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No. of bitstreams: 1 Regulação por objetivos - versão biblioteca.pdf: 1394879 bytes, checksum: 9a29a0db296eb7bf9d7db7143e270747 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-05 / O presente trabalho pretende investigar os diferentes modelos de regulação financeira, com foco no modelo de regulação por objetivos ou “twin peaks”, no contexto das recentes transformações na estrutura do mercado financeiro global, notadamente no que tange (i) ao surgimento de novos produtos e serviços que não são facilmente enquadrados em um segmento específico do mercado financeiro, podendo envolver concomitantemente funções típicas dos mercados bancário, de capitais e de seguros; e (ii) às mudanças nas características dos principais participantes que atuam nesse mercado, dentre as quais pode se destacar (ii.1) a unificação de organizações financeiras que atuavam em diferentes setores do mercado financeiro – bancos de investimento, bancos comerciais, corretoras, seguradoras etc. – resultando na formação de conglomerados financeiros; (ii.2) o ingresso de empresas de tecnologia que competem e fornecem serviços financeiros de modo inovador, desafiando os participantes clássicos deste mercado. As mudanças supracitadas são significativas do ponto de vista da estrutura de mercado, e devem ser observadas pelos reguladores a fim de avaliar a compatibilidade de suas respectivas estruturas regulatórias com os novos riscos advindos desse “novo mercado financeiro” em formação. Parte-se da premissa de que uma estrutura regulatória efetiva precisa se adequar à respectiva estrutura de mercado a qual se pretende regular, sob o risco de tal desalinhamento resultar em uma regulação excessivamente custosa e que não promove os objetivos para os quais foi criada. A hipótese deste trabalho é que o modelo de regulação por objetivos é o mais apto a propiciar uma regulação financeira efetiva, em contraposição aos modelos de regulação por setores e unificada, tendo em vista que sua estrutura regulatória: (i) permite a consecução dos múltiplos objetivos da regulação financeira de forma harmonizada, em um cenário de crescente complexificação dos riscos emanados do sistema financeiro, mitigando a possibilidade de sobreposição de objetivos dentro de uma mesma agência; e (ii) amplia o limite de aplicação da regulação, uma vez que os critérios jurídicos para determinação de competência dos reguladores não são vinculados a conceitos próprios dos setores bancário, securitário e de capitais, cuja divisão é cada vez menos perceptível do ponto de vista da prática financeira, na qual as atividades financeiras vêm sendo desenvolvidas de modo transversal. A fim de desenvolver a hipótese elencada, o trabalho se propõe, num primeiro momento, a fazer uma revisão da literatura teórica sobre modelos de regulação, com o objetivo de identificar as características que tornam um modelo regulatório “ótimo” do ponto de vista da efetividade. Após essa análise, parte-se para um exame das mudanças práticas pelas quais o mercado financeiro vem passando, e como elas afetam as diferentes estruturas de regulação vigentes – propiciando a emergência do modelo de regulação por objetivos como predominante em algumas jurisdições. Nesse contexto, a regulação por objetivos se coloca como uma opção a ser considerada pelos diferentes reguladores nacionais para enfrentar os novos riscos do mercado financeiro global e auxiliar o pleno desenvolvimento do mercado financeiro nas próximas décadas. / The present work intends to investigate the different models of financial regulation, focusing on the model of regulation by objectives or "twin peaks", in the context of the recent transformations in the structure of the global financial market, especially regarding (i) the emergence of new products and services that are not easily framed in a specific segment of the financial market, and can simultaneously develop typical functions of the banking, securities and insurance markets; and (ii) changes in the characteristics of the main participants in this market, among which (ii.1) the unification of financial organizations operating in different sectors of the financial market - investment banks, commercial banks, brokerage firms, insurance companies etc. - resulting in the formation of financial conglomerates; (ii.2) the entry of financial technology companies that compete and provide innovative services in competition with the classic participants of this market. The aforementioned changes should be interpreted as major changes in terms of market structure, and must be observed by regulators in order to assess the compatibility of their respective financial structures with the new risks arising from this "new financial market" in formation. The work is based on the theoretical premise that an efficient and effective regulatory structure needs to reflect the respective market structure that it is intended to regulate, under the risk that such misalignment will result in an empty regulation, without regulatory tools to promote the objectives for which it was created. The hypothesis of this work is that the model of regulation by objectives, as opposed to the unified- and sector-based models, is the most adequate to provide an efficient and effective financial regulation, especially considering that its regulatory structure: (i) enable the fulfillment of multiple objectives of financial regulation in a harmonized manner, in a stage where the complexity of risks emanating from the financial system are increasing, mitigating the possibility of objective overlap within the same agency; and (ii) expand the regulatory perimeters, since the legal criteria for determining the competence of regulators is not linked to concepts of the banking, security and capital sectors, whose distinction increasingly blurred from the point of view that most financial activities have been developed in a cross-sectored way. In order to develop this hypothesis, this dissertation proposes, firstly, to review the theoretical literature on regulation models, with the objective of identifying the characteristics that make a regulatory model “optimal” from the point of view of efficiency and effectiveness. After this analysis, we examine the practical changes happening in the financial market, and how they affect the different regulatory structures in force - propitiating the emergence of the regulation by objectives as the redominant model in some jurisdictions. In this context, regulation by objectives is an option to be considered by the different national regulators to face the new risks of the global financial market and to help the full development of financial markets in the coming decades

A presente dissertação versa sobre o estudo da regulação financeira sistêmica brasileira e está dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, descreve-se a essência das atividades financeiras e narra-se a trajetória histórica que deu ensejo à criação de Bancos Centrais e o surgimento da regulação bancária no mundo. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre o processo de expansão do sistema financeiro e sua internacionalização face à globalização financeira dos mercados. Após a exposição de razões políticas, comportamentais, econômicas e técnicas consideradas determinantes para a consumação da última crise financeira mundial (caso subprime), demonstra-se que uma regulação financeira sistêmica adequada constitui um processo complexo, dinâmico e contínuo de gestão pública com vistas a evitar ou atenuar os efeitos de crises sistêmicas. Nesse sentido, são expostos os motivos por que o Brasil enfrentou bem tal crise, através da apresentação da evolução dos processos regulatórios domésticos nos últimos anos. No segundo capítulo, utilizado o marco político-filosófico de John Rawls, sustenta-se a ideia de que a estabilidade financeira sustentável ao longo do tempo é uma questão de justiça básica que deve influenciar o desenho político-institucional em sociedades democráticas constitucionais. Nesse sentido, afirma-se a possibilidade de geração de um consenso sobreposto, segundo o ideal de razão pública, quanto à necessidade de estabelecimento de instituições, relativamente descoladas dos ciclos político-eleitorais e dotadas de especialização técnica, responsáveis pelo planejamento e acompanhamento público e transparente da sustentabilidade da execução da política monetária e da regulação financeira sistêmica propriamente dita no longo prazo. Adicionalmente, em razão da globalização financeira dos mercados, discorre-se sobre os limites e possibilidades do ideal de razão pública nos organismos financeiros internacionais (redes globais de governo), instituídos para definir padrões de regulação financeira sistêmica, e são feitos comentários acerca da existência de um Direito Administrativo Global. No terceiro capítulo, defende-se a ideia de razão prática regulatória como a diretriz adequada de atuação sustentável do Estado na economia com foco em resultados, a fim de estimular o progresso nos processos regulatórios, mediante o uso do better regulation como paradigma de análise de custos e benefícios. Após, expõe-se a noção de juridicidade administrativa como a mais compatível com a Constituição, além de defender-se a legitimidade democrática e o poder normativo das agências reguladoras financeiras. Por fim, com fundamento nas características do desenho institucional da estrutura regulatória brasileira, são formuladas propostas de aprimoramento institucional. No último capítulo, são feitos comentários sobre as vantagens, limites e riscos de judicialização dos processos regulatórios financeiros em democracias constitucionais, o que motiva a construção de parâmetros institucionais e materiais de atuação judicial, posteriormente analisados em precedentes importantes julgados no Brasil nos últimos anos. / This dissertation deals with the study of systemic financial regulation in Brazil and is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the essence of the financial activities and narrates the historical trajectory that gave rise to the creation of Central Banks and the emergence of banking regulation in the world. Afterwards, it exposes the expansion process of the financial system and its internationalization due to globalization of financial markets. Then, it presents political, behavioral, economic and technical reasons considered crucial to the consummation of the last global financial crisis (subprime case) and concludes that an adequate systemic financial regulation is a complex, dynamic and continuous public management process in order to prevent or mitigate the effects of systemic crises. In this sense, it shows why Brazil faced the last crisis well, through the exposure of the evolution of the domestic regulatory processes in recent years. In the second chapter, based on the John Rawlss political liberalism framework, it holds up the idea that sustainable financial stability over time is a matter of basic fairness that should influence the design of political institutions in democratic constitutional societies. In this sense, it states the possibility of generating overlapping consensus, according to the ideal of public reason, on the need to establish institutions, relatively detached from electoral cycles and endowed with technical expertise, responsible for planning and monitoring the long run sustainability implementation of accountable monetary policy and systemic financial regulation as well. Additionally, due to the globalization, it discusses the limits and possibilities of the ideal of public reason in the international financial organizations (global networks of government), established to set systemic financial regulatory standards, as well as comments are made about a Global Administrative Law. In the third chapter, it argues the idea of regulatory practice reason as the appropriate guideline for sustainable state performance in the economy with a focus on results, in order to stimulate progress in regulatory processes through the use of better regulation as a paradigm of cost-benefit analysis. After, it exposes the notion of constitutional legality and it defends the democratic legitimacy and the normative power of the financial regulatory agencies. Finally, based on the characteristics of the institutional design of the regulatory framework in Brazil, proposals for institutional improvement are formulated. In the last chapter, it comments the advantages, limitations and risks involved in judicialization of financial regulatory processes in constitutional democracies, which motivates the construction of institutional and material parameters of judicial action, subsequently analyzed in important cases judged in Brazilian courts.

A presente dissertação versa sobre o estudo da regulação financeira sistêmica brasileira e está dividida em quatro capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, descreve-se a essência das atividades financeiras e narra-se a trajetória histórica que deu ensejo à criação de Bancos Centrais e o surgimento da regulação bancária no mundo. Em seguida, discorre-se sobre o processo de expansão do sistema financeiro e sua internacionalização face à globalização financeira dos mercados. Após a exposição de razões políticas, comportamentais, econômicas e técnicas consideradas determinantes para a consumação da última crise financeira mundial (caso subprime), demonstra-se que uma regulação financeira sistêmica adequada constitui um processo complexo, dinâmico e contínuo de gestão pública com vistas a evitar ou atenuar os efeitos de crises sistêmicas. Nesse sentido, são expostos os motivos por que o Brasil enfrentou bem tal crise, através da apresentação da evolução dos processos regulatórios domésticos nos últimos anos. No segundo capítulo, utilizado o marco político-filosófico de John Rawls, sustenta-se a ideia de que a estabilidade financeira sustentável ao longo do tempo é uma questão de justiça básica que deve influenciar o desenho político-institucional em sociedades democráticas constitucionais. Nesse sentido, afirma-se a possibilidade de geração de um consenso sobreposto, segundo o ideal de razão pública, quanto à necessidade de estabelecimento de instituições, relativamente descoladas dos ciclos político-eleitorais e dotadas de especialização técnica, responsáveis pelo planejamento e acompanhamento público e transparente da sustentabilidade da execução da política monetária e da regulação financeira sistêmica propriamente dita no longo prazo. Adicionalmente, em razão da globalização financeira dos mercados, discorre-se sobre os limites e possibilidades do ideal de razão pública nos organismos financeiros internacionais (redes globais de governo), instituídos para definir padrões de regulação financeira sistêmica, e são feitos comentários acerca da existência de um Direito Administrativo Global. No terceiro capítulo, defende-se a ideia de razão prática regulatória como a diretriz adequada de atuação sustentável do Estado na economia com foco em resultados, a fim de estimular o progresso nos processos regulatórios, mediante o uso do better regulation como paradigma de análise de custos e benefícios. Após, expõe-se a noção de juridicidade administrativa como a mais compatível com a Constituição, além de defender-se a legitimidade democrática e o poder normativo das agências reguladoras financeiras. Por fim, com fundamento nas características do desenho institucional da estrutura regulatória brasileira, são formuladas propostas de aprimoramento institucional. No último capítulo, são feitos comentários sobre as vantagens, limites e riscos de judicialização dos processos regulatórios financeiros em democracias constitucionais, o que motiva a construção de parâmetros institucionais e materiais de atuação judicial, posteriormente analisados em precedentes importantes julgados no Brasil nos últimos anos. / This dissertation deals with the study of systemic financial regulation in Brazil and is divided into four chapters. The first chapter describes the essence of the financial activities and narrates the historical trajectory that gave rise to the creation of Central Banks and the emergence of banking regulation in the world. Afterwards, it exposes the expansion process of the financial system and its internationalization due to globalization of financial markets. Then, it presents political, behavioral, economic and technical reasons considered crucial to the consummation of the last global financial crisis (subprime case) and concludes that an adequate systemic financial regulation is a complex, dynamic and continuous public management process in order to prevent or mitigate the effects of systemic crises. In this sense, it shows why Brazil faced the last crisis well, through the exposure of the evolution of the domestic regulatory processes in recent years. In the second chapter, based on the John Rawlss political liberalism framework, it holds up the idea that sustainable financial stability over time is a matter of basic fairness that should influence the design of political institutions in democratic constitutional societies. In this sense, it states the possibility of generating overlapping consensus, according to the ideal of public reason, on the need to establish institutions, relatively detached from electoral cycles and endowed with technical expertise, responsible for planning and monitoring the long run sustainability implementation of accountable monetary policy and systemic financial regulation as well. Additionally, due to the globalization, it discusses the limits and possibilities of the ideal of public reason in the international financial organizations (global networks of government), established to set systemic financial regulatory standards, as well as comments are made about a Global Administrative Law. In the third chapter, it argues the idea of regulatory practice reason as the appropriate guideline for sustainable state performance in the economy with a focus on results, in order to stimulate progress in regulatory processes through the use of better regulation as a paradigm of cost-benefit analysis. After, it exposes the notion of constitutional legality and it defends the democratic legitimacy and the normative power of the financial regulatory agencies. Finally, based on the characteristics of the institutional design of the regulatory framework in Brazil, proposals for institutional improvement are formulated. In the last chapter, it comments the advantages, limitations and risks involved in judicialization of financial regulatory processes in constitutional democracies, which motivates the construction of institutional and material parameters of judicial action, subsequently analyzed in important cases judged in Brazilian courts.

Les écrits de Monsieur Haroun BOUCHETA, rassemblés en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur en droit, portent sur le droit financier. Depuis 2005, en prenant appui sur ses expériences professionnelles, l’auteur publie régulièrement des articles à destination tant des praticiens que des universitaires. Les écrits rassemblés sont de deux ordres. Premièrement, l’auteur s’intéresse à l’encadrement juridique de certains acteurs des marchés financiers ainsi qu’à celui d’instruments financiers et techniques financières.Parmi les acteurs étudiés, les contreparties centrales tiennent une place importante. Les études de l’auteur portant sur ce thème permettent d’appréhender l’environnement juridique et réglementaire spécifique et de comprendre ses récentes évolutions aux niveaux européen et français. Quant aux instruments financiers et techniques financières ayant fait l’objet de publications, l’auteur s’est essentiellement concentré sur les dérivés et les matières premières. Deuxièmement, d’autres écrits sont plus transversaux, voire prospectifs, puisqu’ils ont trait à des réformes européennes incontournables en matière de réglementation financière. A côté du règlement EMIR, l’auteur a consacré plusieurs études approfondies sur la réforme de la directive concernant les marchés d’instruments financiers (MIF). Ces écrits de droit financier sont accompagnés d’une introduction générale. La première partie s’appuie sur quinze articles publiés et a vocation à mettre en exergue certaines des lacunes de la régulation financière post-crise. Dans la seconde partie, l’auteur s’interroge sur la physionomie actuelle des sources du droit financier et sur le processus d’élaboration des textes. / The writings of Mr. Haroun BOUCHETA, gathered for the title of Doctor of Laws, deal with financial law. Since 2005, drawing on his professional experience, the author regularly publishes articles for both practitioners and academics. The collected writings are of two kinds.First, the author is interested in the legal framework of certain players in the financial markets as well as those of financial instruments and financial techniques.Among the actors studied, central counterparties play an important role. The author's studies on this subject make it possible to understand the specific legal and regulatory environment and to understand its recent developments at European and French levels.As for financial instruments and financial techniques that have been the subject of publications, the author concentrated mainly on derivatives and commodities.Secondly, other writings are more cross-cutting and even forward-looking, as they relate to unavoidable European reforms in financial regulation. In addition to the EMIR regulation, the author devoted several in-depth studies on the reform of the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID).These writings of financial law are accompanied by a general introduction. The first part is based on fifteen published articles from the author and is intended to highlight some of the shortcomings of post-crisis financial regulation. In the second part, the author examines the current physiognomy of the sources of financial law and the process of drafting the texts.

在金融市場國際化之趨勢下，各國金融交易參與者極可能受到跨國破產事件的影響。同時，受到金融創新潮流的驅使，非傳統金融工具的商業活動亦構成金融市場重要環節之一，從而探討破產法制對於非傳統金融交易契約之處理方式，實有其重要性。本文以店頭衍生性金融交易市場以及所選取案例為中心，探討跨國破產事件相關議題，包括破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易所給予的特殊規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力，以下均統稱為「破產法特殊規定」），以及相關跨國破產事件之可能處理模式或合作途徑。 本文以國內外學術文獻、法院見解之整理為基礎，進行法學分析，並輔以金融實務觀點進行研究，於各相關部分同時探討我國法制。本文分為七章，內容簡介如後。 首先，於第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構，同時也限定研究範圍。又因跨國破產事件具多樣性與複雜性，為使本文討論範圍明確與聚焦，故於第二章先行提出具體跨國破產事件之美國與英國案例及其爭議問題，並以其做為本文探討中心與範圍，探討內容即包含破產法制涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之規範實體面議題，以及跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。後續章節將陸續探討上開問題。 第三章簡介店頭衍生性金融交易，以及說明其常見契約結構、相關法律問題。本章同時介紹「單一主契約模式」與「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之概念，學者及實務工作者有謂上開契約條款之功能，包含避免於破產程序中破產管理人選擇性履行或拒絕契約、降低交易對手信用風險、提升未違約方之再避險可能性、減少銀行業之資本計提成本、降低系統性風險等，而其中最具爭議性的降低系統性風險功能，也是目前全球多國破產法制承認提前終止與淨額結算條款具有效性的重要理由之一。本章著重於顯示店頭衍生性金融交易之當事人約定事項與破產法制間之關聯性，此屬於破產法制之規範實體面議題，以便於次一章接續介紹外國破產法制之相關具體內容。本章內容與後續各章均有密切關聯，故有說明之必要。 第四章先說明破產法制之一般原則，再分別於美國、英國、歐盟、日本、以及我國法制下，觀察破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易之例外規定（或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力），著重於說明破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之現況，並參考外國文獻探討其立法理由是否具有充足正當性，以及其規定是否有修訂或調整之必要。相對於第三章彙整學說及實務觀點以說明「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之功能，本章則援引外國文獻對破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之批評，並做出該條款效力於破產法制中至少應調整為受有一定限制之結論，也就是訂有交易提前終止權之暫時凍結期間、於具系統重要性金融機構清理程序中適用股東與債權人共同承擔損失機制、交易雙方善意無偏頗等，以及在我國法制下亦宜採取同等看法。本章最後分析本文第二章案例在破產法制下之實體面問題，同時也藉此試行探討「提前終止與淨額結算條款」在破產法制下的效力範圍以及第二章案例合成型債務抵押債券交易中有關「序位轉換條款」之效力爭議。本文認為美國破產法院、英國法院係分別各自依其破產法制與公共政策對「序位轉換條款」做出效力判斷，各具實體理由；以及「序位轉換條款」在我國法制下應屬有效。 第五章在本論文題旨範圍內，先說明2007年-2009年金融危機後，二十國集團（G20）所提出的國際性指導建議，之後擇要介紹美國與歐盟依循上開建議，對於店頭衍生性金融交易市場所採行的金融改革法規，包含（但不限於）交易執行平台、集中清算、交易資料之申報、對未集中清算交易加強徵提擔保品等管理措施；此外，在跨國交易監理層面上，簡要介紹替代遵循之概念。本章並說明以上規範與跨國破產事件之關係。本章在整體研究架構上的功能有二，一方面是做為第四章破產法規範實體面議題與第六章跨國破產法制程序面議題之連結，也就是觀察美國及歐盟金融改革法令對第四章所述破產法特殊規定之影響，以及金融改革法案所對應第六章目前國際金融市場之實務發展趨勢以及特殊清理架構下之相關規定。另一方面，相對於第六章係探討發生跨國破產事件時之程序處理模式，第五章則是從破產事件發生前之前階段觀察，藉由事前建構市場監理措施及規劃，以期促進跨國破產事件發生時之處理效能。 第六章探討跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。先敘明跨國破產立法所採行的基礎原則理論，包含普及原則、屬地原則、修正式普及原則、現代化屬地原則；同時簡要介紹相關跨國破產法制。繼而說明金融穩定理事會 （FSB）相關建議，以及觀察近期國際金融實務發展。之後，綜結第四章至第六章之內容，按跨國破產事件之實體面議題與程序面議題，對於涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之跨國破產事件，說明本文在相關立法論或處理合作模式層面上所採取之立場。最末，分析本文第二章案例之程序處理問題。 最後，第七章就本論文探討範圍以及第二章所提出之問題，進行總結論，並試行對我國金融市場參與者提出相關建議。 / Abstract Due to globalization of financial markets, it is hard for market participants to avoid the impact arises from cross-border insolvency events. With the trend of financial innovation, non-traditional financial instruments become an important role in financial markets, and it’s necessary to understand the treatment of these instruments under insolvency law systems. This thesis discusses specific legal issues with regard to cross-border insolvency events in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives financial markets with focus on the relevant cases selected, including the special treatment of OTC derivatives under insolvency law systems and the potential procedures or coordinate ways to deal with the cases. Based on and reference to research of academic papers and court decisions, this thesis discusses issues through legal analysis supplemented with views of financial practice. The relevant parts are also discussed under Taiwan’s law system. This thesis proceeds in 7 chapters briefly described as follows. Chapter 1 explains the objective, purpose, and fundamental structure together with the method used of this thesis. Assumptions and Confines of this thesis are also described in this chapter. Given diversity and complexity of cross-border insolvency events, Chapter 2 attempts to present actual cases for discussion in order to providing the scope and focuses of this thesis. Key finding of the presented cases includes substantive legal issues of insolvency laws applied to OTC derivatives transactions and procedural legal issues of dealing with cross-border insolvency events. Matters aforementioned will be addressed in further chapters. Chapter 3 describes the basic understanding of OTC derivatives and the legal elements of participants’ transaction contracts in market practice. This chapter also describes the concepts of “the single agreement approach” and “close-out netting provisions”. As academic opinions and practical views mentioned, close-out netting provisions encompass the functions of eliminating the risk of “cherry-picking” by a liquidator in the insolvency proceeding, minimizing counterparty credit risk by calculating exposures on a net basis, promoting the possibility of re-hedging transactions, applying lower capital requirements by regulators to refer to netted transactions for bank industry, and reducing systemic risk in the financial system. Insolvency law systems which allow the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions heavily rationalize the legislation as being founded on preventing the threat of systemic risk. While some academic papers argue that the rationalization on the basis of reducing systemic risk is unconvincing or unnecessary for reasons. Chapter 3 primarily concerns the connections between OTC derivatives contracts and insolvency law systems, in the dimension of substantive legal issues. What addressed in this chapter is highly connected with the subsequent chapters. Chapter 4 describes the general principles of insolvency laws at first, and then observes the exclusions of OTC derivatives transactions under insolvency law systems of U.S., UK, EU, Japan and Taiwan respectively, focusing on issues respecting of validity and enforceability of close-out netting provisions. Compared with Chapter 3 which describes the functions of close-out netting stated by advocators, this chapter illustrates challenges or arguments posed by academic papers with different views. Reference to the relevant academic opinions, this thesis considers that the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions shall, at least, be subject to restrictions to a reasonable extent, such as temporary stays on early termination rights as well as on enforcement rights of security interests, application of the bail-in tool in SIFIs’ resolution procedures, and each party’s good faith. The aforesaid views are also proposed to be referenced by Taiwan’s law regime in the future. In the end of this chapter, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of substantive issues of insolvency laws, and concludes that both U.S. bankruptcy court’s ruling and UK courts’ decisions on the flip clause embedded in CDO instruments are correct respectively pursuant to their own insolvency laws and public policies. In addition, this thesis is in the opinion that the flip clause shall be effective under Taiwan’s current insolvency law system. Chapter 5 will first describe the international guidelines suggested by G20 after 2007-2009 financial crisis. It will then go on to introduce the financial regulatory reforms adopted by U.S. and EU following G20’s guidelines, including the mandatory requirements for trading on the regulated platforms, clearing through a central counterparty (CCP), reporting to a trade repository (TR), and exchanging margins for non-centrally cleared OTC derivative transactions. Besides, the concept of substituted compliance is briefly explained herein for implementing the regulatory regimes to cross-border activities. Chapter 5 also observes the connections between the aforesaid regulatory reforms and cross-border insolvency events. Under the structure of this thesis, substantive legal issues in Chapter 4 and procedural legal issues in Chapter 6 are bridged by Chapter 5. While Chapter 6 emphasizes on ex post measures to handle cross-border insolvency events, this Chapter 5 considers ex ante measures that monitor and supervise OTC derivatives markets and that also have been expected to promote ex post measures in case. Chapter 6 addresses the procedural aspects while dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. First, the theoretical principles for cross-border insolvency law are explained, including universality, territoriality, modified universality and modern territoriality. It herein also introduces legislative regimes in relation to UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and some jurisdictions’ international insolvency laws. Second, it turns to suggestions made by FSB. Third, the recent international trend in market practice is observed. Then, section 4 of this Chapter proposes framework of regulatory aspects and cooperation arrangements to process cross-border insolvency events, comprehensively in the substantive and the procedural dimensions. Lastly, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of procedural issues of insolvency laws. Chapter 7 summaries conclusions on this thesis and on issues raised in Chapter 2. This final Chapter also tries to provide suggestions to our financial market participants in Taiwan.

近年來，國內金融問題層出不窮，陸續發生多起的金融弊案，皆有引發金融危機之可能。因此如何強化金融監理效能，建立金融市場之安定與秩序，實為金融革新的重要議題。 世界上多數國家的金融監理架構有單一監理機關與多數監理機關，甚至折衷於二者之方式。我國目前金融市場中因金融商品之區隔性降低、金融購併與金融集團之出現、效率監理原則、及因應WTO的加入考量，究竟如何調整金融監理架構以強化金融監理效能，實為當務之急。因此，政府希冀成立金融監督管理委員會，以有效整合金融發展政策及監理事權，全面加速金融現代化工程，因應未來國際金融競爭趨勢。 而本文，以「論金融統合監理之架構」為題，試圖先對我國現行金融監理架構做一剖析；其次針對單一監理架構—以英國金融服務管理局（Financial Service Authority）、澳洲金融監理總署（Australian Prudential Regulation Authority）、韓國金融監理局（Financial Service Supervision）為介紹；在其次亦就多數監理架構為論述—以美國的金融監理架構為題；繼而對於我國未來金融監理架構—以現行的行政院金融監督管理委員會組織法草案為介紹；最後做一評析與建議。 / In the last decade, Taiwan has experienced several financial institutions scandals and a local financial crisis has almost emerged. Under such a circumstance, it is essential for the Government to undertake regulatory reform in order to enhance the regulatory efficiency and reinstate the social confidence toward the financial markets. To cope with the entrance into WTO, the trend of financial liberalization, the emergence of financial conglomerates, it seems crucial for Taiwan to reconstruct the regulatory framework to promote the regulatory effectiveness and efficiency. Under such a scenario, the Government intends to establish a new regulatory agency, i.e. the Financial Regulatory Committee, to regulate financial institutions in a consolidated approach. The main theme of this paper focuses on the issue of the consolidation in financial regulatory structure. In the first place, the current financial regulatory mechanism in Taiwan is addressed and the potential inefficiency is identified. Secondly, some models of the single-regulator approach are examined, including the Financial Services Authority of UK, the Australian Prudential Regulatory Authority and the Financial Services Supervision of South Korea. On the other hand, the US model, the most significant one in the multiple-regulator approach, is also envisaged in the third place. Fourthly, the draft of Financial Regulatory Committee Bill of Taiwan is examined and the potential failures therein are explored. As possible contribution to the financial regulatory reform in Taiwan, some conclusive remarks and suggestions are submitted in the final place.