Student Number : 8701355N - MDent research report - School of Oral Health Sciences - Faculty of Health Sciences / Purpose: The aim of this research project was to determine the fracture resistance to linear vertical compressive forces of acrylic and metal-reinforced acrylic fixed implant supported prosthesis cantilever arms. Methods: Ten non-reinforced and 10 reinforced acrylic superstructures were secured on five evenly distributed implants and subjected to linear axial compressive forces utilising an Instron® materials testing machine. The reinforcement consisted of commercially available preformed titanium metal strengthener bars. Force was applied to the cantilever arms 15mm distal to the distal most implant and two tests were conducted on each sample. The first drop in load recorded was noted as a fracture of the sample. Results: Fracture of the acrylic was noted at the distal most implant in both non-reinforced and the reinforced samples. The mean fracture value for the non-reinforced samples was 679N and for the reinforced samples, 628N. Conclusion: No significant difference between the fracture resistance of the two designs was noted.

Thesis advisor: Eric Dearing / Emerging research in developmental psychology and neuroscience suggests that childhood poverty is associated with high levels of exposure to multiple contextual risks, which cumulatively lead to persistent elevated stress levels that have a direct, as well an indirect (e.g., through parental processes), impact on child cognitive, academic, and socioemotional functioning (Evans & Kim, 2013). Such research has begun to change the way that scholars and practitioners envision the context of poverty, the persistence of the income-achievement gap, and the types of interventions that may be most effective in addressing disparities in children’s long-term educational success. However, research on the relations between poverty-associated stress and child outcomes is still in its infancy and many questions remain. In particular, it is unclear whether changing family economic circumstances matter, a question of concern for developmental science and public policy. Moreover, there is little work on moderators of relations between income, stress, and child outcomes, which could help identify factors that buffer children from the harm of stressful home environments. With longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics’ Child Development Supplement, the present study used fixed effects models to examine within-child associations between changes in family income, cumulative risk exposure (as measured by an index that includes a range of poverty-related stressors, such as economic strain, neighborhood crime, and physical and psychological home environments), and children’s cognitive, academic and socioemotional functioning. In addition, moderators of these associations were investigated in order to identify potential protective mechanisms and crucial levers for interventions and policy development. On the whole, findings were consistent with the cumulative stress model. On average, the estimated direct effects of changes in family income (i.e., prior to examining mediation or moderators) were not significant for changes in child outcomes. Yet, changes in income were, for the sample as a whole, indirectly related via changes in cumulative risk exposure: increases in income predicted decreases in cumulative risk exposure which, in turn, predicted improvements in achievement and declines in externalizing behavior. Additionally, these relations were moderated by child age, initial level of family income, and initial level of cumulative risk. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

Internal migration has frequently been subject of empirical research. This study attempts to find a relationship between international immigration and internal out-migration in all German states, covering the time period between 1993 and 2016. The underlying theories were established by Card et al. (2008), Schlömer (2012), Florida (2002) and Chiswick and Miller (2015). These were used to develop a modified version of the gravity model. The dataset was received from the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Statistisches Bundesamt). The regressions were executed using a fixed effects model and a pooled OLS as a robustness check. The empirical findings suggest no evidence of a statistically significant effect of international immigration on internal out-migration patterns in the covered period. Control variables suggest policymakers to focus on other factors when the effects of immigration policies on internal out-migration are being considered.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade da refrigeração do sêmen bovino comparada com a criopreservação. Este estudo foi realizado em dois experimentos. No primeiro experimento foram comparados os efeitos in vitro do sêmen refrigerado em três meios diluidores comerciais a 5° C por até 48 horas, e criopreservado em dois meios. Para este experimento foram utilizados ejaculados de 10 touros da raça Nelore. Cada ejaculado foi dividido em três alíquotas, sendo diluídas nos meios Botubov®, Steridyl® e Bovidyl®. Após a diluição o sêmen foi envasado em palhetas e refrigerado nos três diluidores e criopreservado utilizando somente os meios Botubov® e Steridyl®. A refrigeração do sêmen foi realizada a 5° C por até 48 horas em sistema passivo de refrigeração BotuFlex® e a criopreservação realizada em sistema automatizado TK 4.000®. O sêmen foi avaliado nos tempos 0, 24, 36 e 48 horas após a refrigeração e após a descongelação, para cada diluidor. Foram realizadas análises dos padrões de cinética espermática pelo sistema computadorizado de análise espermática (CASA, programa SCA - Sperm Class Analyser), integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal, potencial de membrana mitocondrial e estresse oxidativo por sondas fluorescentes, sob microscopia de epifluorescência e morfologia espermática por microspcopia de contraste de interferência diferencial (DIC). Notou-se efeito de tempo de refrigeração para os três diluidores para de 0 para 24h, se mantendo semelhante até 48 h. Os diluiores Botubov® e Steridyl® preservaram as características espermáticas de forma semelhante até 48 horas de refrigeração diferindo apenas na variável de velocidade curvilianear; no entanto, ambos foram superiores ao diluidor Bovidyl®, para as variáveis, motilidade total, motilidade progressiva, células rápidas, velocidade curvilinear, velocidade progressiva, velocidade do trajeto, retilinearidade, integridade da membrana plasmática, alto potencial de mitocondrial e espermatozoides com membranas plasmática e acrossomal íntegras e alto potencial mitocondrial. O segundo experimento foi realizado, baseado nos resultados do primeiro experimento, para avaliar os efeitos da refrigeração e da criopreservação do sêmen sobre a fertilidade in vivo. Foram utilizados ejaculados de três touros das raças Brangus, Braford e Angus, com idade entre 5 e 7 anos. O sêmen foi colhido por meio de vagina artificial, o ejaculado foi dividido em três alíquotas, sendo duas alíquotas para refrigeração e uma para criopreservação. Para a refrigeração o sêmen foi diluído nas concentrações de 15x106 (R15) e 30x106 (R30) espermatozoides/palheta e para a criopreservação diluído na concentração de 30x106 espermatozoides/palheta (CRIO). Para todas as diluições foi utilizado o meio Botubov® e o sêmen armazenado em palhetas de 0,5 mL. A refrigeração foi realizada a temperatura de 5° C por 48 horas em sistema passivo de refrigeração BotuFlex® e a criopreservação em sistema automatizado TK®. Foram sincronizadas 552 vacas da raça Brangus em programas de inseminação artificial em tempo fixo. Os resultados da taxa de prenhez para os grupos de vacas inseminadas foram de 49,4% para R15, 43,38% para R30 e 47,59% para o sêmen criopreservado. Pode-se concluir que a refrigeração do sêmen a 5° C por 48 horas resulta em taxa de prenhez semelhante às obtidas com o sêmen criopreservado, sendo que esses resultados indicam que a refrigeração por até 48 horas pode ser uma opção de uso para IATF. / The objective of the present study was to evaluate the viability of cooling bovine semen compared to cryopreservation. This study was carried out in two experiments. In the first experiment, the in vitro effects of cooled semen were compared in three commercial extenders at 5° C for up to 48 hours, and cryopreserved in two extender. For this experiment were used ejaculates of 10 Nellore bulls. Each ejaculate was divided into three aliquots, being diluted in the Botubov®, Steridyl® and Bovidyl® extenders. After dilution, the semen was cooled into three extenders and cryopreserved using the Botubov® and Steridyl®. Semen refrigeration was performed at 5° C for up to 48 hours in BotuFlex® passive refrigeration system and cryopreservation performed in TK 3.000® automated system. Semen was evaluated at 0, 24, 36 and 48 hours after refrigeration and after thawing, for each diluent. The sperm kinetics of the spermatic kinetics (CASA, SCA - Sperm Class Analyzer), plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress by fluorescent probes were analyzed under epifluorescence microscopy and sperm morphology By Differential Interference Contrast Microscopy (DIC). The Botubov® and Steridyl® diluents were very similar after 48 hours of cooling differing significantly only in the Curvilianear Velocity (VCL) 106.04 m/s and 124.56 m/s. The Bovidyl® diluent yielded results significantly lower than the 48 hours of refrigeration for the variables: total motility (MT), progressive motility (MPRO), fast cells (RAP), curvilinear velocity (VCL), progressive velocity (AP), plasma membrane integrity (PI), high mitochondrial potential (AP), and spermatozoa with intact plasma and acrosomal membranes and high mitochondrial potential (PIAIA). The second experiment was carried out, based on the results of the first experiment I, to evaluate the effects of cooled and cryopreservation of semen on in vivo fertility. We used ejaculates of three bulls of the Brangus, Braford and Angus breeds of a IA center, aged between 5 and 7 years. The semen was collected by artificial vagina, the ejaculate was divided into three aliquots, two aliquots for refrigeration and one for cryopreservation. For cooling, the semen was diluted in the concentrations of 15x106 (R15) and 30x106 (R30) spermatozoa/straw, for cryopreservation diluted in the concentration of 30x106 spermatozoa / vane (CRIO). For all dilutions, the Botubov® medium and the semen stored in 0.5 mL vial were used. Refrigeration was carried out at a temperature of 5° C for 48 hours in BotuFlex® passive refrigeration system and cryopreservation in an automated TK® system. 552 Brangus cows were synchronized in fixed-time artificial insemination programs. The results of the pregnancy rate for the groups of inseminated cows were 49.4% for R15, 43.38% for R30 and 47.59% for cryopreserved semen. It can be concluded that the cooling of the semen at 5° C for 48 hours results in pregnancy rate similar to those obtained with cryopreserved semen, and these results indicate that refrigeration for up to 48 hours may be an option of use for FTAI.

O Objetivo deste estudo é avaliar in vitro, a resistência que diferentes materiais resinosos têm a passagem de fluidos que atravessam a dentina na ausência de cemento radicular. Foram utilizados 60 dentes humanos cedidos pelo banco de dentes da FOUSP. Os dentes foram submetidos a tratamento endodôntico segundo a técnica de Paiva e Antoniazzi e armazenados a uma temperatura de 37°C em umidade 100% por 24 horas para o preparo do retentor intra -radicular respeitando o limite apical de 4 mm. Os retentores intra-radiculares foram modelados com resina tipo Duralay e fundidos com liga de prata e cimentados com os seguintes materiais: Oxifosfato de Zinco (SS White), Enforce (Dentsply), Panavia F (Kuraray) e Rely X (3M) . Após a cimentação, delimitou-se uma janela na região cervical da raiz onde o cemento foi removido com uma broca diamantada, a parte externa da raiz foi impermeabilizada com cianocrilato de etila e esmalte cosmético para posterior imersão em uma solução de azul de metileno a 1% por 48 horas. Decorrido este período, a camada impermeabilizante foi removida, os dentes foram desgastados no sentido mésio distal e avaliados com o programa Imagelab. A comparação da área impregnada pelo agente traçador na película dos cimentos, nos terços cervical e médio, revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p < 0,01) do Panavia F (Kuraray) em relação aos outros três materiais, demonstrando a superioridade desse material no que se refere à impermeabilização do sistema de canais radiculares. Podemos concluir que dentre os materiais avaliados o cimento Panavia F (Kuraray) apresentou diferença estatisticamente significante, tanto para no segmento cervical quanto terço médio. / This study objective is to evaluate in vitro, the resistance that different resinous materials have through the fluids passage cross through the dentine in the absence of radicular cementum. 60 human teeth given by FOUSP bank of teeth were used. The teeth were submitted to endodontic treatment according to Paiva's and Antoniazzi´s technique and stored in a temperature of 37°C in humidity 100% during 24 hours for the preparation of the intra-radicular retainer, respecting the 4 mm apical limit. The intra -radicular retainers were modeled with Duralay resin type and melted with silver league and cemented with the following materials: Zinc Oxiphosfate (SS White), Enforce (Dentsply), Panavia F (Kuraray) and Rely X (3M). After the foundation, a window was delimited in the root cervical area where the cementum was removed with a diamond drill. The external part of the root was made waterproof with etile cyanocrylate and cosmetic enamel for subsequent immersion in a 1% blue methylen solution for 48 hours. Elapsed this period, the waterproof layer was removed, the teeth were consumed in the mesio-distal direction and appraised with the Imagelab software. The impregnated area by the tracer agent of the in the film of the cements comparison, in the cervical and medium thirds, revealed significant statistical differences (p <0,01) of Panavia F (Kuraray) in relation to the other three materials, demonstrating the superiority of that material in relationship to the radicular chanal “waterproofing" system. It’s possible to conclude that among the appraised materials, the Panavia F (Kuraray) cement presented significant statistical difference, in the cervical segment as well as the medium third.

Esta tese tem como objetivo central a análise da migração dos trabalhadores brasileiros e de seus efeitos sobre os diferencias salariais observados. Para isto, dois bancos de dados distintos foram construídos a partir de um longo painel de trabalhadores proveniente da RAIS-Migra (Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego) no período de 1995-2002. Com o primeiro banco, busca-se investigar o que ocorre com os diferenciais de salários entre os estados brasileiros, setores e ocupações após o controle pelas características não-observáveis, fixas no tempo, dos indivíduos. A idéia é examinar em que medida esses diferenciais ocorrem devido à concentração de trabalhadores com alta habilidade em alguns estados/setores/ocupações. Os principais resultados mostram que a magnitude dos diferenciais se torna até vinte vezes menor e que a significância estatística é substancialmente reduzida. Ocorre também uma reordenação entre as regiões e as indústrias. A variabilidade global diminui em até oito vezes, evidenciando a relevância da heterogeneidade individual não-observada ao explicar cerca de 70%, 83% e 88% dos diferenciais inter-regionais, inter-industriais e inter-ocupacionais, respectivamente. Com o segundo banco de dados, analisam-se os retornos à migração dos trabalhadores do estado de São Paulo, com ênfase na seleção e no ajustamento. Especificamente, busca-se estimar o salário relativo com o controle dos efeitos fixos individuais para capturar o viés decorrente da seleção positiva dos migrantes. Os principais resultados encontrados indicam a presença de viés de auto-seleção nas estimativas dos salários relativos por MQO, que apresentam coeficientes (positivos) bastante superiores aos coeficientes estimados por efeitos fixos (com sinal negativo). Há, portanto, perdas salariais para as pessoas que migram para São Paulo, que não possuem informação perfeita sobre o custo de vida. Na análise da assimilação do migrante em São Paulo, encontram-se evidências de ampliação dos ganhos salariais a taxas decrescentes, mas sem indicações de que os retornos dos migrantes superem o dos não-migrantes de modo permanente. Alguns grupos, porém, destacam-se na migração bem-sucedida. Os trabalhadores com o ensino superior encontram espaço no mercado de trabalho paulista, com ganhos em torno de 7% em relação aos não-migrantes. Outros ganhos decorrentes da migração também são registrados entre os trabalhadores dos setores de agropecuária e comércio, provenientes da região nordeste, pertencentes às ocupações de agricultura/florestais/pesca e científicas/técnicas/artísticas. Por fim, constata-se que os retornos à emigração, mesmo após a inclusão de efeitos fixos, são positivos. Em geral, os resultados são consistentes com a hipótese de que o elevado custo de vida em São Paulo pode não apenas trazer o migrante de volta para seu local de origem, mas também provocar uma emigração dos trabalhadores residentes em São Paulo para outras regiões do Brasil. / The aim of this thesis is the analysis of the Brazilian workers migration and of its effects on the observed wage differentials. This study uses two different data sets built from RAIS-Migra (Labor Ministry of Brazil), a long panel of workers for the years 1995 through 2002. The purpose of using the first data set is to investigate what occurs to the interstate, interindustry and inter-occupation differentials in wage, after the control by the unobservable characteristics of workers which are unchanged along the time. The main idea is to evaluate to what extent these differentials occur due to the concentration of high skilled workers in some states/sectors/occupations. The most important results show that, not only the sign of the differentials change, but also their magnitude drops by up to 20 times. As a result, there is a reorientation of wage differentials among regions and industries. Additionally, the overall variability drops by up to eight times, showing the importance of the non-observed individual heterogeneity by explaining about 70%, 83% and 88% of the inter-state, inter-industry and inter-occupation wage differentials. Using the second data set, this study evaluates the migration returns of workers in the São Paulo state, focusing selection and assimilation. Specifically, the goal is to estimate the relative wage with the control for the individual fixed effects. This method allows the observation of the bias from the positive selection of in-migrants. The results attest the evidence of selection bias in the relative wages estimated by OLS, since the coefficients of the fixed effects regression are lower (and with a negative signal) than the (positive) OLS coefficients. There are wage losses to the migrants in São Paulo, who are not aware of the high cost of living. Another important result is that the wage growth of migrants has been increasing slowly according to the local human capital they have acquired since their migration. However, there is no evidence that attest the permanent assimilation of migrants. It is important to highlight that some particular groups have a successful migration. Migrants with high levels of education have returns 7 percent higher than non-migrants. Other groups which also have gains after migration are workers from agriculture and trade, from Northeast region and from farming and scientific occupations. Finally, the out-migration gains are positive and significant, even after the inclusion of the fixed effect control. As a result, the cost of living is also an important factor to be considered in the São Paulo out-migration event.

Thesis advisor: Fabio Ghironi / Thesis advisor: Matteo Iacoviello / This dissertation studies the implications of housing market heterogeneity for the trans- mission of shocks, welfare and the conduct of monetary policy. In the first chapter I focus on mortgage contract heterogeneity (fixed vs. variable-rate mortgages). I develop and solve a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that features a housing market and a group of constrained individuals who need housing collateral to obtain loans. A given proportion of constrained households borrows at a variable rate, while the rest borrows at a fixed rate. The model predicts that in an economy with mostly variable-rate mortgages, an exogenous interest rate shock has larger effects on borrowers than in a fixed-rate economy. For plausible parametrizations, aggregate differences are muted by wealth effects on labor supply and by the presence of savers. More persistent shocks cause larger aggregate differences. From a normative perspective I find that, in the presence of collateral constraints, the optimal Taylor rule is less aggressive against inflation than in the standard sticky-price model. Furthermore, for given monetary policy, a high proportion of fixed-rate mortgages is welfare enhancing. Then, I develop a two-country version of the model to study the implications of housing market heterogeneity for a monetary union as well as costs and benefits of being in a monetary union when there are asymmetric shocks. Results show that consumption reacts more strongly to common shocks in countries with high loan-to-value ratios (LTVs), a high proportion of borrowers or variable-rate mortgages. I also find that country-specific housing price shocks increase consumption not only in the country where the shock takes place. Welfare analysis shows that housing-market homogeneization is not beneficial per se, only when it is towards low LTVs or predominantly fixed-rate mortgages. As for costs and benefits of monetary unions, when there is a technology shock in one of the countries and they are symmetric, the monetary union regime is welfare worsening. However, results are dependent on whether or not countries are symmetric and on the source of the asymmetry. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Economics.

O presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar o regime brasileiro de controle dos preços de transferência sob o enfoque das diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar. Inicialmente são relatadas suas principais características como a questão do arms length principle, seu histórico e aplicação, para em seguida falar-se acerca da disciplina no âmbito da OCDE e no direito comparado. Na sequência é abordada a legislação brasileira sobre o tema, a posição da jurisprudência, seu confronto com a valoração aduaneira, bem como sua relação com os acordos para se evitar a dupla tributação. Após configurado este cenário de introdução do estudo e seus principais contornos, são efetivamente analisadas as diferentes visões que o tema pode apresentar, notadamente em relação à recepção do arms length, a adoção de margens fixas e a questão da superioridade hierarquica dos tratados para se evitar a dupla tributação e a lei interna, no caso a lei dos preços de transferência / This study examines the Brazilian Transfer Pricing Regime from the standpoint of the different views that the issue may have. Initially the main characteristics are reported, for example, the arm\'s length principle, its history and application, thereafter it advocates the discipline within the OECD and comparative law. Following is addressed the Brazilian Transfer Pricing legislation, the position of jurisprudence facing with the customs valuation, and their relation with the double tax treaty. Once set up this introduction study scenario and its main outlines, are effectively analyzed the different views that the subject may have, especially with respect to the receipt of the arm\'s length principle, the adoption of fixed margins and the issue of hierarchical superiority of double tax treaties and domestic law, in case, transfer pricings law.

Foram comparadas diferentes doses de eCG e hCG associadas a dispositivos intravaginais de progesterona (DIV), para avaliar o crescimento folicular e a ovulação, bem como a taxa de prenhez após a IATF e a funcionalidade do CL 12 dias após a sincronização em búfalas, durante a estação reprodutiva desfavorável. Para tanto, foram realizados cinco experimentos. Nos experimentos 1, 2 e 4, os grupos foram estabelecidos em função da ciclicidade dos animais, avaliada pelas concentrações plasmáticas de progesterona mediante colheita de sangue por punção da veia jugular no D-10 e no D0. Nos experimentos 3 e 5, os grupos foram estabelecidos em função da condição corporal e da ordem de parto. Em todos os experimentos as búfalas receberam um DIV associado a 2mg de Benzoato de Estradiol (BE) no D0. No D9 o DIV foi retirado, e procedeu-se à administração de 0,150mg de prostaglandina (PGF). No experimento 1, as búfalas do G1 (Controle, n=9) e do G2 (eCG, n=10) receberam 1500UI de hCG no D11; o G2 recebeu também 500UI de eCG no D-9; a IATF foi realizada no D12. Nesse experimento, o diâmetro máximo do folículo dominante (DMFD) foi de 12,6 ± 3,0 e 13,4 ± 1,7mm para o G1 e o G2, respectivamente (P>0,05); o diâmetro do folículo ovulatório (DFO) foi de 14,9 ± 2,9 (G1) e de 14,0 ± 1,6mm (G2; P>0,05); o intervalo entre a retirada do DIV e a ovulação (IROV) foi de 78,0 ± 12 (G1) e 68,0 ± 9,0h (G2; P>0,05); a taxa de ovulação (TO) foi de 44,4 (G1) e 70,0% (G2; P> 0,05). A área do CL (ACL) foi de 31,6 ± 19,9 (G1) e de 29,9 ± 9,7mm2 (G2; P>0,05); a concentração plasmática de P4 (P4) foi de 1,3 ± 1,4 (G1) e 2,0 ± 1,6ng/ml (G2; P>0,05); a taxa de prenhez (TP) foi de 22,2 (G1) e 60% (G2; P=0,11). No experimento 2, as búfalas do G1 (1500 UI de hCG; n=21) e do G2 (1000UI de hCG; n=21) receberam 500UI de eCG no D9; no D11, o G1 recebeu 1500UI de hCG e o G2 1000UI de hCG. Os resultados desse experimento são relatados a seguir: DMFD de 12,4 ± 2,3 (G1) e 12,2 ± 2,5mm (G2; P>0,05); DFO de 12,6 ± 2,3 (G1) e 12,5 ± 2,7mm (G2; P>0,05); IROV de 67,7 ± 18,1 (G1) e 72,8 ± 16,7h (G2; P>0,05); TO de 67,7 (G1) e 67,7% (G2; P>0,05); ACL de 24,8 ± 9,2 (G1) e 28,3 ± 17,2mm2 (G2; P>0,05); P4 de 2,3 ± 1,4 (G1) e 2,4 ± 1,3ng/ml (G2; P>0,05). No experimento 3, os animais foram tratados de forma idêntica àqueles do experimento 2, porém as búfalas do G1 (n=83) e do G2 (n=91) receberam a IATF no D12. Nesse experimento, foi obtida TP de 53 (G1) e de 53,8% (G2; P>0,05). No Experimento 4, as búfalas do G1 (n=10) receberam 500UI e as do G2 (n=11) 400UI de eCG; os dois grupos receberam 1000UI de hCG no D11. Esse experimento teve como resultados: DMFD de 13,2 ± 1,4 (G1) e 13,8 ± 1,8mm (G2; P>0,05); DFO de 13,7 ± 1,1 (G1) e 14,2 ± 1,5mm (G2; P>0,05); IROV de 71,1 ± 11,7 (G1) e 75,0 ± 5,5h (G2; P>0,05); TO de 70,0 (G1) e 72,7% (G2; P>0,05); ACL de 28,4 ± 8,6 (G1) e 31,6 ± 10,3mm2 (G2; P>0,05); P4 de 2,7 ± 1,2 (G1) e 3,3 ± 2,9ng/ml (G2; P>0,05). No experimento 5 (G1/n=54; G2/n=51) foi adotado o mesmo protocolo do experimento 4, porém as búfalas receberam a IATF no D12. Esse experimento resultou em TP de 42,6 (G1) e 43,1% (G2; P>0,05). Assim, foi possível concluir que as concentrações de 400UI de eCG e de 1000UI de hCG, associadas ao DIV, foram suficientes para induzir o crescimento folicular, a ovulação e a prenhez em búfalas durante o período reprodutivo desfavorável. / Different dosage of eCG and hCG were compared in association to progesterone intravaginal device (IVD) in female buffalo during the off breeding season with the purpose of evaluating the follicular growing and ovulation as well as the pregnancy rate after FTAI and functionality of the CL, twelve days after the synchronization. For this, 5 experiments were done. For the establishments of the groups in the experiments 1,2 and 4 blood samples were collected for the analysis of plasmatic concentrations of P4 on D -10 and D0 to verify the cyclicity. In the experiments 3 and 5 the groups were established due body condition score and number of calving. In all the experiments the buffaloes received a IVD associated with 2mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) on D0. On D9 the IVD was extracted and it was followed by the administration of 0,150mg of prostaglandin (PGF). In the exp. 1 the buffaloes of G1 (control, n=9) and G2 (eCG, n=10) received 1500IU of hCG on D11. On G2 was administrated 500IU of eCG on D9. The FTAI was done on D12. The maximun diameter of dominant follicle (MDDF) was 12.6 ± 3.0 and 13.4 ± 1.7mm to the G1 and G2, respectively (P>0,05). The diameter of the ovulatory follicle (DOF) was 14.9 ± 2.9 (G1) and 14.0 ± 1.6mm (G2; P>0,05). The interval between the device withdrawn and ovulation (DWO) was 78.0 ± 12.0 (G1) and 68.0 ± 9.0h (G2; P>0,05). The ovulation rate (OR) was 44.4 (G1) and 70.0% (G2; P>0,05). The CL area (CLA) was 31.6 ± 19.9 (G1) and 29.9 ± 9.7mm2 (G2; P>0,05). The plasmatic concentration of P4 (P4) was 1.3 ± 1.4 (G1) and 2.0 ± 1.6ng/ml (G2; P>0,05). The pregnancy rate (PR) was 22.2 (G1) and 60% (G2; P=0,11). In the exp. 2 the buffalo females of G1 (1500IU of hCG; n=21) and G2 (1000IU of hCG; n=21) received 500IU of eCG on D9. On D11, G1 received 1500IU of hCG and G2 1000IU of hCG. The MDDF was 12.4 ± 2.3 (G1) and 12.2 ± 2.5mm (G2; P>0,05), the DOF was 12.6 ± 2.3 (G1) and 12.5 ± 2.7mm (G2; P>0,05), DWO was 67.7 ± 18.1 (G1) and 72.8 ± 16.7h (G2; P>0,05), the OR was 67.7 (G1) and 67.7% (G2; P>0,05), the CLA was 24.8 ± 9.2 (G1) and 28.3 ± 17.2mm2 (G2; P>0,05) and the P4 was 2.3 ± 1.4 (G1) and 2.4 ± 1.3ng/ml (G2; P>0,05). The exp. 3 was identical to exp.2, although the animals of G1 (n=83) and G2 (n=91) received the FTAI on D12. The PR was 53.0 (G1) and 53,8% (G2; P>0,05). In exp. 4, the animals of G1 (n=10) received 500IU and G2 (n=11) 400IU of eCG. Both groups received 1000IU of hCG on D11. The MDDF was 13.2 ± 1.4 (G1) and 13.8 ± 1.8mm (G2; P>0,05), the DOF was 13.7 ± 1.1 (G1) and 14.2 ± 1.5mm (G2; P>0,05), the DWO was 71.1 ± 11.7 (G1) and 75.0 ± 5.5h (G2; P>0,05), the OR was 70.0 (G1) and 72.7% (G2; P>0,05), the CLA was 28.4 ± 8.6 (G1) and 31.6 ± 10.3mm2 (G2; P>0,05) and the P4 was 2.7 ± 1.2 (G1) and 3.3 ± 2.9ng/ml (G2; P>0,05). In exp. 5 (G1/n=54; G2/n=51) was done the same protocol in the exp. 4, although the animals received the FTAI on D12. The PR was 42.6 (G1) and 43.1% (G2; P>0,05). Dosage of 400IU of eCG and 1000IU of hCG, associated to IVD for FTAI were enough to induce follicular growing, ovulation and pregnancy in buffalo females during the off breeding season.

A raspagem e o aplainamento radicular removem o cemento presente nesta área, o qual funcionaria como barreira de dentina contra a penetração de bactérias, toxinas e outros produtos vindos da superfície externa do dente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, in vitro, em dentes tratados endodonticamente, a resistência apresentada por diferentes materiais de cimentação na infiltração do azul de metileno, que poderia atravessar a dentina radicular, quando submetido a duas diferentes situações: a) raspagem e aplainamento do cemento radicular e b) remoção de cemento com pontas diamantadas. Para isso, utilizou-se 48 dentes humanos unirradiculares, cedidos pelo banco de dentes da FOUSP, tratados endodonticamente e preparados para receberem pinos. Estes foram modelados com resina acrílica para que, por meio de fundição, fossem obtidos os retentores intrarradiculares metálicos. Os dentes foram divididos em 4 grupos com 12 espécimes, e a cada um dos grupos, destinado um tipo de material diferente para a cimentação: Cimento de Zinco® (SS White, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil), Cimentos resinosos Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan), Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Alemanha) e Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, Estados Unidos). Após esse procedimento, delimitaram-se duas janelas na região cervical da raiz, sendo que num dos lados o cemento foi removido com uma ponta diamantada e no lado oposto, com 40 golpes de cureta Gracey 5-6 (Neumar, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil) paralelos ao longo eixo do dente. Exceto nas regiões instrumentadas, o dente foi impermeabilizado externamente e exposto à solução de azul de metileno a 1% e pH 7,2 durante 48 horas. As amostras foram desgastadas no sentido do longo eixo até o maior diâmetro do pino e a área impregnada pelo corante foi digitalizada e mensurada com o programa Imagelab®. A comparação da área impregnada pelo agente traçador na película dos cimentos, nos terços cervical e médio, revelou diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre si (p < 0,05). No lado em que a dentina foi removida com broca, houve diferença estatisticamente significante quando os três materiais adesivos foram comparados com o Cimento de Zinco (SS White, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil). Na comparação entre os cimentos resinosos houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<05) somente entre os cimentos Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan) e Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Alemanha) para o terço apical. Na superfície tratada com curetas periodontais, verificou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados (p < 0,05) apenas quando comparados o cimento Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Alemanha) com Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, Estados Unidos) para o terço cervical. Concluiu-se que para o tratamento com ponta diamantada, que os cimentos Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan), Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Alemanha) e Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, Estados Unidos) têm comportamento semelhante para os terços cervical e médio, diferindo apenas no terço apical. Já para o tratamento com curetas periodontais, os cimentos Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan), Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Alemanha) e Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, Estados Unidos) mostraram resultados similares para os terços médio e apical, diferindo apenas no terço cervical. / Scaling and root planning remove cementum present in this area, which would acts as a dentin barrier against penetration of bacterias, toxins and other products coming from the surface of the tooth. The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro endodontically treated teeth, the resistance of different materials to methylene blue, which could cross the root dentin when submitted to two different situations: a) scaling and root planning b) removal of cementum with drills. It was used 48 human uniradicular teeth, assigned by FOUSPs teeth bank and were endodontically treated and prepared to receive pins. These were modeled with an acrylic resin in order to obtain the metallic intraradicular posts. The teeth were divided into four groups with twelve specimens. Each one of the groups received a different material for cementing: Cement of Zinc® (SS White, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Panavia F® Resin Cements (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan), Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Germany) and Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, United States). After this procedure, it was delimited two windows in the cervical region of the root. One of the sides the cementum was removed with a diamond drill and on the other side, with 40 Gracey 5-6 curette strokes (Neumar, São Paulo, Brazil) parallel to the long axis of the tooth. Except on the instrumented regions, the tooth was externally sealed and exposed to a 1% methylen blue solution and pH 7.2 during 48 hours. The samples were scraped from the long axis until the largest post diameter. The impregnated area with the dye were scanned and measured with the Imagelab® program. The comparison between the impregnated area through the tracer agent on the cement film in the cervical and medium thirds revealed statistically significant differences (p<0,05). On the side where the dentin was removed with a drill, there was a statistically significant difference when the three adhesive materials were compared to the Zinc Cement (SS White, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). In the comparison between the resin cements there was a statistically significant difference (p<0,05) only between the cements: Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan) and Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Germany) for the apical third. On the surface treated with periodontal curettes, it was identified a meaningful statistical difference between the studied groups (p<0,05) only when compared the cements: Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Germany) with Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, United States) for the cervical third. The conclusion was that when the treatment uses a drill, the cements: Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan), Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Germany) and Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, United States) have similar behavior to the cervical and medium third. The unique difference comes from the apical third. On the other hand, the treatments using periodontal curettes, the cements Panavia F® (Kuraray, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan), Rely X U 100® (3M Dental, Seefeld, Germany) and Rely X Luting 2® (3M Dental, Sant Paul, United States) resulted in similar results for the medium and apical thirds, only differing on the cervical third.