The thesis is focused on the evaluation of available alternatives of savings products in the financial market, in which households can increase the value of their savings. Each of these financial instruments is subject to proper analysis. A special emphasis is placed on financial planning and path for achieving financial literacy.

The purpose or objective of this dissertation was to analyse the current income tax treatment of derivative financial instruments in South Africa. In the context of financial markets, derivative financial instruments are mainly used for hedging and speculation. The dissertation considers whether the current South African Income Tax Act deals with the income taxation of derivatives with respect to gains and losses and the timing of those gains and losses. With regards to the nature of gains and losses arising from derivative transactions, the aspect which was considered is whether gains and losses were of a capital or revenue nature in the context of speculation or hedging. With regards to the timing of gains or losses, the dissertation considers when gains and losses should be brought into taxable income of a taxpayer. The following examples of derivative financial instruments were analysed: cross currency swaps, index options, credit default swaps and contracts for differences (CFDs). These derivatives were analysed with respect to the nature and timing of the gains or losses when hedging or speculating. The impact of the provisions of the Eighth Schedule is also considered with respect to the derivatives mentioned above. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Taxation / unrestricted

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第24290号 / 社医博第126号 / 新制||社医||12(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 今中 雄一, 教授 西浦 博, 教授 寺田 智祐 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

This paper aims to investigate and analyze how different investors, based on gender, age, and personality, acted with their portfolios on January 31, 2020. Financial behavior theory is the main theory to explain the behavior of the general population based on the above-mentioned attributes. The study will also investigate who sold in panic during the first case of Covid-19 in Sweden.  To compare and distinguish the different investors, a quantitative study in the form of a questionnaire survey has been conducted. To see a statistically significant difference between the individual investors, a Chi-Square test with a significance level of 5 percent was conducted to ensure that the results are not due to chance.  The results of the study show that the perception of risk differs between men, women, and personalities. The results also indicate that there is no statistically significant difference between the variables and panic selling. On the other hand, the study shows that people who were defined as risk-averse tended to sell off all or a large part of their capital at the start of the pandemic.

隨著經濟市場自由競爭和資本主義的高度發展，一個良好、健全的破產制度是維持國家金融秩序和經濟穩定的重要環節。實務上，當公司陷入財務困難時，通常在進入正式的破產程序前會要求與往來銀行協議非正式的暫緩還款安排。本文以探討小型企業為目標，藉由賽局模型的設定建立兩種制度，並用逆向求導法由最後一期開始求解。討論當企業發生財務危機時，優先與債權銀行協議暫緩清償，將還款日期延至一期投資計畫所需的時間結束之後，與直接進入破產程序，何者才是最適策略。 / Through the free competition of the market and the highly development of capitalism, a solid and sound bankruptcy system is a crucial pillar to sustain the stability of economy and to preclude the financial market from serious crash as well. In practice, usually a firm in financial distress would negotiate with banks an informal arrangement of deferred payment rather than go into a formal bankruptcy process directly. In this paper we focus our study on small firms and set up two systems by means of building model of game theory. Furthermore, we utilize backward induction, which starts from the last period, to obtain the solution. More specifically speaking, we discuss the optimal strategy for distressed firms choosing between a debt negotiation in which the payment date is postponed for one period and going bankruptcy.

Small business owners in Nigeria submit financial reports to regulators and stakeholders, and they often lack strategies to ensure timeliness in the Nigeria report rendition. Lack of accounting competence and audit lag in the preparation, rendition, and submission of financial statements and reports are some of the contributors to this lack of timeliness. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that owners of small businesses used to ensure timeliness of financial reporting. The population for this study was 5 owners of small businesses in Nigeria. Management by objectives and Hoshin Kanri were the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and a review of company documents. The thematic analysis led to the emergence of the following themes: (a) hiring the right employees, (b) regular training of accountants, (c) working with external accountants, (d) effective leadership and organizational structure, (e) attending accounting courses or workshops, and (f) using or abiding by formal financial reporting standards. Local small business owners may apply these results to hiring professional accountants to prepare timely financial reports to meet stakeholders' needs. Timely preparation of financial reports by owners of small businesses may contribute to positive social change by providing appropriate feedback to regulators, tax administrators, and small business owners, and encouraging and supporting local economic growth.

The study investigated the underlying factors which induce the School Governing Bodies (SGBs) and School Management Teams (SMTs) to boundary cross into each other’s finance functional domain despite the fact that their responsibilities are demarcated in the South African Schools Act No. 84 of 1996. The study also intended to examine financial conscientiousness as a critical strategy, which was aimed at achieving the following: restricting the boundary spanning management among School Governing Bodies and School Management Teams, giving direction and strengthening the relationship between the two structures in section 21 high schools. Pragmatism was used as a paradigm for this study as it has been hailed as one of the best paradigms for justifying the use of mixed methods research. The researcher located the study within mixed methods research and employed the convergent parallel design characterised by collecting concurrently both qualitative and quantitative data. The study used a nonprobability sampling strategy – a purposive sampling technique. The study focused on 147 participants. The sample consisted of the following participant sub-groups: (a) 138 questionnaires participants (46 school principals, 46 SGB chairpersons and 46 school finance officers) sampled from 46 high schools, and (b) 9 face-to-face interviews participants (3 school principals, 3 SGB chairpersons) and purposively sampled from 3 different section 21 high schools located in rural, semi-urban and urban areas of the Butterworth District, and 3 Departmental Officials (The District Director, An Education Development Officer, and District National Norms and Standards for School funding coordinator) sampled from the Butterworth Education District. The study was guided by the following research question: What ideas of consciousness raising strategies could help alleviate the crossing over of boundaries between SGBs and SMTs on financial matters of the section 21 high schools? The financial conscientiousness conceptual framework for this study hinged on the conscious raising concept of Paulo Freire supported by philosophical ideas of theorists of school-based management concept, school-based participative partnership concept, school-based participative management concept and teamwork concept. These theories are expected to encourage the inclusive participation when finances are handled in section 21 high schools. The study used a survey questionnaire to collect quantitative dataset and interviews for the qualitative dataset to find answers to the research question and also to enhance the reliability and validity of the research findings. The quantitative data were presented in tables with frequencies and percentages as well as pie charts. Themes and Natural Meaning Units (NMUs) were used to analyse the qualitative data. The overall findings backed by the extant literature and research data indicated that there was lack of trust among SGBs and SMTs. Owing to this mistrust the day to day activities of the school were compromised. There were power struggles between SGBs and SMTs in schools for the control of school finances. There were corrupt practices by both SGBs and SMTs in the management of school finances. The findings also revealed lack of capacity building by the department of education. Furthermore, the SGBs parent component was characterised by high illiteracy level – a systemic weakness worsened by the manipulation perpetrated by both school governing bodies and school management teams during school finance management processes. Resulting from the data analysis, the study recommended the utilisation and application of Sifuba’s School Finance Management Awareness Model (SSFMA) as a new model that could be adopted and adapted by the Department of Education for the school finance management. This will create educational sound atmosphere and realities at school level – a model that is capable of inducing the participative and inclusive behaviour of the SGBs and SMTs when they perform their financial responsibilities

The primary purpose of this dissertation is to develop the arguments for reporting directly on a company's cash flows in its published financial statements. Specifically, the Free Cash Flow (FCF) model of economist Joel Stern is analyzed and critiqued as a basis for a revised reporting scheme.

Les administrations financières sont primordiales dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre des politiques publiques, et d'autant plus dans les circonstances actuelles qui conduisent à diminuer les dépenses publiques. Elles sont aussi un facteur important dans la modernisation de l’État. Les lois de finances votées par le Parlement et élaborées par le gouvernement sont mises en œuvre principalement par les administrations financières publiques. Il est essentiel que celles-ci disposent des outils pour les exécuter. Ainsi au XXIe siècle, la structure administrative financière publique française se modernise, à la foi en empruntant des modes d’organisation et de gestion du secteur privé et en s’appuyant sur l’outil numérique pour fiabiliser l’information financière publique. Face aux contraintes budgétaires liés aux engagements européens, et à l’évolution sociétale qu’entraîne le numérique, ces entités doivent être des catalyseurs d’une maîtrise de la gestion des deniers publics. / Financial administrations are crucial in the implementation of public policies, and all the more under the present circumstances which lead to decrease public expenses. They are also an important factor in the modernization of the State. The finance laws, voted by the Parliament and developed by the government, are mainly operated by public financial administrations. It is therefore essential that they have the tools to implement them. So in the XXIth century, the French public financial administrative structure is modernizing, both by borrowing methods of organization and management of the private sector, and using the digital tool to enhance reliability of the public financial information. Faced with the budgetary constraints linked to European commitments, and the societal evolution that digital entails, these entities must be catalysts for controlling the management of public funds.

The diploma thesis is focused on the financial health and the productivity of the company. The goal of this work is to assess the relation between the economic situation and the productivity. The first part deals with the theoretical knowledge, which is related with this issue. The Agricultural cooperative Čechtice has been chosen for the practical part. The main activity of this company is the plant and animal production. The analysed period is 2005-2011. The Financial analysis was performed. The bankruptcy and financial standing models were used. The financial health is calculated by the methodology of the State Agricultural Intervention Fund. The thesis focosus on the productivity of labor and the productivity of capital of the selected company and deals with comparison of the productivity and the financial health. At the end of this work the results and the finding are summarized.