Master of Arts / Department of History / Charles W. Sanders / On September 13, 1950, in a culmination of three years of efforts by organizations and individuals inside and outside the Harry S. Truman administration, 69 captured battle flags from the Mexican-American War were formally returned to the Mexican government at a ceremony in Mexico City. The events surrounding the return of flags to Mexico occurred in two distinct phases. The first was a small, secretive, and largely symbolic return of three flags conceived and carried out by high-ranking U.S. government officials in June 1947. The second large-scale, public return of the remaining flags in the custody of the War Department was initiated by the American Legion and enacted by the United States Congress. Despite their differences, both returns were heavily influenced by contemporary events, primarily the presidential election of 1948 and the escalation of the Cold War. Also, although the second return was much more extensive than the President originally intended, it was only through his full support that either return was accomplished. In the decades since 1950, historians have either ignored the return of Mexican battle flags or focused instead on Truman’s wreath laying at the monument to the niños héroes in Mexico City in March 1947. This study, for the first time, provides an in-depth description of the efforts to return captured Mexican battle flags and explains why these war trophies were returned while others have remained in the United States. The goal of this investigation is to present the efforts of the Truman administration for what they truly were: an unprecedented act of international friendship. Although the actions of the U.S. government and private organizations were partially influenced by self-interest and Cold War fears, their primary motivation was a sincere desire to erase the painful memories surrounding the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848 in an effort to improve future relations between the two countries. Many historians point to the Truman administration as the end of the Good Neighbor Policy toward Latin America. This study, however, argues that the return of captured Mexican battle flags represents the true pinnacle of the United States’ Good Neighbor Policy toward its southern neighbor.

Alexander A. Razborov (2007) developed the theory of flag algebras to compute the minimum asymptotic density of triangles in a graph as a function of its edge density. The theory of flag algebras, however, can be used to study the asymptotic density of several combinatorial objects. In this dissertation, we present two original results obtained in the theory of tournaments through application of flag algebra proof techniques. The first result concerns minimization of the asymptotic density of transitive tournaments in a sequence of tournaments, which we prove to occur if and only if the sequence is quasi-random. As a byproduct, we also obtain new quasi-random characterizations and several other flag algebra elements whose density is minimized if and only if the sequence is quasi-random. The second result concerns a class of equivalent properties of a sequence of tournaments that we call quasi-carousel properties and that, in a similar fashion as quasi-random properties, force the sequence to converge to a specific limit homomorphism. Several quasi-carousel properties, when compared to quasi-random properties, suggest that quasi-random sequences and quasi-carousel sequences are the furthest possible from each other within the class of almost balanced sequences. / Alexander A. Razborov (2007) desenvolveu a teoria de álgebras de flags para calcular a densidade assintótica mínima de triângulos em um grafo em função de sua densidade de arestas. A teoria das álgebras de flags, contudo, pode ser usada para estudar densidades assintóticas de diversos objetos combinatórios. Nesta dissertação, apresentamos dois resultados originais obtidos na teoria de torneios através de técnicas de demonstração de álgebras de flags. O primeiro resultado compreende a minimização da densidade assintótica de torneios transitivos em uma sequência de torneios, a qual provamos ocorrer se e somente se a sequência é quase aleatória. Como subprodutos, obtemos também novas caracterizações de quase aleatoriedade e diversos outros elementos da álgebra de flags cuja densidade é minimizada se e somente se a sequência é quase aleatória. O segundo resultado compreende uma classe de propriedades equivalentes sobre uma sequência de torneios que chamamos de propriedades quase carrossel e que, de uma forma similar às propriedades quase aleatórias, forçam que a sequência convirja para um homomorfismo limite específico. Várias propriedades quase carrossel, quando comparadas às propriedades quase aleatórias, sugerem que sequências quase aleatórias e sequências quase carrossel estão o mais distantes possível umas das outras na classe de sequências quase balanceadas.

O objetivo desta dissertação é refletir, analisar e apreender o sistema que envolveu o trabalho compulsório indígena na região do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, enfocando os sertões de Taubaté, no século XVII (período em que os espaços fronteiriços se alargam com o movimento das bandeiras paulistas de apresamento e mineração). Neste contexto surgem novas vilas e povoados (locais de abastecimento) ligando a região de São Paulo - Vale do Paraíba - Minas Gerais - Rio de Janeiro (via Parati) e o extermínio e escravidão de várias nações indígenas. Existem lacunas sobre o cotidiano dos colonos, religiosos e indígenas destas vilas. Os processos históricos e seus agentes serão estudados através de inventários, testamentos,cartas de alforrias, documentos diversos do Convento de Santa Clara referente ao período seiscentistas da vila de Taubaté, também serão pesquisados Atas da Câmara de Taubaté, Mapas e fontes secundárias que enriqueçam a pesquisa em questão. / The aim of this essay is to reflect, analise and understand the sistem which involved the mandatory indian work in the region of the Vale do Paraíba Paulista, focusing the backwoods of Taubaté, on the XVII century(period in which the boundaries expand with the moving of the paulistas flags of arrest and mining). In this context, many towns and villages (stock places) appeared, connecting the region of São Paulo Vale do Paraíba Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro (via Parati) and the extermination and slavery of many indian tribes. There are many gaps about the daily life of the settlers, religious people, and indians of these places. Most of the historic process and their principal agents will be studied by inventories, wills, letters of manumission ,several documents from the Santa Clara Monastery concerning the six hundredth period in the village of Taubaté , will also be discussed, as well as the Minutes of the Board of Taubaté, maps and secondary sources that enrich the research in question.

O objetivo desta dissertação é refletir, analisar e apreender o sistema que envolveu o trabalho compulsório indígena na região do Vale do Paraíba Paulista, enfocando os sertões de Taubaté, no século XVII (período em que os espaços fronteiriços se alargam com o movimento das bandeiras paulistas de apresamento e mineração). Neste contexto surgem novas vilas e povoados (locais de abastecimento) ligando a região de São Paulo - Vale do Paraíba - Minas Gerais - Rio de Janeiro (via Parati) e o extermínio e escravidão de várias nações indígenas. Existem lacunas sobre o cotidiano dos colonos, religiosos e indígenas destas vilas. Os processos históricos e seus agentes serão estudados através de inventários, testamentos,cartas de alforrias, documentos diversos do Convento de Santa Clara referente ao período seiscentistas da vila de Taubaté, também serão pesquisados Atas da Câmara de Taubaté, Mapas e fontes secundárias que enriqueçam a pesquisa em questão. / The aim of this essay is to reflect, analise and understand the sistem which involved the mandatory indian work in the region of the Vale do Paraíba Paulista, focusing the backwoods of Taubaté, on the XVII century(period in which the boundaries expand with the moving of the paulistas flags of arrest and mining). In this context, many towns and villages (stock places) appeared, connecting the region of São Paulo Vale do Paraíba Minas Gerais Rio de Janeiro (via Parati) and the extermination and slavery of many indian tribes. There are many gaps about the daily life of the settlers, religious people, and indians of these places. Most of the historic process and their principal agents will be studied by inventories, wills, letters of manumission ,several documents from the Santa Clara Monastery concerning the six hundredth period in the village of Taubaté , will also be discussed, as well as the Minutes of the Board of Taubaté, maps and secondary sources that enrich the research in question.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-09-09T17:08:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carvalho, José Rodrigues de - 2014..pdf: 4647786 bytes, checksum: 051ca2967704f75898b6ecbb9be4eb5a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-09T17:08:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carvalho, José Rodrigues de - 2014..pdf: 4647786 bytes, checksum: 051ca2967704f75898b6ecbb9be4eb5a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-14 / This paper aims to study faith experiences and practice; the pilgrims mobility and symbols in a religious territory, searching to understand their meanings in time and the sacred space construction at Romaria do Senhor do Bonfim (The Lord of Bonfim Pilgrimage) in Araguacema, Tocantins. This pilgrimage is what many other authors call the popular catholic manifestation; a branch of Christianity which means Catholicism in a peculiar way. This religious modality expresses through pilgrimage, traditions that spatialize in sanctuaries. Pilgrimages are places of substantiation of religious experiences, in which there are celebrations for the saints, or to other kind of hierophany, where territoriality and territories loaded with sacred symbols, result from a group of practices and rites turning the sanctuary meaningful for the religious being and for cultural geography. We made this research in four ample intersected moments which were accomplished by approaching with the object. On them we tried to read the imaginary landscape of the symbolic territories in pilgrims‘ oral representation. We got closer to them through bibliographical reading on the issue, trying to place it in Geography epistemological field. The idea was not to make a preconception on Pilgrimage, but to build up an approximation that could allow us to raise some questions about its origin, spatialities, relationship and interactions (territorialities) in the formation of a religious territory and a sacred space, since the symbolic practices of religiosity. The field work happened by participation observing with thick watching techniques, tapping, photographic, written and audio notes, conversation and interviews with the pilgrims and the family who ―owns‖ the saint. The socio-spatial trajectory of this family until there shows the saga of thousands of expropriated Brazilian people from the land searching for the ―Bandeiras Verdes‖ (―Green Flags‖). The relationship between the Pilgrims and the Saint Image at the pilgrimage time highlights the importance of the supernatural and symbolism in their lives. This relationship, together with their socio-spatial trajectories, leads them to practices and founding/transforming actions of territorialities and identities in pilgrimages. It is the territory (symbolic and social) that brings life to the Pilgrimage and turns it into a sacred space for the believers of ―Senhor do Bonfim‖ (―The Lord of Bonfim‖). The religious territorialities – producers of otherness relationship – make the pilgrims be a ―religious group‖, with somehow the same goals. This complicity provides more trustable and safe living relationship. The religious territories in the sacred space of the pilgrimage are different from refuge, tiny and patterned territories. The pilgrims‘ territories are the ones of trusting and closeness to thousands of other pilgrims who seek for solution for their immediate problems and spiritual transcendence. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar práticas e experiências da fé que envolve mobilidades de romeiros e símbolos em um território da religiosidade, buscando compreender seus significados na construção do tempo e do espaço sagrado na Romaria do Senhor do Bonfim em Araguacema, Tocantins. Essa Romaria configura-se no que diversos autores denominam de manifestação do catolicismo popular; uma vertente do cristianismo que significa a religiosidade de forma peculiar. Essa modalidade de religiosidade expressa por meio das romarias, tradições que se espacializam nos santuários. Romarias são lugares de substanciamento das experiências da religiosidade, nelas acontecem os festejos aos santos, ou a outros tipos de hierofanias, onde territorialidades e territórios, carregados de simbolismo sagrado, resultam de um conjunto de práticas e ritos tornando os santuários significativos para o ser religioso e para a geografia cultural. Realizamos a presente pesquisa em quatro amplos momentos interseccionados. Eles se efetivaram na aproximação com o objeto. Neles procuramos ler a paisagem imaginária dos territórios simbólicos nas representações orais dos romeiros. Complementamos a aproximação com leituras bibliográficas sobre o tema, procurando situá-lo no campo epistemológico da Geografia. A ideia não era formar uma preconcepção da Romaria, mas sim construir um avizinhamento que nos permitisse levantar algumas questões referentes à origem, as espacialidades, relações e interações (territorialidades) na formação do território religioso e do espaço sagrado, a partir das práticas simbólicas da religiosidade. O trabalho de campo foi realizado na forma de observação participante, com técnicas de observações densas, escutas, registros escritos, de áudio e fotográficos, conversas e entrevistas semiestruturadas (total de 63) com os romeiros e com a Família ―dona‖ do Santo. A trajetória sócioespacial dessa Família até ali, ilustra a saga de milhares de brasileiros expropriados da terra em busca das ―Bandeiras Verdes.‖ A relação dos romeiros com a Imagem do Santo no tempo na Romaria evidencia a importância do sobrenatural e do simbólico em suas vidas. Essa relação, conjugada com suas trajetórias sócioespaciais os levam às práticas e ações fundadoras e transformadoras de territorialidades e identidades na Romaria. É o território (simbólico e social) que vivifica a Romaria e o torna em um espaço sagrado na concepção dos fiéis do Senhor do Bonfim. As territorialidades religiosidade – produtoras de relações de alteridades - tornam os romeiros em um ―coletivo religioso‖, com finalidades mais ou menos comuns. Essa cumplicidade proporciona relações mais confiáveis e seguras de convivialidade. Os territórios religiosos inerentes ao espaço sagrado da Romaria diferem dos territórios refúgios, minúsculos e padronizados. Os territórios dos romeiros são os das relações de confiança e intimidade com milhares de outros romeiros que peregrinam em busca de soluções para seus problemas imediatos e da transcendência espiritual.

In this thesis, red flags for dangerousness/lethality established from domestic violence and homicide research provided the social framework for an examination of legal responses to violence in intimate heterosexual relationships. The research investigated these gendered, structural patterns of violence and the effectiveness of criminal justice interventions in keeping victims safe. Agency interactions with offenders and victims prior to women's deaths were reviewed in selected cases. Criminal law constructions of violence in intimate relationships were evaluated for their recognition and understanding of primary risk factors for dangerousness/lethality. The research found major red flags remain invisible in criminal law stereotypes of violence between intimates. The significance of these risk factors for dangerousness/lethality is therefore overlooked, misunderstood and even misrepresented in defence of violent offenders. Although the aim of the Domestic Violence Act 1995 is to ensure effective protection for victims, the study found a significant number of women (and sometimes other family members and children) experience further sub-lethal and lethal violence following legal interventions with perpetrators. Lacking a principled policy foundation, central focus on victim safety and clear framework for interventions, legal responses are internally incoherent and inconsistent with New Zealand Family Violence Prevention Strategy. The New Zealand government has committed to principled domestic violence intervention and consistency in law and policy. This will require: a) legislative reform; b) public and professional education on the dynamics of violent relationships, including the interrelationship between sublethal and lethal assaults; and c) monitoring of criminal justice interventions to improve accountability. Until this is accomplished, stories of abused women and their children, including informal attempts to seek help and contact with state and community agencies will continue to be dishonoured by a legal system which silences their voices and fails to learn lessons from their injuries and deaths.

Orientador: Bernadete Aparecida Caprioglio de Castro Oliveira / Banca: Paulo Roberto Teixeira de Godoy / Banca: Zeny Rosendahl / Resumo: Bandeiras e estandartes, escudos e brasões, hinos e canções não são simples composições artísticas e musicais idealizadas ao sabor dos caprichos e fantasias de poderosos reis, mandatários, governantes, países e regiões ao longo dos tempos. Ao contrário, esses símbolos refletem uma realidade histórica e, ao mesmo tempo, portam-se como uma crônica viva de um povo e de uma nação, sendo que nela também está embutido o espaço geográfico, suas influências e suas relações. Foi somente com a Constituição Republicana de 1891, que as províncias foram transformadas em Estados Federados e poderiam adotar de forma oficial, hinos, bandeiras e brasões, desde que não omitissem nesta hierarquia os símbolos nacionais; entretanto, o uso destes símbolos no Brasil já se fazia presente desde os primeiros séculos de colonização portuguesa. Ao se analisarem os símbolos estaduais brasileiros, encontram-se em suas estruturas semânticas e sintáticas fortes relações que envolvem representação da natureza, paisagem, lugar, economia, território e região. As conclusões deste trabalho apontam para o fato de que os hinos, as bandeiras e os brasões dos Estados brasileiros demonstram amplas possibilidades de pesquisa dentro da ciência geográfica, pois estes documentos simbólicos portam-se como "testemunhos" no espaçotempo, cujo caráter gráfico e narrativo revelou em suas múltiplas conexões com o geográfico uma nova perspectiva e possibilidade no que se refere à análise e desvendamento das formas culturais de representação espacial. / Abstract: Flags and banners, shields and coats of arms, anthems and songs are not simply artistic and musical compositions which were created due to the vanity or fantasies of powerful kings, dukes, rulers, governors, countries and regions throughout time. Instead, those symbols reflect a historical reality and not only they stand as an alive chronicle of a people and a nation, but also they represent the geographical space, its influences and its relationships. It was only after the Republican Constitution of 1891 that the provinces were transformed into Federated States and they could officially adopt anthems, flags and coats of arms, as long as they didn't omit, in this hierarchy, the national symbols. However, these symbols had been already used in Brazil since the first centuries of Portuguese colonization. This analysis of the Brazilian States symbols, as well as their semantic and syntactic structures, aimed to demonstrate the strong connections involving the representation of the nature, landscape, places, economy, territory and regions. The conclusion of this dissertation shows that anthems, flags and the coats of arms of Brazilian States demonstrate wide research possibilities in the geographical science because these symbolic documents stand as "testimonies" in space and time, whose graphic and narrative character has revealed in its multiple connections with the geographical; a new perspective and possibility regarding the analysis and unveiling of the cultural forms of spatial representation. / Mestre

Alexander A. Razborov (2007) developed the theory of flag algebras to compute the minimum asymptotic density of triangles in a graph as a function of its edge density. The theory of flag algebras, however, can be used to study the asymptotic density of several combinatorial objects. In this dissertation, we present two original results obtained in the theory of tournaments through application of flag algebra proof techniques. The first result concerns minimization of the asymptotic density of transitive tournaments in a sequence of tournaments, which we prove to occur if and only if the sequence is quasi-random. As a byproduct, we also obtain new quasi-random characterizations and several other flag algebra elements whose density is minimized if and only if the sequence is quasi-random. The second result concerns a class of equivalent properties of a sequence of tournaments that we call quasi-carousel properties and that, in a similar fashion as quasi-random properties, force the sequence to converge to a specific limit homomorphism. Several quasi-carousel properties, when compared to quasi-random properties, suggest that quasi-random sequences and quasi-carousel sequences are the furthest possible from each other within the class of almost balanced sequences. / Alexander A. Razborov (2007) desenvolveu a teoria de álgebras de flags para calcular a densidade assintótica mínima de triângulos em um grafo em função de sua densidade de arestas. A teoria das álgebras de flags, contudo, pode ser usada para estudar densidades assintóticas de diversos objetos combinatórios. Nesta dissertação, apresentamos dois resultados originais obtidos na teoria de torneios através de técnicas de demonstração de álgebras de flags. O primeiro resultado compreende a minimização da densidade assintótica de torneios transitivos em uma sequência de torneios, a qual provamos ocorrer se e somente se a sequência é quase aleatória. Como subprodutos, obtemos também novas caracterizações de quase aleatoriedade e diversos outros elementos da álgebra de flags cuja densidade é minimizada se e somente se a sequência é quase aleatória. O segundo resultado compreende uma classe de propriedades equivalentes sobre uma sequência de torneios que chamamos de propriedades quase carrossel e que, de uma forma similar às propriedades quase aleatórias, forçam que a sequência convirja para um homomorfismo limite específico. Várias propriedades quase carrossel, quando comparadas às propriedades quase aleatórias, sugerem que sequências quase aleatórias e sequências quase carrossel estão o mais distantes possível umas das outras na classe de sequências quase balanceadas.

Investment managers are entrusted with clients assets and should act with due care and diligence when dealing with it. The regulation of investment managers does not preclude the possibility that they can defraud their clients. The question posed by this research is whether the regulator can as part of its risk-based supervision methodology apply a fraud auditing approach to identify possible investment fraud schemes. The regulatory mandate and powers to pro-actively detect fraud is considered as well as the changes required to the regulator’s methodologies. / Dissertation (MPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Accounting / unrestricted

This thesis analyzes and demonstrates the similarities and differences between some of the national symbols of France and the United States. This includes the shared and borrowed aspects of each one and the ways in which each culture is reflected through, and built around them. The flags, national anthems, and several national icons such as France's Marianne and Uncle Sam are discussed. This analysis deals with the historical contexts and cultural meanings of the symbols, showing the changes each has undertaken in form and in national and international importance. Through the study of national symbols, this thesis reveals the similarities along with the differences between the two nations, which are often perceived as being highly dissimilar and even opposing in belief systems, cultures, and histories.