This thesis is constituted of three chapters. he first part of my Ph.D. dissertation develops a Bayesian stochastic model for computing the reserves of a non-life insurance company. The first chapter is the product of my research experience as an intern at the Risk Management Department of Fondiaria-Sai S.p.A.. I present a short review of the deterministic and stochastic claims reserving methods currently applied in practice and I develop a (standard) Over-Dispersed Poisson (ODP) Bayesian model for the estimation of the Outstanding Loss Liabilities (OLLs) of a line of business (LoB). I present the model, I illustrate the theoretical foundations of the MCMC (Markov Chain Monte Carlo) method and the Metropolis-Hastings algorithm used in order to generate the non-standard posterior distributions. I apply the model to the Motor Third Party Liabil- ity LoB of Fondiaria-Sai S.p.A.. Moreover, I explore the problem of computing the prudential reserve level of a multi-line non-life insurance company. In the second chapter, then, I present a full Bayesian model for assessing the reserve requirement of multiline Non-Life insurance companies. The model combines the Bayesian approach for the estimation of marginal distribution for the single Lines of Business and a Bayesian copula procedure for their aggregation. First, I consider standard copula aggregation for different copula choices. Second, I present the Bayesian copula technique. Up to my knowledge, this approach is totally new to stochastic claims reserving. The model allows to "mix" own-assessments of dependence between LoBs at a company level and market wide estimates. I present an application to an Italian multi-line insurance company and compare the results obtained aggregating using standard copulas and a Bayesian Gaussian copula. In the second part of my Dissertation I propose a theoretical model that studies optimal capital and organizational structure choices of financial groups which incorporate two or more business units. The group faces a VaR-type regulatory capital requirement. Financial conglomerates incorporate activities in different sectors either into a unique integrated entity, into legally separated divisions or in ownership-linked holding company/subsidiary structures. I model these different arrangements in a structural framework through different coinsurance links between units in the form of conditional guarantees issued by equityholders of a firm towards the debtholders of a unit of the same group. I study the effects of the use of such guarantees on optimal capital structural and organizational form choices. I calibrate model parameters to observed financial institutions' characteristics. I study how the capital is optimally held, the costs and benefits of limiting undercapitalization in some units and I address the issues of diversification at the holding's level and regulatory capital arbitrage. The last part of my Ph.D. Dissertation studies the hedging problem of life insurance policies, when the mortality rate is stochastic. The field developed recently, adapting well-established techniques widely used in finance to describe the evolution of rates of mortality. The chapter is joint work with my supervisor, prof. Elisa Luciano and Elena Vigna. It studies the hedging problem of life insurance policies, when the mortality and interest rates are stochastic. We focus primarily on stochastic mortality. We represent death arrival as the first jump time of a doubly stochastic process, i.e. a jump process with stochastic intensity. We propose a Delta-Gamma Hedging technique for mortality risk in this context. The risk factor against which to hedge is the difference between the actual mortality intensity in the future and its "forecast" today, the instantaneous forward intensity. We specialize the hedging technique first to the case in which survival intensities are affine, then to Ornstein-Uhlenbeck and Feller processes, providing actuarial justifications for this restriction. We show that, without imposing no arbitrage, we can get equivalent probability measures under which the HJM condition for no arbitrage is satisfied. Last, we extend our results to the presence of both interest rate and mortality risk, when the forward interest rate follows a constant-parameter Hull and White process. We provide a UK calibrated example of Delta and Gamma Hedging of both mortality and interest rate risk.

[pt] Esse artigo investiga a participação de fundos filiados a conglomerados financeiros na indústria brasileira. Usando dados de 2002 a 2016, mostramos que fundos filiados a bancos apresentam retornos, entre 1.96 por cento-2.30 por cento ao ano, inferior a fundos independentes. Além disso, mostramos que gestores de fundos filiados a bancos têm menos incentivos a tomar risco no mercado do que gestores de fundos independentes. Consistente com os incentivos enfrentados, mostramos que fundos filiados a bancos mudam menos de posição, tentam menos antecipar movimentos de mercado e têm portfólios mais parecidos com o mercado do que fundos independentes. Finalmente, mostramos que as diferenças na tomada de risco pode estar associada a 7.68 por cento-29.6 por cento da diferença de performance entre fundos filiados à bancos e independentes. / [en] This paper investigates financial conglomerates participation in the Brazilian equity mutual fund industry. Using data from 2002 to 2016, we show that bank-affiliated funds underperform funds managed by stand-alone entities by 1.96 percent-2.30 percent per year. Moreover, we find that bank-affiliated fund managers have less incentives to take risk than independent funds. Consistent with incentives, we show that bank-affiliated funds trade less often, try less to time the market and have portfolios more similar to the market s than independent funds. Finally, we show that differences in risk taking can be associated to 7.68-29.6 percent of the performance difference between bank-affiliated and independent funds.

Magistro darbą „Finansinių konglomeratų veiklos efektyvumo tyrimas“ sudaro keturios pagrindinės dalys: problemos analizė, teoriniai ir praktiniais sprendimai bei išvados. Pirmoje darbo dalyje analizuojama finansinių konglomeratų veiklos efektyvumo problema, susijusi su jų tarptautine ir tarpsektorine integracija. Aptariamos pagrindinės finansinių konglomeratų formavosi priežastys ir tikslai, galimos problemos ir jų sprendimo būdai. Antros dalies pradžioje nagrinėjama finansinio konglomerato sąvoka ir organizacinės struktūros. Vėliau atliekama teorinė šių finansinių organizacijų veikos efektyvumo metodologijų analizė taikant finansinę santykinę analizę bei neparametrines ir parametrines ekonometrines procedūras. Trečioji darbo dalis pateikia praktinį finansinių konglomeratų su skirtingomis organizacinėmis struktūromis veiklos efektyvumo sprendimą pasauliniu ir Lietuvos mastu, naudojant neparametrinę duomenų gaubiamąją analizę (DEA) ir finansinę santykinę analizę. Paskutinėje darbo dalyje apibendrinami viso darbo rezultatai, susiję su efektyviausiai veikiančia finansinės konglomeracijos organizacine struktūra. Magistro darbe yra 13 paveikslų, 13 lentelių, 27 formulės ir 12 priedų. Darbo pabaigoje nurodoma darbe naudota literatūra, sudaryta iš 70 literatūros šaltinių. / Master‘s Work „Efficiency Analysis of Financial Conglomerates“ consists of four main chapters: problem analysis, theoretical and practical sulutions and general conclusions of the paper work. The first chapter analyse the efficiency of financial conglomerates spurred by international and cross sectoral financial integration. The research based on aims, backgrounds and highlight issues raised by financial conglomeration. The definitions and organizational structures of financial conglomeration are set in the begining of the second chapter. There in after teorethical researches in methodology of cost and profit efficiency due to relative analysis of essential finance indexes and parametric and nonparametric approaches. In terms of organizational structure of financial conglomerates, the third chapter presents practical efficiency sulutions worlwide and in the context of today’s Lithuania. Fundamental assesments were made using nonpametric Data Envelopment Approach and traditional relative indexes Analysis. In the last chapter are produced aggregate conclusions of the entire Master‘s Work. There are 13 pictures, 13 tables, 27 formulas and 12 affixes used in the paper. The list of the 70 scientific literatures sources is presented at the end of the work.

Les législations concernant les marchés financiers régissent non seulement les marchés, mais également les acteurs, les produits ainsi que les activités dans les marchés. En utilisant ces outils juridiques indispensables, les législateurs des deux côtés de l'Atlantique visent, entre autres, à protéger les investisseurs dont la confiance est primordiale pour les marchés, d'une part, et à diminuer les risques systémiques dont le déclenchement pourrait survenir dans un contexte financier de plus en plus globalisé, d'autre part. En effet, après la crise financière globale de 2008, les risques systémiques ont attiré davantage l'attention législative. À partir desdits objectifs que les législateurs veulent atteindre, nous essayons de trouver et analyser les particularités des législations concernées, tant en France ou dans l'Union européenne qu'aux États-Unis, en passant par la comparaison des dispositions législatives ou des initiatives législatives à travers l'Atlantique, avec la considération de l'évolution législative respective. Nous apportons aussi nos réflexions sur les insuffisances ou les déficiences à l’égard de mesures ou d’efforts législatifs pris en compte par les législateurs transatlantiques en vue de réaliser ces objectifs. Face à une crise financière sans précédent à nos jours, et donc à l'exigence d'une réaction législative active, appropriée, opportune et raffinée, il nous semble qu’il est le temps pour les législateurs en France, dans l'Union et aux États-Unis d'approfondir leurs connaissances sur des produits financiers en innovation sans cesse, de mieux adapter leurs stratégies législatives aux développement des activités financières et des entités finiancières, et de renforcer leurs coopérations et coordinations en profondeur dans le domaine de réglementation et supervision financière, et enfin, de mieux réaliser leurs buts poursuivis. / The legislations concerning financial markets govern not only the markets, but also the participants, the products and the activities as well in the markets. By using these indispensable legal tools, the legislators of both sides of Atlantic aim at, among others, protecting the investors whose confidence is of top priority to the markets, on the one hand, and reducing the systemic risk which would occur in a more and more globalised financial context, on the other. Indeed, after the global financial crisis of 2008, systemic risk has drawn more legislative attention. From the abovementioned objectives which the legislators would like to achieve, we try to find and analyze the particularity of the legislation concerned, both in France or in the European Union and in the USA, by way of comparison of legislative dispositions or legislative initiatives across the Atlantic, with the consideration about their respective legislative evolution. We also give our reflections on the insufficiencies or the deficiencies with regard to the legislative measures or efforts taken by the transatlantic legislators to realize those objectives. Facing the actual and unprecedented financial crisis, and thus a requirement of dynamic, appropriate, timely and refined legislative reaction, it seems to us that it is the time for legislators in France, in the EU and in the USA to deepen their knowledge about financial products of non-stop innovation, to better adapt their legislative strategies to the development of financial activities and financial entities, to reinforce their cooperation and coordination in depth and in width in the field of financial regulation and supervision, and finally, to better fulfill their pursuing goals.