近年來，全球經濟動盪的衝擊與中國社會的急速變遷，為大學生職業生涯發展帶來了種種挑戰。其中，“生涯決策困難與“低水平職業承諾為兩大凸顯的就業問題，使得“生涯應變力素質的培養成為迫切課題；但相關本土化研究卻極為匱乏。本研究基於生涯發展理論（Super, 1957, 1969, 1980, 1984, 1990），旨在探索“父母期望與“孝道觀念，作為華人核心的家庭文化價值，如何影響大學生在應變力、決策困難及職業承諾方面的發展。來自上海18所高校的877名大學生（平均年齡21歲，男生占38.9%，女生占61.1%）填寫了《符合父母期望量表, LPEI》《與生涯有關的孝道觀念量表, C-FPS》《生涯應變力量表, CAAI》《情緒-人格生涯決策困難量表, EPCD》與《職業選擇承諾量表, CCCS》。研究結果顯示，父母期望與孝道觀念通過生涯應變能力影響決策困難及承諾形成的結構模型得到了很好的實證支持。另外，父母期望與孝道對職業生涯均有雙向作用，一方面會促進生涯應變力的發展，而另一方面也可能增加生涯決策過程中的困難體驗、導致低水平的職業承諾與趨於封閉的職業選擇。同時，孝道觀念在父母期望與職業發展之間表現出顯著的中介效應。最後，對本研究在華人生涯發展方面的理論及實踐意義進行了闡述，并對未來研究方向作出了展望（499字）。 / In recent years, the vagaries of global economy and rapid social transformation bring great challenges to university students. Graduates’ difficulty in employment has becoming one of the hottest issues in China. The difficulty of career decision-making and low level of career commitment emerging as two urgent employment problems, call for attention on the development of career adaptability. However, little research has identified key culture-related factors influencing such problems. Based on career developmental theory (Super, 1957, 1969, 1980, 1984, 1990), this study aimed to investigate how parental expectation and filial piety, the core familial values of Asian culture, have impact on university students’ career adaptability, career decision-making difficulties and career choice commitment. Participants included 877 undergraduates from 18 universities and colleges in Shanghai (age{U+2090}{U+0076}{U+0065}{U+0072}{U+0061}{U+0067}{U+0065} = 21, N{U+006d}{U+0061}{U+006c}{U+0065} = 341, N{U+0066}{U+0065}{U+006d}{U+0061}{U+0069}{U+0065} = 536). They completed Living-up to Parental Expectation Inventory, Career-related Filial Piety Scale, Career Adapt-Ability Inventory, Emotional and Personality-related Career decision-making Difficulties, and Commitment to Career Choice Scale. The data empirically supported hypothesized model that perceived parental expectation and filial piety influence career decision-making difficulty and career commitment through career adaptability very well. The results also revealed double-effect of perceived parental expectation and filial piety, as well as the significant mediating effect of the latter on career development. The theoretical and practical implication of Chinese career guidance was discussed. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 李希希. / "2013年05月". / "2013 nian 5 yue". / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 175-199). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Li Xixi. / Chapter 第一章 --- 研究概述 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 研究背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- 當前中國大學生職業生涯發展的本土境遇與挑戰 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- 求學-工作轉折期的特殊發展任務 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- 華人家庭情境因素對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- 研究目的與研究問題 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研究的重要性 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- 理論方面 --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- 實踐方面 --- p.9 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- 關于大學生職業生涯發展的文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 關于生涯應變力的文獻回顧 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- 生涯應變力的概念內涵及其理論背景 --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- 關于生涯應變力的實證研究 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- 關于生涯應變力文獻回顧的小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 關于生涯决策困難的文獻綜述 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- 生涯决策困難的概念化 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- 關于生涯决策困難的相關實證研究 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- 關于生涯决策困難文獻回顧的小結 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 關於職業承諾的文獻綜述 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- 職業承諾的概念界定與二維度模型 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- 關于職業承諾的實證研究 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- 關于職業承諾文獻綜述的小結 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- 關于家庭情境因素影響大學生職業生涯發展的文獻綜述 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 依戀關係對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- 依戀關係對生涯選擇的影響 --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- 依戀關係對生涯探索的影響 --- p.44 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- 依戀關係對生涯追求與生涯决策的影響 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- 關于依戀關係的小結 --- p.47 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 父母支持對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- 父母支持對職業效能感的影響 --- p.48 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- 父母支持對生涯抱負的影響 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- 父母支持對生涯探索與决策困難的影響 --- p.49 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- 關于父母支持的小結 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- 父母期望對教育抱負與生涯抱負的影響 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- 父母期望對生涯選擇與生涯决策的影響 --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- 父母期望對生涯成就的影響 --- p.59 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- 關于父母期望的小結 --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- 孝道觀念的概念化發展 --- p.62 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- 關于孝道觀念的實證研究 --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- 關于孝道觀念文獻回顧的小結 --- p.68 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- 集體主義衝突對職業生涯發展的影響 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- 集體主義衝突的概念化與中西文化價值的存 --- p.69 / Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- 家庭情境中的集體主義衝突:孝道對父母期望的矛盾回應 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- 關于集體主義衝突的小結 --- p.72 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究問題與研究假設 --- p.74 / Chapter 第四章 --- 測量工具的信效度檢驗 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.1 --- 信效度檢驗樣本 --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2 --- 研究程序與數據分析 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- 信效度檢驗方法及標準界定 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 信度分析 --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 因素效度分析及等同性檢驗 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4 --- 測量工具的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- 對生涯應變力量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.83 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- 對生涯决策困難量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 對職業選擇承諾量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.97 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.4.3.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- 對符合父母期望量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.4.4.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- 對孝道觀念量表的信效度檢驗及修訂 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- 量表簡介 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- 信度檢驗 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.4.5.3 --- 效度檢驗 --- p.109 / Chapter 4.5 --- 對測量工具信效度檢驗的小結 --- p.114 / Chapter 第五章 --- 研究結果 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.1 --- 研究樣本 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.2 --- 交互樣本信效度檢驗結果 --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3 --- 數據分析方法 --- p.116 / Chapter 5.4 --- 對職業生涯變量與家庭情境變量的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 對生涯應變力的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 對生涯决策困難的描述性分析 --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 對職業承諾傾向與封閉傾向的描述性分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 對感知到的父母期望的描述性分析 --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 對孝道觀念的描述性分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5 --- 對職業生涯變量與家庭情境變量的相關分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 職業生涯變量之間的相關分析 --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 父母期望與職業生涯變量的相關分析 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- 孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的相關分析 --- p.126 / Chapter 5.6 --- 對父母期望、孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的結構模型檢驗 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- 父母期望、孝道觀念與應變力、决策困難與承諾傾向的結構模型 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- 父母期望、孝道觀念與應變力、决策困難與封閉傾向的結構模型 --- p.128 / Chapter 5.7 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業生涯變量之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.129 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯應變力之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯决策困難之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.133 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業選擇承諾之間的中介/調節效應檢驗 --- p.135 / Chapter 5.8 --- 父母期望與孝道觀念對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.139 / Chapter 5.8.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯變量的預測作用 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.9 --- 生涯應變力對决策困難與職業選擇承諾的預測作用 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.9.1 --- 生涯應變力對决策困難的預測作用 --- p.144 / Chapter 5.9.2 --- 生涯應變力對職業選擇承諾的預測作用 --- p.147 / Chapter 5.10 --- 關于研究結果的小結 --- p.150 / Chapter 第六章 --- 研究討論 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.1 --- 性別及年級的影響 --- p.151 / Chapter 6.2 --- 生涯應變力對生涯决策困難與低職業承諾的積極保護效應 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- 生涯應變力對生涯决策困難的緩解作用 --- p.154 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- 生涯應變力對低職業承諾的保護作用 --- p.156 / Chapter 6.3 --- 父母期望與孝道觀念是職業生涯發展的“雙刃劍 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的雙向影響 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1.1 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的積極影響 --- p.158 / Chapter 6.3.1.2 --- 父母期望對職業生涯發展的消極影響 --- p.159 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的促進或阻礙作用 --- p.160 / Chapter 6.3.2.1 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的促進作用 --- p.160 / Chapter 6.3.2.2 --- 孝道觀念對職業生涯發展的阻礙作用 --- p.162 / Chapter 6.4 --- 孝道觀念具有關鍵性的中介效應 --- p.163 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯應變力之間的中介效應 --- p.164 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與生涯决策困難之間的中介效應 --- p.164 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- 孝道觀念在父母期望與職業選擇承諾之間的中介效應 --- p.165 / Chapter 6.5 --- 探討父母期望、孝道觀念與職業生涯變量的整合模型 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5.1 --- 父母期望、孝道與應變力、决策困難、職業承諾的整合模型 --- p.166 / Chapter 6.5.2 --- 父母期望、孝道與應變力、决策困難、職業封閉的整合模型 --- p.167 / Chapter 第七章 --- 研究總結與未來展望 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.1 --- 研究總結 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.2 --- 研究意義 --- p.168 / Chapter 7.3 --- 未來研究展望 --- p.171 / Chapter 7.4 --- 研究局限 --- p.173 / 參考文獻 --- p.174 / 附錄 --- p.199

Cavidades naturais constituem um recurso reprodutivo monopolizável, cuja disponibilidade determina a intensidade da competição macho-macho que, por sua vez, pode influenciar os custos do cuidado paternal, pois quanto maior o risco de perda do recurso, menor deve ser a freqüência de forrageio dos machos. Fêmeas do opilião Magnispina neptunus utilizam cavidades naturais como sítios de nidificação, que são monopolizados por machos em um sistema de poliginia por defesa de recursos. Após a oviposição, as fêmeas abandonam os ninhos e todo o cuidado parental é exercido pelos machos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da disponibilidade de ninhos sobre a competição intrassexual e os custos do cuidado paternal em M. neptunus. Dois grupos experimentais foram estabelecidos em laboratório: alta (8 ninhos) e baixa (4 ninhos) disponibilidade de sítios reprodutivos. Cada grupo era composto por sete terrários contendo 12 machos e 12 fêmeas. Apesar da redução dos sítios de nidificação ter reduzido o número de machos detentores de ninhos, o tamanho dos indivíduos não exerceu nenhum efeito sobre o sucesso de monopolização de ninhos. Aparentemente, o pequeno diâmetro de entrada dos ninhos experimentais reduz a importância do tamanho dos machos sobre sua probabilidade de monopolizar um sítio de nidificação. Apenas a residência prévia parece determinar o resultado das disputas entre machos e, portanto, os custos de abandonar os ninhos devem ser altos. De fato, machos guardiões permanecem quase todo o tempo dentro dos seus ninhos em ambos os grupos experimentais, o que aumenta os custos do cuidado. Como conseqüência, o canibalismo filial é freqüente, pois os custos em termos de redução no tamanho da desova são menores do que os benefícios de manter a posse do ninho e dos ovos, que sabidamente aumentam a atratividade dos machos e suas chances de obterem novas desovas / Natural cavities are a reproductive resource that can be monopolized, and their availability determines the intensity of male-male competition, which in turn may influence the costs of paternal care since the higher the risk of loosing the resource, the low should be male foraging frequency. Females of the harvestman Magnispina neptunus use natural cavities as nest site, which are monopolized by males in typical resource defense polygyny mating system. After oviposition, females leave the nests and all parental activities are in charge of males. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of nest site availability on the intrasexual competition and the costs of paternal care in M. neptunus. Two experimental groups were established in the laboratory: high (8 nests) and low (4 nests) nest site availability. Each group was composed of seven terraria containing 12 males and 12 females. Although the reduction of in the number of nests sites has indeed reduced the number of males holding nests, male size did not influence the probability of acquiring and maintaining a nest. Apparently, the small diameter of entrance in the experimental nests reduces the importance of male size on their resource holding power. Only previous residence seems to influence the output of agonistic interactions between two males and, therefore, the costs of leaving the nest to forage are likely to be high. In fact, guarding males remain almost all the time inside their nests, which increases the costs of paternal care. As a consequence, filial cannibalism is frequent in both experimental groups because the costs in terms of reduction in clutch size are likely to lower than the benefits of holding a nest containing eggs, which is known to increase male attractiveness and his chance of acquiring additional eggs

With the emphasis on children’s responsibility for the care of ageing parents, this study examined how Chinese adult children’s support provided to parents was associated with filial piety, support from parents and parent-child contact frequency. With the 2006 Chinese General Social Survey, we used structural equation modelling with 1,452 adults with two living parents and tested the model for sons and daughters separately. For both groups, the results showed that (1) filial piety was positively associated with emotional support provided to parents; (2) support received from parents was positively related to instrumental and emotional support to parents; and (3) parent-child contact frequency was linked to instrumental support. For adult daughters, financial support was positively associated with the support received from parents and negatively related to parent-child contact frequency. This study suggests that the traditional norm of filial piety may be less influential than other factors for adult children’s support behaviour.

This study (1) developed and tested the Socially Supportive Activity Inventory (SSAI) to assess the quantity and quality of socially supportive activities that institutionalized elders receive, and (2) tested the predicted relationships among the variables proposed in the hypothesized causal model, socially supportive activities, self-transcendence, and depression in institutionalized elders. For pilot testing psychometric properties of the SSAI, the content validity was 0.96. Test-retest reliability from a sample of 10 participants yielded stability coefficients of 0.76-1.00, indicating the SSAI is a highly relevant and reliable culturally-based instrument. In the main study, a total of 196 participants were recruited from eight elder care institutions. The results showed an elder's expectation of filial responsibility did not have a moderating effect on the willingness to be/remain institutionalized and on perceived stress. An elder's acceptance of institutionalization was significantly related to perceived stress and indirectly affected depression. The mediator effect of self-transcendence on the relationship between perceived stress and depression was supported. The participation of elderly residents in socially supportive activities demonstrated a moderating effect on the strength of a negative relationship between perceived stress and self-transcendence. In the modified model, an elder's willingness to remain institutionalized, perceived stress, and self-transcendence were significant predictors of depression, accounting for 54.7% of variance. Self-transcendence was the best predictor of depression. These findings contribute to an awareness of importance of culture factors as potential stressors. These findings also help to explain how the psychosocial mechanism of participation in socially supportive activities and the perception of self-transcendence act on depressed elders.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Intensive Filial Therapy in: (a) improving the self-concept of child witnesses of domestic violence; (b) reducing internalizing behavior problems, such as withdrawal, somatic complaints, anxiety and depression, of child witnesses of domestic violence; (c) reducing externalizing behavior problems, such as aggression and delinquency, of child witnesses of domestic violence; (d) reducing overall behavior problems of child witnesses of domestic violence; and (e) increasing communication of empathy between mothers and child witnesses of domestic violence. A second objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Intensive Filial Therapy with Intensive Individual Play Therapy and Intensive Sibling Group Play Therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence. The experimental group consisted of 11 child witnesses of domestic violence whose mothers received 12 Intensive Filial Therapy training sessions within a three week period and had 12 mother-child play sessions. The Intensive Individual Play Therapy comparison group, consisting of 11 child witnesses, and the non-treatment control group, consisting of 11 child witnesses, were utilized from the Kot (1995) study. The Intensive Sibling Group Play Therapy comparison group was utilized from the Tyndall-Lind (1999) study. Children in all studies completed the Joseph Preschool and Primary Self-concept Screening Test and the Child Behavior Checklist. Mothers who received Intensive Filial Therapy training conducted pretest and posttest play sessions for the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction. Analyses of Covariance revealed the children in the experimental group significantly increased in self-concept, and significantly reduced overall behavior problems. A comparison of t-test scores of the pretests and posttests revealed mothers in the experimental group significantly increased communication of empathy to their children.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of a filial/play therapy training model with high school juniors and seniors enrolled in a Peer Assistance and Leadership program (PALs). Filial/play therapy is an intervention that focuses on strengthening and enhancing adult-child relationships. The high students are trained to be a therapeutic change agent for primary school children identified as having adjustment difficulties by utilizing basic child-centered play therapy skills in weekly play sessions with young children. Specifically, this study is designed to determine the effectiveness of filial therapy in increasing: 1) the high school students' observed empathic behavior with young children, 2) the high school students' observed attitude of acceptance toward young children, 3) the high school students' observed ability to allow self-direction in young children, and 4) the high school students' observed level of involvement with young children. The experimental group, consisting of 16 volunteer high school students enrolled in a PALs class for high school credit, received a total of 24 weeks of filial/play therapy didactic training, application, and supervision for the playtimes they conducted with pre-kindergarten/kindergarten students identified with adjustment difficulties. The comparison group consisted of 15 volunteer high school students enrolled in a PALs class for high school credit. The comparison group received the standard PALs class curriculum. All students were videotaped playing with a young child 4 to 6 years of age before and after the training as a means of measuring empathic behavior with young children. An Analysis of Covariance revealed statistically significant findings in all four hypotheses. Specifically, the experimental group of high school students exhibited statistically significant increases in empathic interactions with young children when compared to the comparison group. The experimental group also exhibited statistically significant increases in communication of acceptance of young children's feelings and behaviors, acceptance and behavioral willingness to follow young children's lead rather than attempt to control their behavior, and attention to and participation in young children's play. This study supports the use of filial/play therapy as an effective training model for increasing high school students' empathic behavior with young children. Filial/play therapy offers significant possibilities for training high school students in a developmentally appropriate model for working with young children identified with school adjustment difficulties, in order to prevent future problems.

The purpose of this study was to determine if parents trained in the Landreth Filial Therapy Model could demonstrate child-centered play therapy skills as effectively as graduate play therapy students who completed an Introduction to Play Therapy course. The participants in both the parent group and the graduate student group were videotaped in play sessions with children pre- and post-training in order to measure change in adult empathic behavior as defined on the Measurement of Empathy in Adult-Child Interaction (MEACI). The specific skills measured in this study were (a) communicating acceptance to the child, (b) allowing the child to direct his or her own play during the play sessions, (c) demonstrating appropriate levels of involvement in the child's play, and (d) demonstrating empathic behavior toward the child. The Landreth Filial Therapy Model is a training system that utilizes both didactic and dynamic means to train parents and other paraprofessionals to be therapeutic agents of change with children. Parents are taught child-centered play therapy skills to use in weekly home play sessions with their children in order to strengthen the emotional bond between parent and child. The Introduction to Play Therapy course is a graduate-level counseling course at the University of North Texas taught by Dr. Garry Landreth. The course focuses on the philosophy, theory, and skills of child-centered play therapy. Students enrolled in this course typically plan to use play therapy in professional settings. The filial-trained parent group (n = 21) consisted of the experimental group of single parents from Bratton and Landreth's (1995) study, Filial Therapy with Single Parents, Effects of Parental Acceptance, Empathy and Stress. The parents met for weekly 2-hour filial therapy sessions over the course of 10 weeks and conducted six or seven 30-minute play sessions at home with their child-of-focus. The graduate student group (n = 13) was enrolled in Dr. Landreth's Introduction to Play Therapy course during fall 2000. The class met over a course of a 15-week semester for three hours per week. During the course of the semester, the students completed two play therapy sessions outside of class and two supervised play therapy sessions during class time. Analysis of covariance revealed that the play therapy-trained graduate students preformed at a statistically significant higher skill level than the filial-trained parents on Total Empathy scores and the Involvement subscale, but that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups' skill level on Communication of Acceptance to the child and Allowing the Child Self-Direction. Although the graduate students' mean post-training scores revealed a higher attainment of skill level, the parents made greater mean change of score on all measures except Involvement. The study supports the use of the Landreth Filial Therapy Model to train parents to use the child-centered play therapy skills, especially those of communicating acceptance and allowing self-direction.

This research study investigated the effectiveness of an intensive format of the traditional Landreth filial therapy training (LFTT) model compared to the traditional LFTT model. Specifically, this study compared the intensive LFTT group and the traditional LFTT group at post-testing in the areas of: (a) reducing stress related to parenting, (b) increasing parental empathic behavior with their children, (c) increasing parental acceptance toward their children, and (d) reducing perceived child behavior problems. The traditional LFTT group consisted of 13 parents in groups of up to six members for 10 90-minute weekly sessions. Traditional LFTT involved didactic instruction, required at-home laboratory playtimes, and supervision. Parents were taught child-centered play therapy skills of responsive listening, recognizing children's emotional needs, therapeutic limit setting, building children's self-esteem, and structuring required weekly playtimes with their children using a kit of specially selected toys. The intensive LFTT group consisted of 13 parents in groups of up to four members who met on four Saturdays for 4 hours each. The traditional LFTT model was modified to teach the same material over fewer sessions. The difference in this delivery was fewer opportunities for parents to have home playtimes and receive feedback from the researcher. To compensate for this difference and attempt to maintain the effectiveness of the traditional model, the researcher had parents bring their children to training. The researcher used the parents' children in live demonstrations of the skills being taught. Parents were able to practice the new skills with their own children under direct supervision from the researcher followed by immediate feedback. This modification provided supervision equivalent to that of the traditional LFTT model. The results of this study were no statistically significant differences between the intensive and traditional groups at post-testing on overall parenting stress, parental acceptance and empathic behaviors with their children, and in reported child behavior problems.

En janvier 2007, à 28 ans, Louise Brown est devenue maman. Trente ans, c'est le temps qu'il faut à une génération pour se renouveler. C'est aussi le temps, si bref à l'échelle de l'histoire, pour que les bouleversements induits par la science et les moeurs au ~e siècle modifient profondément le visage de la famille et de son ciment le plus intime, la filiation. Ce travail rend compte de la manière dont le droit appréhende ces changements dans des sociétés occidentales de plus en plus tiraillées entre leurs racines judéo-chrétiennes et leurs aspirations technologiques. Il cherche à comprendre la place du droit dans les nouveaux édifices familiaux et à évaluer la qualité des solutions que celui-ci propose face aux enjeux multiples et complexes de la procréation assistée. Il s'attache pour ce faire à l'examen de deux juridictions partageant un héritage commun à bien des égards, mais suivant des voies normatives différentes : la Suisse et le Québec. À ce titre, il définit des outils conceptuels nécessaires à la compréhension de la notion de filiation; il rend compte de la façon dont le droit a manipulé ces outils en régissant l'établissement de la filiation, la preuve de la filiation et la procréation assistée à proprement parler; et il conclut par une évaluation critique des solutions envisagées dans les deux systèmes étudiés. Il met ainsi en exergue les enjeux de la procréation assistée pour le droit de la filiation et la grande palette de solutions législatives envisageables. Il démontre que deux systèmes de droit peuvent traduire des préoccupations partagées par des dispositions diamétralement opposées. En particulier, l'égalité, la liberté et le bien de l'enfant se concrétisent selon des conceptions distinctes. L'attachement aux institutions se manifeste à des degrés variables. Les innovations scientifiques sont accueillies avec un enthousiasme plus ou moins soutenu. Tous ces facteurs sont les détenninants des familles suisse et québécoise, qui, pour s'être longtemps ressemblées, prennent aujourd'hui des chemins différents...mais pas irrémédiablement irréconciliables. / In January 2007, at the age of 28 years, Louise Brown became a mother. Thirty years is the necessary time for a new generation to bloom. It is a short period on the scale of human history, but it was enough to provoke the huge changes induced by science and manner evolutions during the XXth century and deeply modify the face of the family and its most intimate cement: the filial status. This work presents the way in which Law apprehends these changes in Westem societies that are increasingly tom between their Judeo-Christians roots and their technological aspirations. It seeks to understand the place of Law in new family structures and to evaluate the quality of the solutions that Law proposes to take the multiple and complex risks of assisted procreation into account. With this intention, it sticks to the examination of two places sharing a common heritage to many regards, but having different normative ways: Switzerland and Quebec. To do so, it defines conceptual tools that are necessary for the very meaning offilial status to be understood. It accounts for the way in which Law handles these tools by goveming the establishment of the filial status and its proof as weIl as assisted procreation. It concludes by a critical evaluation of the solutions under consideration in the two systems studied. It thus highlights the risks of assisted procreation for Law and the large pallet of possible legislative solutions. It shows that two systems can translate shared concems into diametrically opposite norms. In particular, equality, freedom and the best interest of the child are principles concretized according to distinct designs. The attachment to the institutions appears with variable degrees. The scientific innovations are accommodated with a more or less constant enthusiasm. All these factors have an important impact on families in Switzerland and in Quebec: after being similar for a long time, today they follow different paths... but these might not be irremediably irreconcilable.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of filial therapy with incarcerated mothers as a method of increasing empathic behaviors with their children, increasing attitudes of acceptance toward their children, and reducing stress related to parenting. Filial therapy, a method of training parents to respond and interact therapeutically with their children, focuses on enhancing the parent-child relationship. The sample population of 22 volunteer subjects was drawn from a pool of incarcerated mothers in the Denton County Jail who had children between three and ten years of age. The experimental group parents, consisting of 12 incarcerated mothers, received 2-hour filial therapy training sessions biweekly for five weeks and participated in biweekly 30-minute play sessions with one of their children. The control group parents, consisting of 10 incarcerated mothers, received no treatment during the five weeks. The three written self-report instruments completed for pretesting and posttesting purposes by both groups were The Porter Parental Acceptance Scale, The Parenting Stress Index, and The Filial Problem Checklist. The parents were also videotaped in play sessions with their child before and after training as a means of measuring change in empathic behavior. Analysis of Covariance revealed that incarcerated mothers in the experimental group had significant change in 9 of 13 hypotheses, including (a) a significant increase in their level of empathic interactions with their children, (b) a significant increase in their attitude of acceptance toward their children, and (c) a significant reduction in the number of reported problems with their children's behavior. This study supports filial therapy as an effective intervention for enhancing the parent-child relationship with incarcerated mothers and their children. Utilizing instruction and practical application of positive therapeutic methods, filial therapy training empowers parents by increasing their parenting knowledge and skills, and indirectly empowers children who experience the parent-child relationship with an increase in unconditional acceptance and positive regard.