During the past five (5) to seven (7) years, the American hospital literature has reflected a growing interest in the concept of Risk Management. Today, Risk Management, as an administrative control mechanism, is well established in many hospitals in the United States. Risk Management focuses on a system of identifying, monitoring and taking corrective action for potential or actual problems (the risks) that may result in unwarranted and unplanned personal injury, property damage, or other form of loss. Ultimately, Risk Management is concerned with the hospital's overall objectives of providing safe, quality patient care while using available resources efficiently. The expression, Risk Management, has not been defined with any regularity or consistency with respect to British Columbia Acute Care Hospitals. A generalized concept of protection against risks has been evident for many years, although in Canada (and specifically, British Columbia), it has been approached functionally. For example, hospital administrators have been accustomed to providing a safe and secure environment through such means as guidelines, accreditation standards and quality assurance. In addition, they are obligated to consider legal issues relating to hospital care and to obtain appropriate insurance coverage for the various types of losses the hospital might be exposed to. A new interest in Risk Management appears to represent a possibly defensive position taken by those who anticipate increasing amounts of risk and subsequent litigation. The question to be studied in this paper is whether there is any need for British Columbia Acute Care Hospital Administrators to move from their present rather pragmatic decision-making process for problem solving in selected areas to the more assertive and defensive approach of Risk Management. The answers were be sought by: 1. Reviewing the pertinent American literature on risk management. 2. Considering whether this presented an applicable approach to the British Columbia situation by: a. reviewing pertinent Canadian (and specifically British Columbian) literature on the same topic. b. reviewing Canadian (and specifically British Columbian) health services against their ideological background. 3. Discussing selected Risk Management considerations with: a. British Columbia legal experts in the health field. b. British Columbia insurance experts in the health field. 4. Discussing selected Risk Management considerations vis a vis present practices and procedures with hospital administrators (at senior and department head level) in two (2) British Columbia Community General Hospitals and covering three (3) hospital departments. The information collected from these interviews was presented in a case study format. The discussions focus on the major differences between the Canadian and American hospital industries. In addition, the variances between the findings in the literature review and the responses by the case study participants will be described. The analysis will draw conclusions about the need for British Columbia hospital administrators to change their present practices and move to a system of Risk Management. Recommendations for planning the introduction and evaluation of Risk Management in British Columbia Acute Care Hospitals are presented at the end of the study. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

This thesis is focused on analysis of competitiveness factors for small business enterprise in Czech and European environmnent. The theoretical part represents possible types of attitudes and analysis to management, marketing, human resources management and financial management. The practical part demonstrates application of theoretical knowledge at specific company, micro-enterprise, IMPORTO Drive s.r.o. dealing with buying and selling of new cars in EU. The objective of this thesis is to design appropriate steps providing the long - term developmnent of analyzed company taking it`s vision fulfillment into consideration. Inspiration for future enterpreneurs could be also one benefit.

The aim of the diploma thesis is the analysis of enhancing the competitiveness of small-sized enterprise applied to a particular company. The theoretical part specifies the basic characteristics of "small and medium-sized enterprises" and the factors of competitiveness, which are divided into four basic areas of business management -- management, marketing, human resource management and financial management. The practical part is related to theoretical piece of knowledge applied to the company "FCC Industrial Systems Ltd.". The result of the company analysis is suggesting of recommendations aimed for enhancing the competetiveness.

A plethora of recent literature on asset pricing provides plenty of empirical evidence on the importance of liquidity, governance and adverse selection of equity on pricing of assets together with more traditional factors such as market beta and the Fama-French factors. However, literature has usually stressed that these factors are priced individually. In this dissertation we argue that these factors may be related to each other, hence not only individual but also joint tests of their significance is called for. In the three related essays, we examine the liquidity premium in the context of the finer three-digit SIC industry classification, joint importance of liquidity and governance factors as well as governance and adverse selection. Recent studies by Core, Guay and Rusticus (2006) and Ben-Rephael, Kadan and Wohl (2010) find that governance and liquidity premiums are dwindling in the last few years. One reason could be that liquidity is very unevenly distributed across industries. This could affect the interpretation of prior liquidity studies. Thus, in the first chapter we analyze the relation of industry clustering and liquidity risk following a finer industry classification suggested by Johnson, Moorman and Sorescu (2009). In the second chapter, we examine the dwindling influence of the governance factor if taken simultaneously with liquidity. We argue that this happens since governance characteristics are potentially a proxy for information asymmetry that may be better captured by market liquidity of a company’s shares. Hence, we jointly examine both the factors, namely, governance and liquidity – in a series of standard asset pricing tests. Our results reconfirm the importance of governance and liquidity in explaining stock returns thus independently corroborating the findings of Amihud (2002) and Gompers, Ishii and Metrick (2003). Moreover, governance is not subsumed by liquidity. Lastly, we analyze the relation of governance and adverse selection, and again corroborate previous findings of a priced governance factor. Furthermore, we ascertain the importance of microstructure measures in asset pricing by employing Huang and Stoll’s (1997) method to extract an adverse selection variable and finding evidence for its explanatory power in four-factor regressions.

O Brasil tem sinalizado que não está suportando mais a agressão ao meio ambiente provocada pelo acúmulo de resíduos e esgotamento dos recursos naturaisem função do aumento do consumo. O índice de reciclagem e reaproveitamento é baixo, pois para alguns materiais não há mercado. Isso torna a atividade com materiais recicláveis instávele pouco atrativa, além da má gestão administrativa e financeira. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse estudo é propor um modelo degestão financeira para um centro de triagem de materiais recicláveis localizado na cidade de Taubaté, Região Metropolitana do Vale do Paraíba, Estado de São Paulo,visando sua sustentabilidade financeira no mercado. O método de pesquisa utilizado foi estudo de casopor meio de observação e análise documental de caráter exploratório.Como resultado, foi possível identificar que o alumínio é o material com maior lucro e maior influência no fluxo de caixa e pode-se concluir que, materiais com maiores giros e maiores quantidades são vitais para garantir a perenidade do negócio do centro de triagem de materiais recicláveis estudado no mercado. / Brazil has signaled that it is not supporting more aggression to the environment caused by the accumulation of waste and depletion of natural resources due to increased consumption. The rate of recycling and reuse is low, because there is no market for some materials, which makes the activity unstable and unattractive. In this context, the aim of this study is to propose a model of financial management aimed at financial sustainability of recyclable materials market. The research method used was case study through observation and document analysis. As a result, we found that aluminum is the material with higher income and greater influence on cash flow and can also conclude that materials with higher spins and higher amounts are vital to ensure the continuity of business studied.

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This report describes the development of commercial banks in Russia and role of government and Central Bank in advance of Russian financial system.

Ekonomin har blivit viktigare för idrottsföreningar där omsättningen ökar samtidigt som samhället och förbund ställer högre krav på föreningarna än tidigare. Idrottsföreningar är i grunden ideella verksamheter, men precis som företag behöver de generera intäkter för att fortleva. Det har lett till att forskare har framhävt idrottsföreningar som en ny företagsform då föreningar och företag idag är isomorfiska på många sätt. I Sverige är strukturen inom idrottsföreningar något unikt där de ideella aspekterna möter de kommersiella. Det leder till att ledningar i föreningarna bör besitta en stor ekonomisk kunskap för att bedriva verksamheterna på ett framgångsrikt sätt. Studiens syfte är att förklara hur idrottsföreningar bedriver sina verksamheter ekonomiskt. Syftet besvaras genom en empirisk studie som undersöker idrottsföreningarnas arbete med visioner och mål, strategiska planering, budgetering, benchmarking och affärsmodeller. Studien har använt en kvalitativ strategi, där åtta idrottsföreningar i Värmland undersöktes via intervjuer. Studien har utvecklat en verksamhetsmodell som förklarar hur idrottsföreningar bedriver sina verksamheter ekonomiskt. Den visar på att föreningarna styr verksamheterna utifrån sina visioner och mål, strategiska planering och budgetering men inte konceptet av affärsmodeller. De använder benchmarking för att utveckla verksamheterna genom att ta inspiration från och samarbeta med andra idrottsföreningar men också företag. Verksamheterna påverkas även av externa faktorer som krav från förbund, sponsorer och samhället. Det gör att föreningarna behöver ett företagslikt arbetssätt där en kombination av ideellt engagemang, legitimitetsvinnande i samhället och tillfredsställande av intressenter allierar. / The economy has become more important for sports associations where turnover is increasing at the same time as society and federations place higher demands on the associations than before. Sports associations are in essence non-profit organizations, but just like companies, they need to generate revenue to survive. This has led researchers to emphasize sports associations as a new form of business, as sports associations and companies today are isomorphic in many ways. In Sweden, the structure of sports associations is something unique where the non-profit aspects meet the commercial. This means that management in the associations should possess a great deal of financial knowledge to run the business successfully. The purpose of the study is to explain how sports associations conduct their business financially. The purpose is answered through an empirical study that examines the sports associations' work with visions and goals, strategic planning, budgeting, benchmarking, and business models. The study has used a qualitative strategy, where eight sports associations in Värmland were investigated through interviews. The study has developed a model that explains how sports associations conduct their operations financially. It shows that the associations control the operations based on their visions and goals, strategic planning, and budgeting, but not the concept of business models. They use benchmarking to develop their businesses by taking inspiration from and collaborating with other sports associations but also companies. Operations are also affected by external factors such as demands from federations, sponsors, and society. This means that the associations need a corporate-like approach in which a combination of non- profit involvement, legitimacy in the community, and the satisfaction of stakeholders allies.

Magister Legum - LLM / That South African municipalities, in vast majority, are experiencing serious financial problems is well-known to anyone with an interest in local government sector. Given that, the study considers the role of the Auditor-General (AG) in promoting sound financial management in municipalities. The disciplinary perspectives from which the inquiry is considered are law and public administration. The context for this consideration is the North West, a province which is inundated by poorly performing municipalities that are literally on the brink of financial and operational collapse. The study proceeds from the premise that efficient financial management practices are essential to the long-term sustainability of municipalities. The role of the AG is key in this regard in that the latter is a watchdog over state coffers and the pivot of the oversight mechanism over the management of public finances. Furthermore, the AG strives to institutionalise and promote a culture of good governance, accountability and transparency in municipalities. It achieves this through routine auditing and provision of audit recommendations that seek to improve municipalities’ internal controls. However, this purpose gets undermined, and eventually defeated, in the instance where audit recommendations are being ignored. Of concern is that the non-implementation of audit recommendations has become a norm in most municipalities in the North West. The study has considerable breadth in its analysis of this problem by looking closely into three municipalities: Mahikeng, Ditsobotla and Tswaing. It is not immediately clear why this trend is emerging or has emerged. In that note, a resolve to embark on this study was impelled by a sense of commitment to try to understand the real issue behind this trend and to see how best it can be countered. This brings the study to then ask: How can the AG’s recommendations be better and adequately given effect in the North West municipalities? In response, it will be argued that this issue cannot be solved by the AG alone. What is needed, instead, is the development of an action plan, policy and institutional framework that will guide and facilitate the multi-agency approach and inter-institutional collaborations towards addressing the problem. Further argument will be advanced to say that the efforts undertaken to reconstitute and strengthen the legal framework governing the AG through the 2018 amendments to the Public Audit Act do not constitute a magic bullet solution to the dismal downward trajectory across the North West municipalities, as contemporary narratives seek to suggest.

Large organizations in the United States endure a 30%-50% failure to achieve profitability. Senior executives' lack of strategies to ensure profitability diminish performance and economic growth. The purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore strategies senior executives use to ensure profitability in large tax preparation organizations. The conceptual framework for this study was the resource-based view theory. The sample consisted of 2 board members and 3 senior leaders from a large tax preparation organization located in the United States. Study site participants had at least 15 years of experience in enhancing organizational profitability and 5 years of experience using strategies to ensure profitability in tax preparation organizations. Data were collected using semistructured interviews and organizational documents. Data were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Five themes emerged, including effective planning, risk management, the use of unique resources, development of training and skill for strategic leaders, and organizational performance. Findings derived from this study may contribute to social change as senior executives use efficient strategies to increase economic viability and employment opportunities through improved business growth while ensuring profitability.