The main aim of this study was to explore and describe the circumstances on the ground concerning employability of Environmental Science (ES) graduates in Botswana and to provide evidence that would either confirm or refute claims that graduates in Botswana, in general, are not employable. The second aim of this study was to describe whose role it is to enhance the employability of graduates. Furthermore it was also the aim of this study to investigate whether or not employability audits could be used as a quality assurance mechanism to ensure the employability of graduates in Botswana. These issues were investigated using the contextual framework of employability which explains the quality of higher education in relation to employability of graduates. This research reports on the findings of a case study of the Environmental Science programme offered by the Department of Environmental Science at the University of Botswana which was conducted in June 2012. The study revealed and confirmed gaps among ES graduates in the knowledge, skills and competencies required for the world of work. As a result of these gaps, ES graduates were found not be immediately employable without further on the job training. This created a lot of discontent among employers interviewed. The study concluded that higher education should go beyond providing education for the general development and well-being of individuals and address issues related to employability of graduating students. Conflicts in the possible roles of higher education and industry in enhancing the employability of ES graduates in terms of the changing expectations of the world of work were identified. The study highlighted the possible role of employability audits in enhancing employability not only of ES graduates but all other graduates in Botswana. Furthermore the study recommended that employability audits should be introduced in the tertiary education system of Botswana as a quality assurance mechanism. It further recommended collaboration and partnership with industry as key to the success of any measures put in place for the enhancement of the employability of graduates in Botswana. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / PhD / Unrestricted

國際上工程契約範本中多半就契約義務程度有所約定，國際諮詢工程師聯合會（Fédération Internationale Des Ingénieurs-Conseils, FIDIC）參照大英國協普通法上見解，於「生產設備及設計施工標準契約條款」與「設計採購施工/統包標準契約條款」等統包契約範本中，明文就統包承包商之設計義務採取合乎目的義務標準（fitness for purpose），亦即統包承包商應擔保工程完工時將合乎工程預期之使用目的。該義務標準不同於多數工程契約範本所採大英國協普通法專業服務契約一般適用的合理技術與謹慎(reasonable skill and care)標準，義務人須擔保一定結果之達成，乃無涉義務人業務執行行為有無過失之絕對義務，義務人不得以其已善盡專業注意義務或所需技術超乎科技水準為抗辯，亦不得主張業主就損害之發生或擴大與有過失而減輕賠償責任。而以契約明文約定適用合乎目的義務標準者，大英國協司法見解認為合乎目的義務標準將優先於遵照契約所定計畫或規範之義務，加以合乎目的義務難以取得保險保障，種種不利因素引起統包承包商之高度顧慮。 傳統設計後發包施作之工程契約模式下，大英國協普通法見解認為專業設計人員之契約默示義務標準與其他專業服務契約同為合理技術與謹慎義務，與統包承包商之設計工作默示適用合乎目的義務標準不同。本文由大英國協普通法案例觀察，相關見解差異與貨物買賣契約法律原則息息相關，並且受到當代法律經濟分析思維影響。然依本文之觀察，近年大英國協司法見解在合乎目的義務之默示適用及明示適用，似均出現避免適用該義務標準之案例，相關判決理由於大英國協司法見解之後續發展殊值觀察。 我國司法實務對統包工程契約之評價與大英國協普通法側重於不同契約特徵，而屬歐陸成文法系之我國法及德國法中，承攬人負有使完成工作無不適於通常或約定使用之瑕疵擔保責任，與大英國協普通法上合乎目的義務同為無過失責任。惟依本文觀察，歐陸法系之承攬人瑕疵擔保責任並不如大英國協普通法合乎目的義務嚴格，承攬人有較多減輕或免責事由可資主張，而我國司法實務見解下，承攬人免責之可能性又更高於德國法。 統包工程契約中之合乎目的義務約款並非獨立存在，其實質內涵仍需視各法域適用法律之具體內容而定。本文彙整比較統包工程契約設計工作之合乎目的義務於大英國協普通法系、歐陸成文法系之德國法及我國法之司法實務見解適用差異，期在相互參照之中，對各該司法見解提出評析建議，並供我國工程產業爭取海外標案時作為契約法律風險管理之參考。