A finalidade deste trabalho é desenvolver uma contribuição ao projeto de geradores e motores de relutância chaveados. A primeira etapa do projeto consiste no dimensionamento inicial da máquina através de métodos analíticos convencionais [01]para, em seguida, desenvolver o seu refinamento usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos acoplado com as equações de circuitos elétricos. Inicialmente, é apresentada uma abordagem atualizada dos aspectos construtivos e operacionais deste equipamento, comuns aos dois modos de funcionamento, bem como dos aspectos relevantes da metodologia computacional utilizada. Apresentam-se, em seguida, os resultados das simulações conduzidas para a obtenção das características de torque estático, do fluxo concatenado e das indutâncias, em função da posição angular do rotor e da corrente, as suas implicações no projeto e a sua utilização para a definição das condições operacionais dinâmicas a serem simuladas. Em seguida, são apresentados os resultados das simulações em regime permanente e em transitórios operacionais da máquina elétrica funcionando de uma forma integrada com o seu conversor eletrônico dedicado. No fechamento deste trabalho, estes resultados são discutidos e comparados com alguns ensaios realizados. Apresenta-se também os possíveis desdobramentos para a continuidade do projeto deste tipo de equipamento. O enfoque essencial deste trabalho é a máquina elétrica e os seus resultados propiciam também uma orientação para a definição dos requisitos de projeto do conversor eletrônico e do sistema de controle. / This work aims to provide a contribution to the project of switched reluctance generators and motors. The first stage of the project consists of initial dimensioning of the machine through conventional analytical methods[1] followed by its refinement by using the Finite-element Method coupled with circuit equations. An updated approach on the constructive and operational aspects common to both the ways of the equipment, as well as relevant aspects of the computational methodology used are initially presented. Results of simulations carried out to obtain torque characteristics, flux-linkage and inductance, as a function of angular position of rotor and current, their implications in the project and their use to define dynamic operational condition to be simulated are then showed. Sequentially, results of the steady-state and transients operational simulations of the electric machine working in an integrated way with its dedicated electronic converter are presented. In the closing of this work, these results are discussed and compared to some of the tests performed. Related subjects for continuation of the project of this type of equipment are also presented. The main focus of this work is the electric machine and its results also provide an orientation to the definition of requirements to the project of electronic converter and control system.

A finalidade deste trabalho é desenvolver uma contribuição ao projeto de geradores e motores de relutância chaveados. A primeira etapa do projeto consiste no dimensionamento inicial da máquina através de métodos analíticos convencionais [01]para, em seguida, desenvolver o seu refinamento usando o Método dos Elementos Finitos acoplado com as equações de circuitos elétricos. Inicialmente, é apresentada uma abordagem atualizada dos aspectos construtivos e operacionais deste equipamento, comuns aos dois modos de funcionamento, bem como dos aspectos relevantes da metodologia computacional utilizada. Apresentam-se, em seguida, os resultados das simulações conduzidas para a obtenção das características de torque estático, do fluxo concatenado e das indutâncias, em função da posição angular do rotor e da corrente, as suas implicações no projeto e a sua utilização para a definição das condições operacionais dinâmicas a serem simuladas. Em seguida, são apresentados os resultados das simulações em regime permanente e em transitórios operacionais da máquina elétrica funcionando de uma forma integrada com o seu conversor eletrônico dedicado. No fechamento deste trabalho, estes resultados são discutidos e comparados com alguns ensaios realizados. Apresenta-se também os possíveis desdobramentos para a continuidade do projeto deste tipo de equipamento. O enfoque essencial deste trabalho é a máquina elétrica e os seus resultados propiciam também uma orientação para a definição dos requisitos de projeto do conversor eletrônico e do sistema de controle. / This work aims to provide a contribution to the project of switched reluctance generators and motors. The first stage of the project consists of initial dimensioning of the machine through conventional analytical methods[1] followed by its refinement by using the Finite-element Method coupled with circuit equations. An updated approach on the constructive and operational aspects common to both the ways of the equipment, as well as relevant aspects of the computational methodology used are initially presented. Results of simulations carried out to obtain torque characteristics, flux-linkage and inductance, as a function of angular position of rotor and current, their implications in the project and their use to define dynamic operational condition to be simulated are then showed. Sequentially, results of the steady-state and transients operational simulations of the electric machine working in an integrated way with its dedicated electronic converter are presented. In the closing of this work, these results are discussed and compared to some of the tests performed. Related subjects for continuation of the project of this type of equipment are also presented. The main focus of this work is the electric machine and its results also provide an orientation to the definition of requirements to the project of electronic converter and control system.

En el trabajo se definen modelos constitutivos que permiten reproducir el proceso de fallo de estructuras de materiales compuestos en distintas escalas bajo cargas estáticas. Se define un modelo constitutivo para determinar la respuesta de estructuras de materiales compuestos mediante la teoría de laminados. El modelo es validado mediante un programa de ensayos experimentales con probetas con un agujero central geométricamente similares. Se muestra la capacidad del modelo de detectar el efecto tamaño.Se define un modelo constitutivo para materiales transversalmente isótropos bajo estados tridimensionales de tensión. El modelo se valida analizando numéricamente el proceso de agrietamiento de la matriz. Finalmente se desarrolla un modelo analítico para determinar el agrietamiento de la matriz y la delaminación entre las capas. / In this contribution a set of constitutive models are defined to reproduce the damage processes that takes place in laminated composites until failure at different scales under static loads.A damage model is defined to determine the structural response of composite structures by means of laminated theory. The validation of this model is done by comparing the numerical results with an experimental program on open hole test specimens. The ability of the model to reproduce the size effect in laminated composite is demostrated.A damage model for a transversely isotropic material under tridimentional stress states is defined. It is numerically validated analysing the process of matrix cracking in multidirectional composites.Finally an analytical model is defined that describes the onset and evolution of matrix cracking and delamination .

Tradicionalmente, na análise e dimensionamento de estruturas de aço, assume-se que as ligações viga-coluna são rígidas ou flexíveis (rotuladas). Por outro lado, é de conhecimento geral que a grande maioria das ligações viga-coluna apresenta um comportamento intermediário, ou seja, semi-rígido. Inúmeros trabalhos de pesquisa têm sido desenvolvidos nos últimos vinte e cinco anos, de forma a estudar o comportamento desse tipo de ligação. Um dos principais objetivos desta investigação é o de propor uma metodologia de análise que represente de forma apropriada a influência do comportamento semi-rígido de placas de base e de ligações viga-coluna, sobre a resposta dinâmica (linear e não-linear) de estruturas de aço. Outra contribuição desta dissertação diz respeito à investigação do comportamento dinâmico (linear e não-linear) de pórticos de aço, a partir da consideração de ligações viga-coluna simétricas e não-simétricas e especialmente das placas de base. A análise estrutural é desenvolvida com base no emprego do programa de elementos finitos ANSYS [27]. Nos modelos em elementos finitos foram considerados os efeitos de não-linearidade geométrica (efeitos de segunda ordem), o comportamento não-linear das placas de base e das ligações viga-coluna e, bem como, o efeito de histerese que ocorre quando a estrutura é submetida a cargas cíclicas. Os resultados alcançados indicaram que o fenômeno físico da ressonância não ocorre no que se refere à resposta dinâmica dos modelos semi-rígidos não-lineares. A ressonância não ocorre na resposta dos modelos devido ao fato de que, na análise dinâmica não-linear, o efeito de histerese presente nas ligações (placas de base e viga-coluna), essencialmente com comportamento não-linear, provoca um amortecimento na resposta dinâmica da estrutura. / Traditionally, the steel portal frame design assumes that beam-to-column connections are rigid or pinned. Despite these facts, it is largely recognized that the great majority of joints does not exhibit such idealized behaviour. These connections are called semi-rigid, and their design should be performed according to their actual structural behaviour. Extensive research has been performed over the past twenty-five years to estimate the actual behaviour of such joints. One of the main objectives of this work is to propose an analysis methodology to properly represent the influence of the semi-rigid behaviour of base plates and beam-to-column joints on the dynamical response of steel structures (linear and non-linear). Another important investigated issue concerned the assessment of the steel frames dynamical behaviour (linear and non-linear) due to the presence of symmetrical and non-symmetrical beam-to-column semi-rigid joints and, especially, the column base plates. The structural analysis was made with the aid of the ANSYS [27] finite element program. The finite element model included geometric non-linearity, column base plates and beam-to-column non-linear behaviour and considered the influence of non-linear and hysteretic moment versus rotation curve of the joints. The results indicated that the resonance physical phenomenon was not reached in the nonlinear semi-rigid frames dynamic response. The resonance did not occurred in these systems due to the hysteretic damping induced by the energy dissipation of the non-linear hysteretic loops at the non-linear joints.

Tradicionalmente, na análise e dimensionamento de estruturas de aço, assume-se que as ligações viga-coluna são rígidas ou flexíveis (rotuladas). Por outro lado, é de conhecimento geral que a grande maioria das ligações viga-coluna apresenta um comportamento intermediário, ou seja, semi-rígido. Inúmeros trabalhos de pesquisa têm sido desenvolvidos nos últimos vinte e cinco anos, de forma a estudar o comportamento desse tipo de ligação. Um dos principais objetivos desta investigação é o de propor uma metodologia de análise que represente de forma apropriada a influência do comportamento semi-rígido de placas de base e de ligações viga-coluna, sobre a resposta dinâmica (linear e não-linear) de estruturas de aço. Outra contribuição desta dissertação diz respeito à investigação do comportamento dinâmico (linear e não-linear) de pórticos de aço, a partir da consideração de ligações viga-coluna simétricas e não-simétricas e especialmente das placas de base. A análise estrutural é desenvolvida com base no emprego do programa de elementos finitos ANSYS [27]. Nos modelos em elementos finitos foram considerados os efeitos de não-linearidade geométrica (efeitos de segunda ordem), o comportamento não-linear das placas de base e das ligações viga-coluna e, bem como, o efeito de histerese que ocorre quando a estrutura é submetida a cargas cíclicas. Os resultados alcançados indicaram que o fenômeno físico da ressonância não ocorre no que se refere à resposta dinâmica dos modelos semi-rígidos não-lineares. A ressonância não ocorre na resposta dos modelos devido ao fato de que, na análise dinâmica não-linear, o efeito de histerese presente nas ligações (placas de base e viga-coluna), essencialmente com comportamento não-linear, provoca um amortecimento na resposta dinâmica da estrutura. / Traditionally, the steel portal frame design assumes that beam-to-column connections are rigid or pinned. Despite these facts, it is largely recognized that the great majority of joints does not exhibit such idealized behaviour. These connections are called semi-rigid, and their design should be performed according to their actual structural behaviour. Extensive research has been performed over the past twenty-five years to estimate the actual behaviour of such joints. One of the main objectives of this work is to propose an analysis methodology to properly represent the influence of the semi-rigid behaviour of base plates and beam-to-column joints on the dynamical response of steel structures (linear and non-linear). Another important investigated issue concerned the assessment of the steel frames dynamical behaviour (linear and non-linear) due to the presence of symmetrical and non-symmetrical beam-to-column semi-rigid joints and, especially, the column base plates. The structural analysis was made with the aid of the ANSYS [27] finite element program. The finite element model included geometric non-linearity, column base plates and beam-to-column non-linear behaviour and considered the influence of non-linear and hysteretic moment versus rotation curve of the joints. The results indicated that the resonance physical phenomenon was not reached in the nonlinear semi-rigid frames dynamic response. The resonance did not occurred in these systems due to the hysteretic damping induced by the energy dissipation of the non-linear hysteretic loops at the non-linear joints.

This thesis deals with the possibility of using the finite elements method for the analysing of synchronous permanent magnets machines. The aim of this work is to discuss the possibility of the machine design more effectively with using the finite elements method and Maxwell software for the simulations. On the created parametric model, simulations were performed according to master thesis assignment. The aim of this work is to determine induced voltage, iron losses, machine inductances and make a permanent magnets demagnetization analysis. From simulations results the machine efficiency is calculated. The parametric model was used for the optimization of selected parameters. From results of optimization new dimensions of permanent magnets was obtained. Machine efficiency was increased by new permanent magnet material and optimized design.

The master thesis covers several issues linked to a substitution of headlamp screw fixation by a plastic nail. The thesis includes an analysis of the headlamp technology, including description of the prescribed durability tests. On the basis of the analysis some new designs of plastic nails are proposed, consistent with characteristics of plastic materials. Selected outcomes of the analysis have been tested as prototypes and verified with Finite Elements Method in SimDesigner including 3D modeling capabilities provided by the Catia V5. The feasibility study regarding a casting form of the new design of plastic nails and technical economic valuation for contingent assembly mounting is included in the thesis.

The master’s thesis deals with the possibilities of railway track modeling. The computational models were created in ANSYS Classic. Simplified 2D model represents a longitudal half of classic single track construction, 3D models represent classic single track construction and RHEDA 2000 slab track. Static and dynamic response of 2D model was compared with analytical solutions by Timoshenko and Fryba. Static and dynamic responses of 3D models were analyzed and compared.

Die Bodenzone, in der Literatur vielfach auch Wurzelzone, Aerationszone oder ungesättigte Zone genannt, ist geprägt durch variabel-wassergesättigte Verhältnisse und nimmt in vielen Disziplinen eine wichtige Rolle ein. Aus Sicht des Schutzguts Grundwasser stellt sie eine Schutz- und Pufferzone vor oberirdischen Umwelteinflüssen dar, in der eindringende oder eingebrachte Schadstoffe durch die dort ablaufenden Transport-, Abbau- und Sorptionsprozesse retardiert, teilweise bis vollständig abgebaut oder in andere Stoffe umgesetzt werden können, und somit eine Verunreinigung des Grundwassers verhindern kann. Um potenzielle Gefährdungen des Grundwassers anhand einer Altlast oder eines Schadensfalls abschätzen zu können, ist in Deutschland eine Sickerwasserprognose nach dem Bundesbodenschutzgesetz und der Bundesbodenschutzverordnung vorgeschrieben. Hierbei übernimmt die ungesättigte Zone die Funktion des Quell- und Transportterms für den Schadstoff. Der Quellterm dient der Beschreibung des zeitlichen Austragsverhaltens von Schadstoffen aus der Schadstoffquelle mit dem Sickerwasser, der Transportterm beschreibt den Wirkungspfad im Boden von der Geländeoberkante bis zur Grundwasseroberfläche. Die Anforderungen und Aufgaben des vom BMBF geförderten Forschungsvorhabens „Prognose des Schadstoffeintrags in das Grundwasser mit dem Sickerwasser“ (SiWaP) motivierten die Entwicklung des Programms PCSiWaPro. Innerhalb des Vorhabens sollte die Möglichkeit geschaffen werden, mit geringem Aufwand eine modellgestützte Sickerwasserprognose unter Berücksichtigung der Forschungsergebnisse aus SiWaP durchführen zu können. Kommerziell verfügbare Software blieb dabei außen vor, da die Implementierung eigener Prozesse, Datenbanken und Parameter damit nicht möglich ist. Gleichzeitig war eine komplexe Betrachtung der ablaufenden Prozesse erforderlich sowie die Dokumentation der Ein- und Ausgabedaten für eine entsprechende Nachweispflicht. Dies führte zur Entwicklung einer grafischen Benutzeroberfläche (GUI) mit einem Assistenten, der den Anwender in 5 sequenziell ablaufenden Schritten zu einem physikalisch begründeten Ergebnis führt (Protokoll). Alle notwendigen Eingaben werden dazu mit sinnvollen Werten vorbelegt und bei Änderung durch den Nutzer auf Plausibilität geprüft. Gleichzeitig sollte die Funktionalität nicht auf die Möglichkeiten des Assistenten beschränkt bleiben und dem erfahrenen Modellierer alle Optionen der numerischen Simulation bereitstellen. Die Dokumentation der Ein- und Ausgabedaten wird dabei durch die Verwendung von Datenbanken sichergestellt. Für den Einsatz in Ingenieurbüros, Behörden oder auch international war die GUI mehrsprachig zu implementieren. Diese Anforderungen begründeten die Entwicklung eines Simulationssystems, um den Wasserhaushalt und Stofftransport in ungesättigten Böden auch unter komplexen Bedingungen berechnen zu können. Das aus dem zuvor genannten BMBF-Verbundvorhaben SiWaP entstandene Programm PCSiWaPro war wesentlicher Bestandteil nachfolgender Forschungsvorhaben, deren Ergebnisse in die weitere Entwicklung des Programms einflossen und dessen Anwendungsgebiete außerhalb der Sickerwasserprognose erweiterten. So sind erforderliche Eingangsdaten wie bodenhydraulische und Stofftransportparameter oft mit Unsicherheiten behaftet oder können nur in Wertebereichen gefasst werden. Um derartige Unschärfen auch in den Berechnungsergebnissen von numerischen Simulationen ausweisen zu können, wurde die Fuzzy-Set-Theorie verwendet, die eine Zuordnung der Unsicherheiten über sogenannte α-Schnitte ermöglicht. Für jeden unscharfen Parameter kann dessen Schwankungsbreite definiert und in der Simulation berücksichtigt werden. Die Ausweisung der Unschärfen im Ergebnis erfolgt unter Angabe des sich ergebenden Minimums und Maximums der berechneten Größe (Druckhöhe, Konzentration). Anhand verschiedener Beispielanwendungen werden die in der Arbeit vorgestellten Problemstellungen durch Einsatz von PCSiWaPro behandelt. Die Arbeit gibt ebenso einen Ausblick auf weiterführenden Forschungs- und Entwicklungsbedarf, der sich aus den in der Arbeit erzielten Ergebnissen und Betrachtungen ableiten lässt.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Wasserhaushaltsberechnung in variabel gesättigten porösen Medien 2.1 Zugrundeliegende Gleichung 2.2 Numerische Lösung 3 Transport- und Umsetzungsprozesse 3.1 Erhaltungsgleichung 3.2 Transportprozesse 3.3 Umsetzungsprozesse 3.4 Basisgleichung für den Stofftransport in PCSiWaPro 3.5 Numerische Lösung 4 Entwicklung des Programms PCSiWaPro 4.1 Softwarearchitektur 4.2 Datenbankkonzept 4.3 Benutzeroberfläche für das Preprocessing 4.4 Ergebnisvisualisierung und Postprocessing 4.5 Parallelisierung des Rechenkernels 4.6 Dual-Porosität nach DURNER 4.7 Strömungsrandbedingung als zeitvariable Polygonfunktion 4.8 Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten in den Eingangsdaten 5 Anwendungsbeispiele 5.1 Deichdurchströmung 5.2 Modellgestützte Sickerwasserprognose mit unscharfen Eingangsdaten 5.3 Test der Parallelisierung am synthetischen Beispiel 5.4 Zusammenfassung Anwendungsbeispiele 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang / The soil zone, often referred to as root zone, aeration zone or unsaturated zone in the literature, is characterized by variably saturated conditions and is of particular importance in many disciplines. From the groundwater point of view, it is a zone for protection and buffering of environmental processes at the surface. Penetrating hazardous substances can be retarded or even completely decayed due to the transport, degradation and sorption processes which occur and thus, can prevent a contamination of the groundwater. In order to estimate potential threats to the groundwater based on a contaminated site or a damage, a leachate forecast is required in Germany according to the Federal Soil Protection Act (BBodSchG) and the Federal Soil Protection Ordinance (BBodSchV). The unsaturated zone takes on the function of the source and transport term for the pollutant. The source term function is used to describe the temporal discharge behavior of pollutants from the contaminant source with the leachate, the transport term describes the action path in the soil from the top of the site to the groundwater surface. The requirements and tasks of the BMBF-funded research project 'Prognosis of Pollutant Infiltration into Groundwater with Leachate' (“Prognose des Schadstoffeintrags in das Grundwasser mit dem Sickerwasser”) (SiWaP) motivated the development of the PCSiWaPro program. Within the project, the possibility should be created to be able to carry out a model-based leachate forecast with little effort, taking into account the research results from the SiWaP project. Commercially available software had to be left out, since the implementation of new processes, databases and parameters is not possible. At the same time, a total consideration of the complex processes taking place was necessary, as was the documentation of the input and output data to provide evidence. This led to the development of a graphical user interface (GUI) with an assistant that leads the user in 5 sequential steps to a physically based result including a protocol. All necessary input data are pre-assigned with useful values and checked for plausibility when changed by the user. At the same time, the functionality should not be limited to the possibilities of the assistant and the GUI must provide all available options of a numerical simulation to advanced users. The documentation of the input and output data is ensured by using databases. The GUI provides multiple languages for use in engineering offices, authorities or international projects. These requirements justified the development of a simulation system to be able to calculate the water balance and solute transport in unsaturated soils even under complex conditions. The PCSiWaPro program, emerged from the BMBF joint project SiWaP mentioned above, was an integral part of subsequent research projects, the results of which were incorporated into the further development of the program and expanded its fields of application outside of the leachate forecast. Required input data such as soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters are often subject to uncertainties or can only be captured in value ranges. In order to show such blurring in the calculation results of numerical simulations, the fuzzy set theory was used, which enables the uncertainties to be assigned using so-called α-cuts. The fluctuation range for each uncertain parameter can be defined individually and considered in the simulation. The blurring in the result is indicated by specifying the resulting minimum and maximum of the calculated quantity (pressure level, concentration). Using various sample applications, the problems presented in the thesis are dealt with by using PCSiWaPro. The thesis also gives an outlook on further research and development perspectives, which are derived from the results achieved in this thesis and the demands from the daily practice.:Abbildungsverzeichnis Tabellenverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis Symbolverzeichnis 1 Einleitung 2 Wasserhaushaltsberechnung in variabel gesättigten porösen Medien 2.1 Zugrundeliegende Gleichung 2.2 Numerische Lösung 3 Transport- und Umsetzungsprozesse 3.1 Erhaltungsgleichung 3.2 Transportprozesse 3.3 Umsetzungsprozesse 3.4 Basisgleichung für den Stofftransport in PCSiWaPro 3.5 Numerische Lösung 4 Entwicklung des Programms PCSiWaPro 4.1 Softwarearchitektur 4.2 Datenbankkonzept 4.3 Benutzeroberfläche für das Preprocessing 4.4 Ergebnisvisualisierung und Postprocessing 4.5 Parallelisierung des Rechenkernels 4.6 Dual-Porosität nach DURNER 4.7 Strömungsrandbedingung als zeitvariable Polygonfunktion 4.8 Berücksichtigung von Unsicherheiten in den Eingangsdaten 5 Anwendungsbeispiele 5.1 Deichdurchströmung 5.2 Modellgestützte Sickerwasserprognose mit unscharfen Eingangsdaten 5.3 Test der Parallelisierung am synthetischen Beispiel 5.4 Zusammenfassung Anwendungsbeispiele 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang