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股票評價比率在台灣股市之應用 / An Application of CAPE on TAIEX田懿裴, Tien, Yi Pei Unknown Date (has links)
本篇論文旨在研究台灣上市公司CAPE比率是否能用以評估台灣加權股價指數報酬率,並探討各台灣上市公司產業類指數CAPE比率是否能應用於評估台灣上市公司產業類指數報酬率。
本篇論文於台灣上市公司CAPE比率與台灣加權股價指數報酬率之計算,是以1991年至2014年台灣上市股票本益比及1990年至2014年台灣加權股價指數收盤價資料為基準;金融保險指數CAPE比率與報酬率之計算,是以1987年至2014年該產業指數之本益比及1986年至2014年該產業指數之收盤價資料為基準;紡織纖維指數、造紙工業指數CAPE比率與報酬率之計算,是以1992年至2014年該產業指數之本益比及1991年至2014年該產業指數收盤價資料為基準;水泥工業指數、塑膠工業指數、電機機械指數、電器電纜指數、化學生技指數、鋼鐵工業指數、橡膠類指指數、汽車工業指數、電子類指指數、航運業類指數、觀光事業指數、貿易百貨指數CAPE比率與報酬率之計算,是以1996年至2014年該產業指數之本益比及1995年至2014年該產業指數收盤價資料為基準。
本篇論文計算CAPE比率之方式係根據John Y. Campbell教授及Robert Shiller 教授於1998年發表在Journal of Portfolio Management期刊上之論文 Valuation Ratios and the Long-Run Stock Market Outlook所提出之CAPE比率公式,乃是以前10年本益比計算得出之本益比10年移動平均值。本篇論文計算報酬率則係參考Mebane T. Faber在2012年於Cambria Quantitative Research期刊中發表之論文Global Value: Building Trading Models with the 10-year CAPE中計算報酬率所用之指標──年均複合增長率(Compound Annual Growth Rate,簡稱CAGR),用以衡量投資在特定時期內的年度增長率。
本篇論文根據上述之研究方法進行迴歸分析,檢視台灣上市公司CAPE比率與CAGR報酬率在長期及短期是否具有顯著相關性,以及台灣上市公司產業類CAPE比率與CAGR報酬率在長期及短期是否具有顯著相關性。
本篇論文研究結果顯示,台灣上市公司及各產業指數CAPE比率對於CAGR短期報酬率解釋能力均不足,此結果印證了John Y. Campbell教授及Robert Shiller 教授所發表之論文 Valuation Ratios and the Long-Run Stock Market Outlook中得出之結論。在紡織纖維指數、水泥工業指數、電機機械指數、化學生技指數、造紙工業指數、橡膠類指指數、汽車工業指數、觀光事業指數、金融保險指數、貿易百貨指數及其他類指指數CAPE比率對於CAGR長期報酬率解釋能力佳;在台灣上市公司、塑膠工業、電器電纜、鋼鐵工業、電子類指及航運業類CAPE比率對於CAGR長期報酬率解釋能力則差。總體而言,CAPE比率對於CAGR長期報酬率之解釋能力仍優於CAPE比率對於CAGR短期報酬率之解釋能力,此也吻合於John Y. Campbell教授及Robert Shiller 教授所發表之論文 Valuation Ratios and the Long-Run Stock Market Outlook。最終,本篇論文也嘗試以CAPM模型中之Beta值來解釋台灣上市公司及各產業指數CAPE比率對於CAGR長期報酬率之解釋能力迥異之原因。分析結果顯示,若Beta值較小,則其產業指數CAPE比率及CAGR長期報酬率會有較明顯之相關性。
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金融改革中存款保險制度法律問題之研究-以問題金融機構處理機制為中心林元麒, Lin, Yuan-Chi Unknown Date (has links)
自一九八○年代以來,金融國際化與自由化已成為時代趨勢,然而市場過度競爭的結果,卻是各國金融危機頻傳,我國亦難以倖免。一九八五年,存款保險條例公布施行,中央存款保險公司亦隨之成立,是為我國存款保險制度之始。但因我國金融市場開放過速,相關法規又未臻健全,政府依舊仰賴概括承受之模式以弭平金融風波,致存款保險所能發揮之功能十分有限。所幸自彰化四信事件後,各界均已體認到存款保險之重要性,政府亦試圖建構完整之問題金融機構處理機制,包括一九九九年存款保險條例修正、二○○○年銀行法修正,以及二○○一年之「金融重建三法」等,以回歸市場經濟之正軌。
我國之存款保險制度乃師法自美國,金融重建基金之設置亦以美國之「清理信託公司」(RTC)為藍本,故本文除就存款保險之沿革及基本概念、問題金融機構之定義及認定等作一介紹外,主要係藉由檢視與對照美國及我國之問題金融機構處理機制,以及分析彰化四信、中興銀行、卅六家基層金融機構(二○○一年)等案例之事件經過與處理爭議,來探究我國現行制度不足之處及主管機關在實務運作上所面臨之困境與挑戰。最後,針對金融重建基金退場,存款保險制度回歸限額保障之原始功能後所面對之金融改革賡續問題,爰就金融監理、金融機構內部管理、存保機制以及其他法制之配合等層面提出建議,以作為本文之結論。
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存戶決策、銀行投資決策與系統性風險之分析張珮宸 Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要探討存戶決策對銀行投資組合決策之影響,及其可能引發之系統性風險的程度。以代表性銀行開始分析,假設銀行投資於安全性資產與風險性資產,而存戶依其決策可能會產生兩個均衡同時存在之情形。本文利用演化的力量,發展出以風險性資產報酬率作為均衡選擇之標準:當風險性資產報酬率低於某一水準時,擠兌的均衡會單獨發生。並比較銀行考慮擠兌發生可能性時,其投資組合承擔風險之程度,及可能引發的銀行倒閉機率大小。推廣至二家模型,發現愈多家銀行在作投資決策考慮存戶擠兌之可能性,愈會增加經濟體系中之系統性風險,顯示銀行與存戶之衝突與金融體系之脆弱性。最後討論資本適足性管制與央行最後貸款人角色能否有效降低銀行倒閉機率。
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無擔保消費金融系統性信用風險下授信控管創新作法之研究蔡國基, Tsai, Gwo-Ji Unknown Date (has links)
過去幾年,國內銀行消費金融的競爭,使得整個社會開始一起承擔後果!辦理信用卡消費,或與銀行進行小額借貸的動作是一種現代人的理財基本常識與服務,但各家銀行由於看到幾家大型銀行發出的信用卡、現金卡獲利可觀,因此大舉以各種行銷手法(辦卡開卡贈禮、以卡辦卡、餘額代償、低利促銷..等),搶食信用卡及無擔保消費金融市場。使得銀行彼此之間市場紀律蕩然無存,導致高風險客戶舉債金額快速擴大,最後苦嚐惡果,債權難以回收成為呆帳。債務收回困難下,卻將債權切割出售或委外,使部份銀行或資產管理公司發生不當手段進行催債,終使卡債、卡奴引爆出政治、經濟及社會問題,消費金融系統性授信用風險儼然發生。
台灣金融史上從未經歷過消費金融之經營危機,本研究以臺灣銀行業經營消費金融授信管理為範疇,研究目的呈現兩大重點。第一部份研究為什麼突然間消費金融信用風險在台灣金融市場爆發,就連表現績優之模範銀行無一倖免而受傷累累;第二部分則透過檢視消費金融無擔保之授信控管政策、組織及管理問題提出創新做法與實證研究,供銀行經營者有不同風險控管之思考,避免系統性信用風險發生。
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壽險業系統性風險與清償能力評估之研究 / Research on the Systematic Risk and Solvency Assessment in Life Insurance Market朱柏璁, Chu, Po Tsung Unknown Date (has links)
此研究主要研究壽險業的系統性風險與違約風險之評價,基於投資組合的波動度去建立隨機過程模型。特別是那些隱含無法被多角化的財務風險、系統性風險,透過研究,使用Heston(1993)模型去描述標的資產的隨機波動程度比以往使用Black-Scholes(1973)模型描述股價的波動變化更能反映實際的風險狀況,並透過CIR過程來表示瞬間的波動程度。在這個模型之中,把過去以平賭測度決定違約選擇權的方法延伸。此外透過探討違約價值之敏感度,根據不同的情境測試對於壽險公司負債的影響。最後透過數值的結果與敏感度分析隨機波動模型與確定性的模型之差異。
當資本準備增加時,資產與負債比提高,因負債仍固定承諾予保戶之利率增長,而資產因應系統性風險的發生而減損仍能支付負債,致使違約風險降低,進而使得評價時點的違約金額降低。當系統風險發生時,風險值上升,違約價值為右偏分布,代表在極端條件下有可能有極大的損失;反之,當整個金融體系經濟情勢良好,公司擁有足夠的經濟資本時,風險值下降,滿足VaR75與CTE65的法規限制,此時公司的清償能力足以反映系統性風險。 / This paper considers the problem of valuating the default option of the life insurers that are subject to systematic financial risk in the sense that the volatility of the investment portfolio is modeled through stochastic processes. In particular, this implies that the financial risk cannot be eliminated through diversifying the asset portfolio. In our work, Heston (1993) model is employed in describing the evolution of the volatility of an underlying asset, while the instantaneous variance is a CIR process. Within this model, we study a general set of equivalent martingale measures, and determine the default option by applying these measures. In addition, we investigate the sensitivity of the default values given regulatory forbearance for the life insurance liabilities considered. Numerical examples are included, and the use of the stochastic volatility model is compared with deterministic models.
As reserve of capital is increasing, asset-liability ratio is also increasing. The liability grew up with promised interest rate, and it could be covered by the asset when the systematic risk events happened. Therefore, the default risk was decreasing, that caused the default value decreasing. When the systematic risk events happened, the value of risk was increasing, and the default value was positive skew distribution. That means the maximum loss will be coming in the extreme case. On the other hand, when prosperity economy occurred, the value of risk was decreasing, which in compliance with the law of VaR75&CTE65 rules, and the insurance company had enough capital to face the systematic risk events.
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經理人股票選擇權、企業現金持有與併購 / Executive Stock Options, Corporate Cash Holdings and Mergers and Acquisitions陳佰弦, Chen, Bai-Sian Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以企業現金持有之理論結合經理人股票選擇權是否使經理人有不同的投資決策。並提出在超額現金情境之下,經理人具有股票選擇權的風險誘因將會傾向透過執行併購的方式,增加非系統性風險的投資,並貢獻長遠的經濟利潤。本研究蒐集於 1992 年至 2014 年的 S&P1500 企業,根據是否具有超額現金將公司進行分組,並對選擇權誘因進行回歸分析。實證結果顯示具中有風險誘因的經理人在具有超額現金的公司中會有顯著更高的傾向執行併購,尤其當公司同時是屬於舊產業。此外當排除全額股票支付的併購與公開上市的被併公司後,投資人會給予顯著的正面反應。 / This study combines the cash holdings theory and executive stock options (ESOs), and investigates whether excess cash holdings could enlarge the risk incentive effect of ESOs on idiosyncratic-risk investments with positive NPV via mergers and acquisitions (M&As). By examining the Standard and Poor indexed 1500 firms from 1992 to 2014, we find that CEO with ESOs in cash-rich firm is significantly more likely to make M&As especially when the cash-rich firm is in old economy. In addition, investors give positive reaction when CEO with ESOs in cash-rich firm acquires a non-public target and doesn’t adopt the all-stock payment.
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中、美存款保險法制之比較研究黃國偉, Huang , kuo wei Unknown Date (has links)
「存款保險」係以收受存款之金融機構為要保機構,並以該機構內除不保項目外之各類存款為保險標的,於要保金融機構倒閉或經勒令停業之保險事故發生時,由存保公司依存款保險契約約定及相關法令規定,履行保險責任之保險制度。從消極面而言,存款保險制度得於金融機構倒閉時,直接保障該機構存款人之存款,舒緩擠兌誘因,降低對經濟及金融體系之衝擊,進而維持金融體系之穩定。從積極面而論,對存款人提供限額保障,可將金融機構倒閉之損失,合理分配予政府、金融機構、股東、存款人及非存款之債權人,以落實市場紀律、強化金融體系之競爭,並經由結合政府信用及金融機構間之互助,維繫存款人對個別金融機構之信心,避免個別金融機構之倒閉惡化為系統性金融危機。 / 又存款保險制度之建構,涉及金融體系、監理架構、法律制度等各方面系統整合之金融法制工程,由於法規範本身具有滯後性,現行法律制度充其量僅係在既有環境之條件下所形成之規範體系,故參酌各國之實施經驗,去蕪存菁擇優汰劣,對制度之建構而言,實屬必要。在比較法上,美國與大陸地區對金融機構退出市場之救助,分別建立了顯性與隱性存款保險制度兩種模式。前者,十分重視存保公司之職能、明確規範對存款人之保險義務,並事先累積存款保險基金,以減少公共資金之動用。後者,嚴格而論應僅係「存款人保障機制」而非存款保險制度,且由政府隨時準備動用公共資金,對問題金融機構之存款人及債權人提供保障,亦即由行政主導金融機構退出市場之方式,壓縮系統性風險,防止危機擴散。然而,以大量的再貸款為基礎之行政主導模式,實質上是將金融機構對存款人、債權人之負債,轉變為金融機構對中央銀行之負債,債務風險由個人轉移到中央銀行,本質上僅能暫時舒緩風險,而非化解風險。 / 再者,存款保險制度於問題金融機構之處理上乃涉及存保公司、要保金融機構及存款人三方之法律關係,並影響各該當事人及利害關係人之權益甚鉅,故釐清存款保險之性質、究明相關法規解釋、適用之原則,自有其必要。基於存款保險之制度設計,多承襲英美法系之架構,且我國保險法本身於解釋、適用上,早深受二大法系混用之害,且鑑於存款保險本質上特殊之政策性、公益性、強制性、目的性,若無必要,即無須隨普通法為同一解釋,脫勾處理反能使其在適用上更為明確。準此,本文乃採在英美法系之架構,以存款保險契約之當事人為保險人與被保險人(即要保機構),存款人僅為利益第三人,而存款保險性質上應屬責任保險,其保險標的則應界定為除不保項目外之各類存款契約所延伸之第二次責任,較為精確。 / 而存款保險在我國已行之有年,其間歷經多次修正,制度上雖逐漸趨於完善,惟制度本身最根本之問題實仍未解決,諸如《存款保險條例》之性質,究屬「公法法規」或「私法法規」?依據本條例所簽訂之存款保險契約究係「公法契約」,抑或「私法契約」?存保公司依本條例所擬定之作業程序及辦法是否屬法規命令?存保公司依本條例所為之金融檢查,其行為性質為何?均不無疑問。其次,我國「類似」立即糾正措施之監理規範,散見於銀行、信用合作社、金融控股公司合併、票券金融公司等之《資本適足性管理辦法》,該等糾正措施,係將金融機構依資本適足率分為兩個等級,分別施以不同之強制性措施與選擇性措施。惟上開資本等級劃分過於簡單,且以選擇性措施為主、強制性措施為輔,乃與美國之立即糾正措施有相當差距,而以選擇性措施為主在實務操作上,不免有流於恣意之疑義,而失其制度之本旨,故實有予以檢討、修正之必要。
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離散型動態回復率模型之建構與應用 / Discrete dynamic recovery rate modeling and its application邵惠敏, Shao, Hui Min Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要研究動態回復率之建構。並搭配使用機率勺斗法,將資產之離散損失分配建構出合成型擔保債權憑證分劵損失分配。歸納出離散動態回復率對合成型擔保憑證分劵之風險承擔與信用價差變化。本文發現在動態回復率中,即使在相同條件下有一樣預期損失,能使其債權群組損失分配之標準差較固定回復率小,且可使投資組合巨額損失部份產生厚尾分配現象。動態回復率對各分劵面臨共同存活與違約機率具有緩和或增強分劵承擔風險之作用。在單因子高斯連繫結構靜態違約下,透過隨機回復率能增加動態系統性風險因子之描繪。類似於將系統風險因子分配由標準常態分配改成t分配或是債權群組間違約相關係提高。
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公司系統性風險與會計變數關聯性之研究 / A study on the relationship between firm systematic risk and accounting variables邱垂昌, Chiou, Chei Chang Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討公司系統性風險與會計變數之關聯性。影響公司系統性風險之因素應包括公司內部因素與公司外部總體經濟因素,但過去文獻並未完全涵蓋到,致使其模式解釋力皆不高。為彌補過去文獻之不足,本研究先以理論推導方式將公司內部與外部因素納入系統性風險模式中,再以實證資料驗證之。
模型推導結果顯示,影響系統性風險之因素包括公司盈餘、營運槓桿度、財務槓桿度、帳面價值、股利、市場組合報酬率、無風險報酬率,以及其他總體經濟因素等。理論推導結果產生三大主要命題:
1. 在公司前期盈餘為正及當期銷貨成長率為正,以及公司當期之每股盈餘、每股帳面價值及每股現金股利對股價具有正向影響時,公司當期總槓桿程度(營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度之乘積)對系統性風險具有正向影響。
2. 在公司前期盈餘為正,以及公司當期之每股盈餘、每股帳面價值及每股現金股利對股價具有正向影響時,公司當期每股現金股利對系統性風險具有正向影響。
3. 當公司當期銷貨成長率為正時,營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度為正向相關;但當公司當期銷貨成長率為負時,營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度具有抵換關係。
根據上述命題,本研究設立三項假說。第一,公司總槓桿程度對系統性風險具有正向影響,而營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度對系統性風險之影響皆為正向(或負向)。第二,公司發放現金股利對系統性風險具有正向影響。第三,在系統性風險與盈餘皆不變的額外前提下,當銷貨成長率為負時,營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度具有抵換關係;當銷貨成長率為正時,營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度為正相關。
實證結果部分支持上述三項假說。首先,公司總槓桿程度、財務槓桿度及現金股利皆對系統性風險具有顯著正向影響。因此,公司可利用降低總槓桿程度、財務槓桿度及減少現金股利之策略來減低系統性風險。其次,市場組合報酬、通貨膨脹率及國民生產毛額成長率等總體經濟因素,對系統性風險皆具有負向顯著影響。此結果說明導致公司系統性風險上升之因素應該包括公司內部與外部因素。因此,公司欲降低風險時,除了利用總槓桿程度、財務槓桿度與股利政策外,尚須考慮其他總體經濟變化。最後,實證結果亦顯示,當公司正處於銷貨成長時期,以追求成長為目標,可能同時面臨高營運風險與高財務風險。然而,在銷貨衰退時,公司卻不必然會以風險控管為目標。因此,營運槓桿度與財務槓桿度並不存在抵換關係。 / This thesis examines the relationship between firm systematic risk and accounting variables. Potential determinants of firm systematic risk theoretically include accounting and macroeconomic variables, but prior research only explored part of them and most models yielded low explanatory power. This research analytically derives and empirically verifies a model of firm systematic risk.
The analytical results suggest that determinants of systematic risk at least include earnings, the degree of operating leverage, the degree of financial leverage, book value, dividend, market-portfolio return, risk-free return and other macroeconomic variables. Three main propositions are therefore derived as follows.
1. When a firm's prior year earnings and current year sales growth are both positive, if its current book value, cash dividend, and earnings all have a positive effect on its stock price, then its degree of total leverage, defined as the product of degree of operating leverage and degree of financial leverage, has a positive effect on its systematic risk.
2. When a firm's prior year earnings is positive, if its current book value, cash dividend, and earnings all have a positive effect on its stock price, then its current cash dividend has a positive effect on its systematic risk.
3. When a firm's current year sales growth is positive (negative), its degree of operating leverage is positively (negatively) related with its degree of financial leverage.
Three hypotheses are then tested empirically. First, a firm's degree of total leverage has a positive effect on its systematic risk; and its degree of operating leverage and degree of financial leverage both have a positive (or both negative) effect on its systematic risk. Second, a firm's cash dividend has a positive effect on its systematic risk. Third, if a firm's sales growth is positive (negative) without any change in its systematic risk or earnings, then its degree of operating leverage is positively (negatively) related with its degree of financial leverage.
The empirical results provide partial support for the above hypotheses. First, the degree of total leverage, degree of financial leverage, and cash dividend each has a positive effect on the systematic risk. Therefore, a firm can reduce its systematic risk by lowering its degree of total leverage, degree of financial leverage and the cash dividend. Second, macroeconomic factors such as the market-portfolio return, inflation and GNP growth have a negative effect on the systematic risk. Hence, a firm attempting to control its systematic risk should consider the changes of macroeconomics besides the leverage and dividend policy. Finally, a firm with growing sales takes a high degree of operating leverage and financial leverage, but a firm does not necessarily take a high (low) degree of operating leverage and a low (high) degree of financial leverage as target when its sales are declining. In other words, these two leverages have no offset relationship.
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跨國破產事件之爭議問題探討—以店頭衍生性金融交易市場及其案例為探討中心 / A study on legal issues regarding cross-border insolvency cases : focus on over-the-counter derivatives markets and the relevant cases張家欣, Chang, Chia-hsin Unknown Date (has links)
在金融市場國際化之趨勢下,各國金融交易參與者極可能受到跨國破產事件的影響。同時,受到金融創新潮流的驅使,非傳統金融工具的商業活動亦構成金融市場重要環節之一,從而探討破產法制對於非傳統金融交易契約之處理方式,實有其重要性。本文以店頭衍生性金融交易市場以及所選取案例為中心,探討跨國破產事件相關議題,包括破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易所給予的特殊規定(或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力,以下均統稱為「破產法特殊規定」),以及相關跨國破產事件之可能處理模式或合作途徑。
本文以國內外學術文獻、法院見解之整理為基礎,進行法學分析,並輔以金融實務觀點進行研究,於各相關部分同時探討我國法制。本文分為七章,內容簡介如後。
首先,於第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構,同時也限定研究範圍。又因跨國破產事件具多樣性與複雜性,為使本文討論範圍明確與聚焦,故於第二章先行提出具體跨國破產事件之美國與英國案例及其爭議問題,並以其做為本文探討中心與範圍,探討內容即包含破產法制涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之規範實體面議題,以及跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。後續章節將陸續探討上開問題。
第三章簡介店頭衍生性金融交易,以及說明其常見契約結構、相關法律問題。本章同時介紹「單一主契約模式」與「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之概念,學者及實務工作者有謂上開契約條款之功能,包含避免於破產程序中破產管理人選擇性履行或拒絕契約、降低交易對手信用風險、提升未違約方之再避險可能性、減少銀行業之資本計提成本、降低系統性風險等,而其中最具爭議性的降低系統性風險功能,也是目前全球多國破產法制承認提前終止與淨額結算條款具有效性的重要理由之一。本章著重於顯示店頭衍生性金融交易之當事人約定事項與破產法制間之關聯性,此屬於破產法制之規範實體面議題,以便於次一章接續介紹外國破產法制之相關具體內容。本章內容與後續各章均有密切關聯,故有說明之必要。
第四章先說明破產法制之一般原則,再分別於美國、英國、歐盟、日本、以及我國法制下,觀察破產法制對於店頭衍生性金融交易之例外規定(或在破產法制下承認提前終止與淨額結算條款之效力),著重於說明破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之現況,並參考外國文獻探討其立法理由是否具有充足正當性,以及其規定是否有修訂或調整之必要。相對於第三章彙整學說及實務觀點以說明「提前終止與淨額結算條款」之功能,本章則援引外國文獻對破產法制立法或承認「提前終止與淨額結算條款」效力之批評,並做出該條款效力於破產法制中至少應調整為受有一定限制之結論,也就是訂有交易提前終止權之暫時凍結期間、於具系統重要性金融機構清理程序中適用股東與債權人共同承擔損失機制、交易雙方善意無偏頗等,以及在我國法制下亦宜採取同等看法。本章最後分析本文第二章案例在破產法制下之實體面問題,同時也藉此試行探討「提前終止與淨額結算條款」在破產法制下的效力範圍以及第二章案例合成型債務抵押債券交易中有關「序位轉換條款」之效力爭議。本文認為美國破產法院、英國法院係分別各自依其破產法制與公共政策對「序位轉換條款」做出效力判斷,各具實體理由;以及「序位轉換條款」在我國法制下應屬有效。
第五章在本論文題旨範圍內,先說明2007年-2009年金融危機後,二十國集團(G20)所提出的國際性指導建議,之後擇要介紹美國與歐盟依循上開建議,對於店頭衍生性金融交易市場所採行的金融改革法規,包含(但不限於)交易執行平台、集中清算、交易資料之申報、對未集中清算交易加強徵提擔保品等管理措施;此外,在跨國交易監理層面上,簡要介紹替代遵循之概念。本章並說明以上規範與跨國破產事件之關係。本章在整體研究架構上的功能有二,一方面是做為第四章破產法規範實體面議題與第六章跨國破產法制程序面議題之連結,也就是觀察美國及歐盟金融改革法令對第四章所述破產法特殊規定之影響,以及金融改革法案所對應第六章目前國際金融市場之實務發展趨勢以及特殊清理架構下之相關規定。另一方面,相對於第六章係探討發生跨國破產事件時之程序處理模式,第五章則是從破產事件發生前之前階段觀察,藉由事前建構市場監理措施及規劃,以期促進跨國破產事件發生時之處理效能。
第六章探討跨國破產事件處理方式之程序面議題。先敘明跨國破產立法所採行的基礎原則理論,包含普及原則、屬地原則、修正式普及原則、現代化屬地原則;同時簡要介紹相關跨國破產法制。繼而說明金融穩定理事會 (FSB)相關建議,以及觀察近期國際金融實務發展。之後,綜結第四章至第六章之內容,按跨國破產事件之實體面議題與程序面議題,對於涉及店頭衍生性金融交易之跨國破產事件,說明本文在相關立法論或處理合作模式層面上所採取之立場。最末,分析本文第二章案例之程序處理問題。
最後,第七章就本論文探討範圍以及第二章所提出之問題,進行總結論,並試行對我國金融市場參與者提出相關建議。 / Abstract
Due to globalization of financial markets, it is hard for market participants to avoid the impact arises from cross-border insolvency events. With the trend of financial innovation, non-traditional financial instruments become an important role in financial markets, and it’s necessary to understand the treatment of these instruments under insolvency law systems. This thesis discusses specific legal issues with regard to cross-border insolvency events in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives financial markets with focus on the relevant cases selected, including the special treatment of OTC derivatives under insolvency law systems and the potential procedures or coordinate ways to deal with the cases.
Based on and reference to research of academic papers and court decisions, this thesis discusses issues through legal analysis supplemented with views of financial practice. The relevant parts are also discussed under Taiwan’s law system. This thesis proceeds in 7 chapters briefly described as follows.
Chapter 1 explains the objective, purpose, and fundamental structure together with the method used of this thesis. Assumptions and Confines of this thesis are also described in this chapter. Given diversity and complexity of cross-border insolvency events, Chapter 2 attempts to present actual cases for discussion in order to providing the scope and focuses of this thesis. Key finding of the presented cases includes substantive legal issues of insolvency laws applied to OTC derivatives transactions and procedural legal issues of dealing with cross-border insolvency events. Matters aforementioned will be addressed in further chapters.
Chapter 3 describes the basic understanding of OTC derivatives and the legal elements of participants’ transaction contracts in market practice. This chapter also describes the concepts of “the single agreement approach” and “close-out netting provisions”. As academic opinions and practical views mentioned, close-out netting provisions encompass the functions of eliminating the risk of “cherry-picking” by a liquidator in the insolvency proceeding, minimizing counterparty credit risk by calculating exposures on a net basis, promoting the possibility of re-hedging transactions, applying lower capital requirements by regulators to refer to netted transactions for bank industry, and reducing systemic risk in the financial system. Insolvency law systems which allow the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions heavily rationalize the legislation as being founded on preventing the threat of systemic risk. While some academic papers argue that the rationalization on the basis of reducing systemic risk is unconvincing or unnecessary for reasons. Chapter 3 primarily concerns the connections between OTC derivatives contracts and insolvency law systems, in the dimension of substantive legal issues. What addressed in this chapter is highly connected with the subsequent chapters.
Chapter 4 describes the general principles of insolvency laws at first, and then observes the exclusions of OTC derivatives transactions under insolvency law systems of U.S., UK, EU, Japan and Taiwan respectively, focusing on issues respecting of validity and enforceability of close-out netting provisions. Compared with Chapter 3 which describes the functions of close-out netting stated by advocators, this chapter illustrates challenges or arguments posed by academic papers with different views. Reference to the relevant academic opinions, this thesis considers that the effectiveness of close-out netting provisions shall, at least, be subject to restrictions to a reasonable extent, such as temporary stays on early termination rights as well as on enforcement rights of security interests, application of the bail-in tool in SIFIs’ resolution procedures, and each party’s good faith. The aforesaid views are also proposed to be referenced by Taiwan’s law regime in the future. In the end of this chapter, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of substantive issues of insolvency laws, and concludes that both U.S. bankruptcy court’s ruling and UK courts’ decisions on the flip clause embedded in CDO instruments are correct respectively pursuant to their own insolvency laws and public policies. In addition, this thesis is in the opinion that the flip clause shall be effective under Taiwan’s current insolvency law system.
Chapter 5 will first describe the international guidelines suggested by G20 after 2007-2009 financial crisis. It will then go on to introduce the financial regulatory reforms adopted by U.S. and EU following G20’s guidelines, including the mandatory requirements for trading on the regulated platforms, clearing through a central counterparty (CCP), reporting to a trade repository (TR), and exchanging margins for non-centrally cleared OTC derivative transactions. Besides, the concept of substituted compliance is briefly explained herein for implementing the regulatory regimes to cross-border activities. Chapter 5 also observes the connections between the aforesaid regulatory reforms and cross-border insolvency events. Under the structure of this thesis, substantive legal issues in Chapter 4 and procedural legal issues in Chapter 6 are bridged by Chapter 5. While Chapter 6 emphasizes on ex post measures to handle cross-border insolvency events, this Chapter 5 considers ex ante measures that monitor and supervise OTC derivatives markets and that also have been expected to promote ex post measures in case.
Chapter 6 addresses the procedural aspects while dealing with cross-border insolvency cases. First, the theoretical principles for cross-border insolvency law are explained, including universality, territoriality, modified universality and modern territoriality. It herein also introduces legislative regimes in relation to UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency and some jurisdictions’ international insolvency laws. Second, it turns to suggestions made by FSB. Third, the recent international trend in market practice is observed. Then, section 4 of this Chapter proposes framework of regulatory aspects and cooperation arrangements to process cross-border insolvency events, comprehensively in the substantive and the procedural dimensions. Lastly, it analyzes the cases presented in Chapter 2 within the scope of procedural issues of insolvency laws.
Chapter 7 summaries conclusions on this thesis and on issues raised in Chapter 2. This final Chapter also tries to provide suggestions to our financial market participants in Taiwan.
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