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abstract: I study the relation between firm debt structure and future external financing and investment. I find that greater reliance on long-term debt is associated with increased access to external financing and ability to undertake profitable investments. This contrasts with previous empirical results and theoretical predictions from the agency cost literature, but it is consistent with predictions regarding rollover risk. Furthermore, I find that firms with lower total debt (high debt capacity) have greater access to new financing and investment. Lower leverage increases future debt issues and capital expenditures, and firms do not fully rebalance by reducing the use of external financing sources such as equity. Finally, my results support the view that greater reliance on unsecured debt can increase future debt financing. Overall, my paper offers new insights into how aspects of debt structure, in particular maturity, are related ex-post to firms' ability to raise new financing and invest. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2017

Over the last two decades, share repurchases have emerged as the dominant payout channel, offering a more flexible means of returning excess cash to investors. However, little is known about the costs associated with payout-related financial flexibility. Using a unique identification strategy, we document a significant cost. We find that actual repurchase investments underperform hypothetical investments that mechanically smooth repurchase dollars through time by approximately two percentage points per year on average. This cost of financial flexibility is correlated with earnings management, managerial entrenchment, and less institutional monitoring. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Using a dataset of 7757 firms in Brazil, China, India, and Russia from 2009 to 2014, this article examines the effect of political risk variables on financial flexibility and the effects of financial flexibility on future firm value, capital investment, cash holdings and the probability of default while controlling for firm-level effects and political variables. Effective representation of the majority is found to be associated with a higher level of financial flexibility. In terms of the effects of financial flexibility on firm value, results that are much stronger than previously reported are found. However, unlike previous work, the current research does not find that increased financial flexibility leads to increased capital expenditures. It is found that financially flexible firms in these countries lower their probability of default on average by about 0.6 %. It is also found that giving greater voice to the majority and greater adherence to the rule of law adds to the value of firms.

This study investigates the effect of the value of financial flexibility on bidder’s merger and acquisition (M&A) performance, including the differences between domestic and cross-border M&As and the effect of the financial crisis. Using data gathered between 2005-2012 of 3,882 M&As with the bidder from developed Europe or the U.S., OLS regressions are used to predict the effect of value of financial flexibility on the bidder’s cumulative abnormal returns (CARs). Findings reveal partial evidence to support a positive effect of the value of financial flexibility and the cross-border effect on bidder’s M&A performance. Collectively, these findings increase understanding of the interdependence of financial flexibility and investments.

本研究主要探討公司進行現金增資之決策是否受到市場對公司的股價反 應與公司本身財務彈性所影響。本研究以 1980 年至 2015 年間,美國證券 市場 328 家撤銷現金增資的公司與 11,754 家完成現金增資的公司為樣本, 並進一步探討撤銷現金增資之決策影響因素。實證結果顯示,當市場於現 金增資宣告日給予負向反應時,公司傾向撤銷現金增資。該結果證實公司 會運用其市場擇時能力以進行現金增資之決策。本研究亦針對撤銷現金增 資之決策影響因素進行探討,發現股價現金增資反應較差、成長機會較低 或獲利能力越好的公司會傾向撤銷現金增資。此外,本研究發現當公司因 宣告現金增資而引起股價下跌時,財務彈性較佳的公司將傾向撤銷現金增 資。然而,財務彈性不佳的公司則不受市場狀況所影響,並傾向完成現金 增資。因此,公司除了將市場情形納入現金增資決策外,在市場狀況不佳 時更特別注重公司是否持有足夠的現金以保持財務彈性。 / The main purpose of this study is to examine whether the interaction between market reaction to the announcement and financial flexibility of seasoned equity offering (SEO) will affect the decision of SEO cancellation. This study includes 328 canceled SEOs and 11,754 completed SEOs in U.S. market from 1980 to 2015 and conducts a comprehensive analysis on the decision of SEO cancellation. We find that, consistent with market timing theory, SEO firms tend to cancel their equity offerings if the market reaction to those SEOs are negative. We further investigate determinants of the decision of SEO cancellation. We find that SEO cancellation is negatively associated with stock price reaction and the growth opportunity, and positively associated with the profitability. In addition, we show the evidence that the association between SEO cancellation decision and the market condition depends on the level of financial flexibility for SEO firms. Specifically, we find that firms with more financial flexibility tend to cancel SEOs if their stock prices experience a large decline around the filing date, while firms with less financial flexibility will complete equity issuance regardless of the market conditions.

De acordo com a hipótese de flexibilidade financeira, as firmas preservariam maiores posições em ativos líquidos e capacidade de endividamento para reduzir as potenciais restrições ao acessar recursos externos, evitar o risco do subinvestimento e absorver choques exógenos adversos sobre as suas decisões financeiras. Entretanto, tal conjectura, que tem recebido pouca atenção na literatura de finanças corporativas, seria capaz de responder a importantes lacunas teórico-empíricas, em especial, das principais teorias de estrutura de capital. À vista disso, o trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da manutenção de flexibilidade financeira sobre o financiamento e investimento das companhias abertas brasileiras no período de 2008 a 2017, bem como analisar a repercussão desta política nas empresas consideradas restritas e flexíveis financeiramente. Para tanto, foram desenvolvidas as modelagens de financiamento, investimento e de avaliação de impacto. Foram utilizados métodos de estimação que pudessem corrigir potenciais problemas decorrentes da endogeneidade entre as variáveis, sendo eles: GMM, difference-in-difference e propensity score matching. Na primeira modelagem, investigou-se o efeito adicional nos níveis de flexibilidade financeira sobre os níveis de alavancagem das firmas classificadas como restritas e irrestritas sob cinco critérios: índices KZ, WW, SA, ativo total e distribuição de dividendos. Como principal achado, mediante a regressão com dados em painel dinâmico (GMM), verificou-se que incrementos no excesso de caixa e na capacidade de financiamento propiciam acréscimos mais acentuados na alavancagem contábil das firmas restritas sob distintos critérios de restrição financeira. Na segunda modelagem, por meio de equações de investimento (GMM) de Q de Tobin e acelerador de vendas, averiguou-se a sensibilidade do investimento ao fluxo de caixa nas firmas flexíveis e inflexíveis sob três critérios: excesso de caixa, capacidade de financiamento e a intersecção de ambos. Nesta avaliação, no modelo Q de investimento, o resultado mais importante é que as empresas flexíveis financeiramente, ao obter capacidade de endividamento, reduziriam a dependência da geração de fluxo de caixa para investir, comparativamente às inflexíveis. Ao final, por intermédio de métodos de avaliação de impacto (diferenças-em-diferenças e pareamento), examinou-se como a retirada do grau de investimento do rating de crédito soberano brasileiro em 2015 (evento exógeno negativo) impactou as decisões de financiamento e investimento nas firmas flexíveis e não flexíveis (com e sem rating de crédito de grau de investimento, respectivamente). O método de pareamento ofereceu evidências de que, sobretudo, os índices de alavancagem a valores de mercado das firmas flexíveis são menos impactados após a ocorrência do choque adverso quando comparados às inflexíveis. Em contraste, tal evento não provocou diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos patamares de investimento dos grupos, em ambos os métodos. Estes resultados contribuem para o entendimento do: persistente comportamento de subalavancagem das firmas restritas e não restritas; declarado anseio dos gestores financeiros por folga financeira para investimentos futuros; comportamento proativo da firma em resposta a eventos esperados e inesperados. Em síntese, os referidos achados indicam que a manutenção de flexibilidade financeira exerce relevante influência nas principais decisões financeiras das companhias abertas brasileiras e em condições atípicas de mercado. / Under the financial flexibility hypothesis, firms would preserve greater positions in liquid assets and borrowing capacity to reduce potential constraints on accessing external resources, avoid the risk of underinvestment, and absorb adverse exogenous shocks to their financial decisions. However, such a conjecture, which has received little attention in the corporate finance literature, would be able to respond to important theoretical-empirical gaps, especially the main theories of capital structure. In view of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the maintenance of financial flexibility on the financing and investment of Brazilian publicly traded companies from 2008 to 2017, as well as to analyze the repercussion of this policy on companies considered constrained and financially flexible. For that, the models of financing, investment and impact assessment were developed. It was used estimation methods that could correct potential problems due to endogeneity among the variables, such as: GMM, difference-in-difference and propensity score matching. In the first model, was investigated the additional effect on the levels of financial flexibility on the levels of leverage of firms classified as constrained and unconstrained under five criteria: KZ, WW, SA, total assets and dividend payout index measures. As a main finding, through dynamic panel data regression (GMM), it was verified that increases in excess cash and in financing capacity lead to more accentuated increases in the book leverage of constrained firms under different criteria of financial constraint. In the second model, through investment equations (GMM) of Tobin\'s q and sales-accelerator, the sensitivity of the investment to cash flow in flexible and inflexible firms was investigated under three criteria: excess cash, financing capacity and the intersection of both. In this evaluation, in the Q model of investment, the most important result is that financially flexible companies, when obtaining debt capacity, would reduce the dependency of cash flow generation to invest, compared to inflexible firms. Finally, through quasi-experimental methods (differences-in-differences and matching), it was examined how the withdrawal of investment grade of the Brazilian sovereign credit rating in 2015 (negative exogenous event) impacted financing decisions and investment in flexible and non-flexible firms (with and without investment grade credit rating, respectively). The matching method provided evidence that, above all, the market leverage of the flexible firms are less impacted after the occurrence of the adverse shock when compared to the inflexible firms. In contrast, this event did not cause statistically significant differences in the investment levels of the groups in both methods. These results contribute to the understanding of: the persistent under-leverage behavior of the constrained and unconstrained firms; declared financial managers\' desire for financial freedom for future investments; proactive behavior in response to expected and unexpected events. In summary, these findings indicate that the maintenance of financial flexibility exerts a relevant influence on the main financial decisions of Brazilian public companies and in unusual market conditions.

This study investigates why some firms have no debt in their capital structure despite the potential benefits of leverage. A logistic regression analysis is used to examine the impact of firm-specific characteristics on a firm’s propensity to have zero leverage. The validity of five theoretical explanations for the zero-leverage phenomenon are examined based on how the theories predict characteristics to affect a firm’s propensity to be unlevered. Analysing a new sample of Swedish firms listed on Nasdaq Stockholm in 2005-2018, I show that on average 14.2% of all firms are unlevered. The regression results suggest that the phenomenon of zero-leverage firms can be explained by a combination of several theories. Some firms seem forced to follow zero-leverage policies due to credit rationing by lenders. Others appear to be deliberately debt-free either because they have low needs of external financing or because they strategically want to avoid debt. The study’s main findings for zero-leverage firms are also robust to firms with very low debt (book leverage less than 5%).

The ongoing pandemic has brought uncertainty to the Swedish market by a sudden demand drop. Simultaneously, management literature describes the importance of adaption to a changing environment for future organizational survival. Therefore, this paper explores how Swedish organizations, owned by a controlling shareholder, acted during the ongoing pandemic. An inductive content analysis was made on quarterly reports by focusing on financial- and supply chain-actions taken as countermeasures to the ongoing crisis. Firstly, findings showed that the selection acted in response to the demand drop. Secondly, a broad arsenal of short-termed financial countermeasures was executed in the affected organizations, and long-termed, in the cyclical consumer sector. Lastly, even if the selection communicated issues in their supply chains, close to no countermeasures were communicated in this area.