center of the photonic band gap. However, these significant spectral modifications do not increase the value of figure of merit. This ascertainment is primarily due to structural defects that lower the transmission magnitude of the doped inverse opals in comparison to a magneto-optical reference monolayer