O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar, por meio do método dos elementos finitos, como ocorreram as distribuições de tensões nos dentes, osso e aparelho ortodôntico, durante a fase de retração por deslizamento (150g), em um caso com extrações. Simularam-se duas posições do gancho (mesial e distal de canino), duas alturas do gancho (4 e 9mm) e duas alturas posteriores (gancho do tubo do molar e no miniimplante, a 9mm do arco). A amostra consistiu do corte axial da TCFC, de uma mulher de 17 anos de idade, com dentes bem nivelados. Foi desenvolvido um modelo 3D, da geometria da hemi-maxila direita e um modelo numérico, para obter os regimes de tensões e deformações gerados em um sistema de movimentação ortodôntica, por meio do software ANSYS® versão 12.0. Os sólidos dos braquetes e do fio ortodôntico foram incluídos a partir das dimensões fornecidas pelo fabricante. A montagem de todos os componentes foi feita por meio do SolidWorks 2009 SP4.1. A partir do cálculo das respostas do modelo, às cargas a que foi submetido, verificou-se que, os dentes que sofreram maiores concentrações de tensões foram os justapostos aos ganchos, sendo mais intensas as do gancho mesial, particularmente nos incisivos laterais. Embora, a solicitação de tensões no arco tenha sido semelhante em todos os modelos, na posição distal do gancho, houve maior concentração de tensões na extensão imediatamente distal. Os modelos com ganchos de 4mm, diferente aos de 9mm, apresentaram distribuições de tensões mais uniformes, causando menos estresse aos dentes e osso e semelhante ao arco. O modelo com vetor de força direcionado do gancho da mesial do canino ao miniimplante foi o único que mostrou variações, mostrando distribuições de forças mais elevadas na região anterior e posterior ao ser comparado com o vetor de força direcionado ao tubo do primeiro molar. / The aim of this study was to evaluate, by means of finite element analysis, the tensions distrubutions on the teeth, bone and orthodontic appliance, during en-masse retraction sliding mechanics (150g), in an extraction case. It was taken into account two hook positions (mesial and distal to the canine), two hook heights (4mm and 9mm) and two posterior heights ( the first molar tube and the mini-implant, located 9mm from the archwire). The sample of this study consisted of an axial cut realized in a cone beam computed tomography of a 17 years old woman with leveling teeh. It was developed a 3D computed model of a right hemi-maxilla and a computednumerical model capable of getting the systems tensions and deformations generated from an orthodontic moviment system, through a finite element software, ANSYS® 12.0. Observing manufactores specifications, brakets and archwire solids were included in this solid geometric model. The assembly of all componentes were made though the SolidWorks 2009 SP4.1 software. The loads model responses were calculated. The bigger concentration of tension were on the teeth located between the hook. The model with the mesial hook, suffered more intense tensions, mainly on lateral incisors. Although, the tensions request on the archwire were similars in all models, when the hook was located distaly, there were more intense tensions in its immediately distal extension. The 4mm hook models, compared with the 9mm, presented more uniform tensions distribution causing less stress to the teeth and bone and similar to the archwire. The only model that demonstrated variations, was the model with the vector force from the mesial hook and to the mini-implant. This model, demostrated higher tensions distributions on the anterior and posterior region if compared to the first molar tube vector force.

abstract: Weevils are among the most diverse and evolutionarily successful animal lineages on Earth. Their success is driven in part by a structure called the rostrum, which gives weevil heads a characteristic "snout-like" appearance. Nut weevils in the genus Curculio use the rostrum to drill holes into developing fruits and nuts, wherein they deposit their eggs. During oviposition this exceedingly slender structure is bent into a straightened configuration - in some species up to 90° - but does not suffer any damage during this process. The performance of the snout is explained in terms of cuticle biomechanics and rostral curvature, as presented in a series of four interconnected studies. First, a micromechanical constitutive model of the cuticle is defined to predict and reconstruct the mechanical behavior of each region in the exoskeleton. Second, the effect of increased endocuticle thickness on the stiffness and fracture strength of the rostrum is assessed using force-controlled tensile testing. In the third chapter, these studies are integrated into finite element models of the snout, demonstrating that the Curculio rostrum is only able to withstand repeated, extreme bending because of modifications to the composite structure of the cuticle in the rostral apex. Finally, interspecific differences in the differential geometry of the snout are characterized to elucidate the role of biomechanical constraint in the evolution of rostral morphology for both males and females. Together these studies highlight the significance of cuticle biomechanics - heretofore unconsidered by others - as a source of constraint on the evolution of the rostrum and the mechanobiology of the genus Curculio. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Evolutionary Biology 2009

Finite element analysis (FEA) software is used to obtain linear and non-linear solutions to one, two, and three-dimensional (3-D) geometric problems that will see a particular load and constraint case when put into service. Parametric FEA models are commonly used in iterative design processes in order to obtain an optimum model given a set of loads, constraints, objectives, and design parameters to vary. In some instances it is desirable for a designer to obtain some intuition about how changes in design parameters can affect the FEA solution of interest, before simply sending the model through the optimization loop. This could be accomplished by running the FEA on the parametric model for a set of part family members, but this can be very timeconsuming and only gives snapshots of the models real behavior. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate a method of visualizing the FEA solution of the parametric model as design parameters are changed in real-time by approximating the FEA solution using surrogate modeling methods. The tools this research will utilize are parametric FEA modeling, surrogate modeling methods, and visualization methods. A parametric FEA model can be developed that includes mesh morphing algorithms that allow the mesh to change parametrically along with the model geometry. This allows the surrogate models assigned to each individual node to use the nodal solution of multiple finite element analyses as regression points to approximate the FEA solution. The surrogate models can then be mapped to their respective geometric locations in real-time. Solution contours display the results of the FEA calculations and are updated in real-time as the parameters of the design model change.

Nowadays FE-simulations for sheet metal forming process are used to reduce the tryout phase in automotive industries. But the complex forming simulation processes are very challenging. One of the challenges is to create an FE-model which can be used to analyze the effects of cushion motion on the forming process. This thesis is focused on creating an FE model for two dies single cushion sheet metal forming press which can be used to analyze the effects of cushion motion on the contact pressure between the stamping tools and blanks. Using LS-PrePost a model with rigid stamping tools and cushion was created where the two blanks were of different thicknesses. After the model creation LS-DYNA was used for the simulations. The results showed that the cushion is moving in all DOFs and due to this movements, uneven contact pressure distribution is seen on the blanks and stamping tools.

Measuring the effects of morphology on performance, and performance on fitness, is necessary to gain a full picture of selection, adaptation, ecology, and evolution. The performance of an organism's feeding apparatus, of which teeth are an integral part, has obvious implications for its fitness and survival. Extant shark teeth encompass a wide variety of shapes, and are often ascribed qualitative functions without any biomechanical testing, employing terminology such as gripping, piercing, crushing, cutting, or tearing. Additionally, teeth also comprise the vast majority of the fossil record of sharks. Therefore to understand the evolution of the shark feeding mechanism, we must understand the contribution of all parts of the feeding apparatus, including the teeth. Performance testing of extant and extinct shark teeth, nanoindentation of shark teeth, finite element analysis of tooth morphology, and phylogenetically informed analyses of shark tooth morphology and ecology were employed to elucidate the relationship between performance, ecology, and evolution. Performance testing of teeth in puncture and draw revealed few morphological patterns, indicating that most morphologies are functionally equivalent. Finite element modeling of teeth in puncture, draw, and holding showed that shark teeth are structurally strong and unlikely to fail during feeding. Evolutionary analyses of tooth shape and ecology showed no relationship between morphology, habitat, and diet. These results have significant implications for the shark paleontology, where the shapes of shark teeth are used to make assumptions about ecology and evolution.

The objective of this study was to design and build an after-market suspension for the rear wheels of a manual wheelchair. Suspension for wheelchairs is important because it has been reported that the International Organization for Standards' requirements for vibration loads on wheelchair users (ISO 2631-1), are not meet by today's standard wheelchairs. Today's wheelchairs need to be able to absorb everyday shock loads, thereby minimizing the energy transmitted to the user. The chosen design is based around the concept of adding shock reduction material between the hub of the wheel, and the axel bolt that connects the wheel to the frame of the chair. The approach taken was to design a suspension system that resides between an oversized wheel bearing, and the axle. To do this, ball-race bearings with an inner diameter of 4" were chosen, and polyurethane rubber was used as the shock absorbing material. Pro-Mechanica, a finite element analysis program, was used to analyze the suspension system. Since the most common camber/tilt for wheelchair wheels is three degrees from the vertical, the anticipated loads were applied to the wheel at this angle. A prototype of the suspension system was constructed to verify that the design would work, but no tests were performed on it. This analysis showed that the suspension system should not fail when subjected to 10 times the static load. This load was considered large enough to encompass the forces that a wheelchair chair wheel is typically subjected to. There is room for further work in the area of weight reduction, and in the use of the suspension system on steeper wheel cambers.

The scheduled replacement of the 8th North Bridge, in Salt Lake City, UT, presented a unique opportunity to test a pre-cast concrete deck, steel girder bridge. A live-load test was performed under the directions of Bridge Diagnostic Inc (BDI) and Utah State University. Six different load paths were chosen to be tested. The recorded data was used to calibrate a finite-element model of this superstructure, which was created using solid, shell, and frame elements. A comparison between the measured and finite-element response was performed and it was determined that the finite-element model replicated the measured results within 3.5% of the actual values. This model was later used to obtain theoretical live-load distribution factors, which were compared with the AASHTO LRFD Specifications estimations. The analysis was performed for the actual condition of the bridge and the original case of the bridge, which included sidewalks on both sides. The comparison showed that the code over predicted the behavior of the actual structure by 10%. For the original case, the code's estimation differed by as much as 45% of the theoretical values. Another opportunity was presented to test the behavior of a cast-in-place concrete box girder bridge in Joaquin County, CA. The Walnut Grove Bridge was tested by BDI at the request of Utah State University. The test was performed with six different load paths and the recorded data was used to calibrate a finite-element model of the structure. The bridge was modeled using shell elements and the supports were modeled using solid elements. The model was shown to replicate the actual behavior of the bridge to within 3% of the measured values. The calibrated model was then used to calculate the theoretical live-load distribution factors, which allowed a comparison of the results with the AASHTOO LRFD Specifications equations. This analysis was performed for the real conditions of the bridge and a second case where intermediate diaphragms were not included. It was determined that the code's equations estimated the behavior of the interior girder more accurately for the second model (within 10%) than the real model of the bridge (within 20%).

Underground coal mine explosions pose a significant threat to infrastructure such as mine seals and refuge alternative chambers. After a mine seal failed in the Sago mine disaster, which took the life of 12 miners, design requirements were reexamined and improved. However, most research being completed on the analysis of mine structures during an explosive event focuses solely on peak pressure values, while ignoring the impact of pressure duration. This study investigates the impact pressure duration, waveform shape, and impulse have on structural displacement, while also exploring what pressures and duration can be expected during a mine explosion. Additionally, the use of high explosives to simulation conditions experienced during a mine explosion is examined. Results from this study are produced through experimental testing using a scaled shock tube and theoretical studies using finite element analysis.

In reinforced concrete (RC) structures, adequate bond between the reinforcement and concrete is required to achieve a true composite system, in which reinforcing steel carries tensile stress, once concrete cracks, and concrete and reinforcing steel carry compression. Determining bond strength and required development length for shear transfer between concrete and reinforcement is an ongoing research subject in the field of reinforced concrete with advances in the concrete and reinforcement materials requiring continuous experimental efforts. Finite element analysis (FEA) provides opportunities to explore structural behavior of RC structures beyond the limitations of experimental testing. However, there is a paucity of research studies employing FEA to investigate the reinforcement-concrete bond-zone behavior and related failure mechanism. Instead, most FEA-based research associated with RC bond has centered on developing a bond (or interface) constitutive model for use in FEA that, by itself, can characterize bond-zone behavior, typically represented by the bond stress-slip displacement relationship. This class of bond models is useful for simulating the global behavior of RC structures but is limited in its ability to simulate local bond resistance for geometries and material properties that differ substantially from those used to calibrate the model. To fill this gap in research, this study proposes a finite element (FE) modeling approach that can simulate local bond-zone behavior in reinforced concrete. The proposed FE model is developed in a physics-based way such that it represents the detailed geometry of the bond-zone, including ribs on the deformed reinforcement, and force transfer mechanisms at the concrete-reinforcement interface. The explicit representation of the bond-zone enables simulation of the local concrete compression due to bearing of ribs against concrete and subsequent hoop tension in the concrete. This causes bond failure either due to local concrete crushing (leading to reinforcement pullout) or global concrete splitting. Accordingly, special attention is given to the selection and calibration of a concrete model to reproduce robust nonlinear response. The power of the proposed modeling approach is its ability to predict bond failure and damage patterns, based only on the physical and material properties of the bond area. Thus, the successful implementation and application of this approach enables the use of FEA simulation to support the development of new design specifications for bond zones that include new and improved materials.

Impact strength is one of the most important structural properties for a designer to consider, but is often the most difficult to quantify or measure. A constant concern in the field of composites is the effect of foreign object impact damage because it is often undetectable by visual inspection. An impact can create interlaminar damage that often results in severe reductions in strength and instability of the structure. The main objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of a damage arrestment device (DAD) on the mechanical behavior of composite sandwiches, following a low-velocity impact. A 7.56-lbf crosshead dropped from a height of 37.5-inches was considered for the low-velocity impact testing. In this study, the experimental and numerical analysis of composite sandwiches were investigated, which included static 4-point bend and vibration testing. Composite sandwiches were constructed utilizing four-plies of Advanced Composites Group LTM45EL/CF1803 bi-directional woven carbon fiber face sheets with a General Plastics Last-A-Foam FR-6710 rigid polyurethane core. Specimens were cured in an autoclave, using the manufacturer’s specified curing cycle. In addition to the experimental and numerical analysis of composite sandwiches, developing and building a data acquisition (DAQ) system for the Dynatup 8250 drop weight impact tester was accomplished. Utilizing National Instruments signal conditioning hardware, in conjunction with LabView and MATLAB, complete testing software was developed and built to provide full data acquisition for an impact test. The testing hardware and software provide complete force vs. time history and crosshead acceleration of the impact event, as well as provide instantaneous impact velocity of the projectile. The testing hardware, software, and procedures were developed and built in the Aerospace Structures/Composites laboratory at Cal Poly for approximately 15% of the cost from the manufacturer. In the first study, static 4-point bend testing was investigated to determine the residual flexural strength of composite sandwich beams following a low-velocity impact. Four different specimen cases were investigated in the 4-point bend test, with and without being impacted: first a control beam with no delamination or DAD, second a control beam with a centrally located 1-inch long initial delamination, third a DAD key beam with two transverse DADs centrally located 1-inch apart, and finally a DAD key beam with a centrally located initial delamination between two transverse DADs. The specimens used followed the ASTM D6272 standard test method. The specimens were 1-inch wide by 11-inch long beams. The experimental results showed that the presence of DAD keys significantly improved both the residual stiffness and ultimate strength of a composite sandwich structure that had been damaged under low-velocity impact loading, even with the presence of an initial face-core delamination. In the second study, vibration testing was investigated as a means to detect a delamination in the structure and the effect of impact damage on the vibrational characteristics, such as damping, on composite sandwich plates. Four different specimen cases were investigated in the vibration test, both with and without being impacted: first a control plate with no delamination or DAD, second three control plates with varying 1-inch initial delamination locations at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bending-mode nodes, third a DAD key plate with one DAD running the entire length longitudinally along the center of the plate, and finally three DAD key plates with one DAD running the entire length longitudinally along the center of the plate and varying 1-inch delamination locations at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd bending mode-nodes. The response accelerometer location was varied at 1-inch increments along the length of the plate. From the experimental results, it was determined that varying the location of the accelerometer had a significant effect on the detection of face-core delamination in a composite sandwich structure. Additionally, it was shown that damping characteristics significantly degraded in control case plates after a low-velocity impact, but they were better retained when a DAD key was added to the structure. Numerical analysis utilizing the finite element method (FEM) was employed to validate experimental testing, as well as provide a means to examine the stress distribution and impact absorption of the structure. The impact event was modeled utilizing the LS-Dyna explicit FE solver, which generated complete force vs. time history of the impact event. Static 4-point bending and vibration analysis were solved utilizing the LS-Dyna implicit solver. Finally a damaged mesh was obtained from the explicit impact solution and subjected to subsequent static 4-point bending and vibration analysis to numerically determine the residual mechanical behavior after impact. All cases showed good agreement between the numerical, analytical, and experimental results.