Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The First World War was a long stalemated war in which millions of men fought and died. Many studies have looked at the reasons soldiers fought and stopped fighting. In this study, the perceptions that Belgian soldiers had of their enemy, Germany, are looked at. The Belgian army was stationed on a small part of the front at the coast, the last part of Belgium that is un-occupied. The war can be divided into three phases: the first phase is the invasion until the Germans were stopped, the second begins with the stalemate and the development of trench warfare on the Western Front, and the third and last phase is the pushing back of the Germans and final victory. In the first phase with the invasion and brutality of the Germans in Belgium, Belgian soldiers formed a view of Germans as barbarians, capable of anything. With the second phase the perceptions started to diverge among the men, depending on experience and surroundings of the soldiers; some get use to their new environment, old and new conflicts resurfaced, Germans faded into the background. On the other hand the war was still going on, violence of war was all around them, and brothers in arms were killed. In the third phase soldiers became enthusiastic again because of the prospect of being able to go home. With the ending of the war old grudges were not settled. The Peace treaty was not what was expected. A lot of memorials built at the time reflected views of Germany that very explicitly highlighted their perceived misbehavior, especially at the beginning on the war. Naturally this led to tensions between Belgium and Germany. Many Belgians never forgot what happened during the war, nor let go of their views that were formed.

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This study discusses the developing role of nutrition as a biopolitical object during the First World War. As research into food led to the discovery of vitamins in 1912, the world would shortly  erupt into global warfare thereafter in 1914. Modern, global warfare tested the limits of food production. American and British authorities worked towards new methods for combating malnutrition and ensuring quality food could be allotted to civilians and soldiers alike. Research into vitamins and nutrition in general continued during the war, and this new food model quickly became vital for American and British civilians and soldiers alike- who came to increasingly rely upon vegetables and substitutes for wheat, in the form of alternative grains, and meat in the form of beans. Milk continued to be held in highest regard by doctors and governments -owing to its high nutritional content, including the two vitamins discovered in 1912. At the same time, soldiers had their rations bolstered by fresher produce on the Western Front, while in the Middle East, germinated peas proved to be effective at warding off scurvy and beriberi- even where supply lines were at their longest. These efforts, pushed by doctors and governments working in collaboration, resulted in a profound shift in the way governments treated the realm of food, in all its aspects, but also in matters of the health of their populations. This in turn altered how conscious the average person was of what they ate-owing to the greater understanding of quality food and healthy eating during, and directly after the First World War.

This thesis is the first academic treatment of the poetry of Anton Schnack (1892-1973): his work is not well known, even in Germany. Methodologically the thesis takes a combined literary, historical and biographical approach, exploring the complex and sometimes deceptive relations between his poetry and the turbulence of his time. The primary aim of the thesis is to show that Tier rang gewaltig mit Tier (1920) is a uniquely innovative volume of war poetry which, to be fully appreciated, needs to be assessed against the background of previous German war poetry and the development of the sonnet cycle. It is placed in the context of Schnack’s other lyrical work, particularly of the three volumes of Expressionist poetry which immediately preceded it and which themselves are analysed as examples of a very powerful kind of Expressionism. Schnack did not publish his next volume of verse until 1936, and three further collections emerged in quick succession between 1947 and 1953. These four collections are examined in detail in the context of Schnack’s decision to stay in southern Germany and to maintain a consistently low profile. The thesis begins with a general introduction to Schnack’s life and work and makes specific reference to his contemporary and current standing among literary historians and critics. Chapter Two focuses on the three volumes of Expressionist verse and documents the cultural circles which he frequented in Munich and the numerous Expressionist magazines and periodicals to which he contributed. The next three chapters are dedicated to Tier rang gewaltig mit Tier and examine it with reference to its poetic form as a cycle of sonnets and of its merits and status as war poetry. The final chapter pays particular attention to Schnack’s life in the Third Reich, situating the single collection he published during that era among the literary works of Inner Emigration, before analysing his three post-war collections.

La Bretagne a perdu beaucoup d’hommes dans la Grande Guerre. Le patrimoine commémoratif qui a été créé pour les honorer est à la mesure de cette saignée humaine. Dans quelle mesure celui-ci reflète-t-il des traditions et une culture particulières ? Comme partout en France, des monuments glorificateurs ou patriotiques ont été élevés en l’honneur des combattants, mais la Bretagne a aussi tenu à souligner son identité propre. Une longue tradition religieuse se marque sur la plupart des édifices ; la forte spécificité culturelle qui caractérise la province a donné naissance à une statuaire d’inspiration régionaliste où figurent des personnages en costume local et des inscriptions en langue bretonne. La même affirmation identitaire se retrouve dans les églises. La volonté de commémorer le sacrifice est constante. Elle s’exprime dans deux hôtels de ville par des panneaux peints. Un monument national à la mémoire des marins morts pour la France a été édifié à la pointe de la Bretagne. Un mémorial régional, de nature religieuse, perpétue plus spécifiquement le souvenir des Bretons morts à la guerre. Hors du commun, ce patrimoine, auquel est venue s’ajouter par la suite une nécropole nationale, témoigne de l’histoire de la région et de la vitalité de sa culture. / Brittany lost many of its men in the Great War. The heritage of memorials and commemorations created to honour them is commensurate with the magnitude of this human slaughter. To what extent does such a heritage reflect traditions and a specific culture? As throughout France glorifying and patriotic memorials were erected to pay homage to the soldiers, but Brittany also wanted to emphasize its own identity. A long religious tradition is reflected in most of the monuments; the strength of the province's own specific culture gave rise to regionally inspired statuary with characters portrayed in local costume and inscriptions in the Breton language. The same assertion of identity is to be found in the churches. There is a constant desire to commemorate the sacrifice. In two town halls this is depicted in painted panels. A national memorial in remembrance of the sailors who died for France was erected at the western extremity of Brittany. A regional memorial, of a religious nature, is more specifically dedicated to the memory of those Bretons who died in the war. This uncommon heritage, to which was later added a national necropolis, bears witness to the region's history and to the vitality of its culture.

F.W. Harvey’s poetry was more popular during the First World War than many – if not most – of those whom we celebrate as ‘the war poets’ today. He is unique among the poets of that war for his insight into the life of the British POW in Germany, and for the influence of his work in the first of the British trench journals, the 5th Gloucester Gazette. Yet, he has received little national attention since his death in 1957, and scholarly work on his life is lacking, largely owing to a deficit of publicly-available primary sources and original material regarding his life and works. This has resulted in a failure to place him properly within the literary canon of the First World War. The recent discovery of Harvey’s papers allows us to examine his life and his contemporary cultural impact, and more fully to evaluate the value of his work and what it tells us about the First World War experience. Using Harvey’s papers, this biographical study will reconstruct the historical details of his life as they relate to the First World War. Concurrently, it will develop our understanding of his war-related work. This will demonstrate Harvey’s influence during the war, first as a trench poet, then as the poetic voice of the British POW. It will also examine how Harvey’s work continued to be affected by the war in the years after the armistice. The result will be a greater appreciation of the life and importance of a First World War poet whose voice was in danger of being lost to time.

L'objectif de ma thèse était de créer un catalogue de films de fiction relatifs à la Première Guerre mondiale produits en Italie et en France entre 1914 et 2013. Méthodologiquement, j'ai travaillé sur une variété de sources (répertoires cinématographiques, revues spécialisés, visas de censure et vision des films) selon la disponibilité des matériaux qui sont parvenus jusqu'à nous. J'ai essayé de proposer une enquête analytique qui comprend aussi des films qui se rapportent la guerre sans la montrer, pour cette raison mon travail sera sûrement incomplet mais il vise à une exhaustivité la plus grande possible. J'ai consacré une attention particulière à la censure exercée par |'État, en particulier jusqu’au les années `GD, une époque où la censure politique a été particulièrement forte. En plus de la censure définitive, j’ai aussi analysé celle préalable (en Italie de 1945 à 1965, en France de 1945 à 1961.] et en relevant deux attitudes qui sont similaires mais avec différentes méthodes d'intervention. Bien que l’enquête soit centrée sur les deux pays, l’espace donné à l’affaire italienne est supérieure à celui français. Le choix de la comparaison avec la France a été conditionné par plusieurs considérations, notamment la centralité qui, encore aujourd'hui, à la Première Guerre mondiale dans les cinémas et la public history française. L'évolution du récit cinématographique a été mise en relation avec le contexte politique, cinématographique, Législatif et historiographique; j'ai aussi essayé de comprendre la réception critique des films à travers deux facteurs : les résultats du box-office et les opinions exprimées dans les revues. / The aim of my thesis was to create a catalog of fiction films related to the First World War produced in Italy and France between 1914 and 2013. Methodologically, 1 worked on a variety of sources (movie collections, specialized magazines, rating and direct viewing of picture show), depending on the availability of materials which came to us. I have tried to propose an analytical investigation that also includes movies concerning the war without showing it; I am well aware my work will be certainly incomplete but it tries to be the more comprehensive possible. I have devoted a special attention to the censorious intervention exercised by the government, particularly until the early Sixties, indeed those years political censorship was very strong. In addition to the analysis of general censorship, I added that of prior one (in Italy 1945-65, in France 1945-61) and I found two similar attitudes but with different methods of intervention. Although the investigation is centered on the two countries, more importance will be given to the Italian CBSE instead of French one. The choice of comparison with France was influenced by several considerations; not least, the main point of the First World War has in both film and French public history even today. These factors have not been strange to the will to compare with the history of this country, considered as one of the most interesting. The evolution of fiction story has been put in relation with the political, cinematographic, and legislative and historiography background; I also tried to understand the film reception through two factors: the results of the box office and the opinions expressed in specialized magazines

Esta tese busca refletir sobre a configuração fragmentária da produção do escritor Franz Kafka (1883-1924). Procura-se mostrar como a partir do final de 1916 ocorre na produção kafkiana uma inflexão formal decorrente de uma mudança no modo do escritor conceber o caráter danificado de sua escrita. / This thesis reflects upon the fragmentary configuration of Franz Kafka´s production. It aims to show how, from the end of 1916, occurs an formal inflection in the Kafkaesque production due to a change in the way the writer conceives the \"damaged\" character of his writing.

La Première Guerre mondiale est une période de développement sportif intense qui marque une rupture dans l’histoire culturelle et sportive de la France. La rencontre sur le front Ouest des soldats alliés, porteurs d’une culture sportive moderne, avec la population civile et militaire française, majoritairement éduquée par les méthodes de gymnastique conscriptive, provoque en effet une acculturation sportive qui participe à la modernisation du modèle culturel et sportif français. A travers l’étude du football et à l’aide d’un cadre d’analyse anthropo-historique, l’objet de notre travail doctoral est d’étudier l’impact de l’interpénétration de groupes de cultures différentes dans la transformation du « sport en guerre ». A la suite d’un état des lieux du mouvement sportif français avant-contact, sept études rendent compte du résultats des contacts primaires, symboliques et de l’en-groupe sur l’acculturation sportive des français, à savoir : a) l’analyse de la construction d’un creuset interculturel et sportif dans la France en guerre, b) de la diffusion du football chez les Poilus, c) du développement du football dans les villes de garnisons britanniques, d) de la légitimation et de la médiatisation du football en guerre, e) du renforcement de la dimension internationale du football, f) de la construction de la masculinité sportive en guerre et g) de la ruralisation du football dans la zone des armées. Les résultats ont été obtenus par la consultation de sources très diverses. Les archives militaires britanniques et françaises, complétées par plusieurs carnets personnels de soldats et des historiques régimentaires, constituent le socle de notre étude. Toutefois, suivant le cadre théorique emprunté et pour obtenir des informations plus précises sur le football en guerre, nous avons aussi procédé à la consultation de la presse sportive nationale, de la presse locale de la zone des armées et de la presse de tranchées. Enfin, les fonds d’archives audio-visuels des armées britanniques et françaises ont été consultés afin de donner de la chair à nos propos et vérifier, à travers les photos, les vidéos et les archives sonores, l’engouement sportif de la France en guerre. Pour conclure, notre travail doctoral consacre le football comme un construit de la culture de la Grande Guerre mais également comme le grand vainqueur sportif de la guerre 1914-1918 / During the First World War, France knew an intense development of sport who marked a turning point in French sport and cultural history. Indeed, on the Western front, the interpenetration between Allied soldiers, who had a modern sporting culture, and the French civilians and soldiers, educated by patriotic gymnastic, elicited a sporting acculturation and a modernization of the French cultural and sporting model. Through the study of football and using an anthropo-historic analysis framework, this doctoral work focused on the effects of the interpenetration of different cultural groups in the transformation of “sport in war”. After describing the French sporting trend before contact, seven studies showed the results of primary, symbolic and in-group contacts on the French sporting acculturation. We analysed a) the construction of an intercultural and sporting melting pot during war in France, b) the dissemination of football within the Poilus, c) the development of football in British garrison towns, d) the legitimatization and mediatization of football during the war, e) the reinforcement of international dimensions of French football, f) the construction of sporting masculinity during the war, and g) the ruralisation of football in army zones. A wide-range of sources were consulted to obtain the current results. The British and French military archives, several personal notebooks of soldiers, and regimental registers were the basis of our study. Moreover, the national sporting press, the local press of army zones and the press of the trenches were consulted to follow the theoretical framework and to obtain additional information about football during the war. Finally, audio, photo and video recordings of British and French armies were analysed to support our comments and attest the French passion for sport during the war. To conclude, this doctoral thesis defined football as a feature of the culture of the Great War, and the sporting winner of the First World War