Η παρούσα Διατριβή Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης πραγματεύεται το ζήτημα της καμπτικής ενίσχυσης υποστυλωμάτων οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος υφισταμένων κατασκευών. Συγκεκριμένα, διερευνάται η αποτελεσματικότητα μίας νέας μεθόδου ενίσχυσης, η οποία συνίσταται στην επικόλληση υφάσματος ινοπλισμένων πολυμερών στις παρειές του μέλους, η αγκύρωση του οποίου πέραν της κρίσιμης διατομής εξασφαλίζεται με χρήση αγκυρίων μορφής θυσάνου ινών άνθρακα. Επιπλέον, και εξωτερικά των αγκυρίων, εφαρμόζεται τοπικός μανδύας συνθέτων υλικών. Για το σκοπό αυτό, διεξήχθησαν στο Εργαστήριο Μηχανικής και Τεχνολογίας Υλικών του τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών συνολικά πέντε πειραματικές δοκιμές επί υποστυλωμάτων πλήρους κλίμακας. Τα χρησιμοποιηθέντα δοκίμια ήταν υποστυλώματα τετραγωνικής διατομής τύπου προβόλου, με ύψος ίσο με το μισό ύψος τυπικού ορόφου, σχεδιασμένα με ανεπαρκείς λεπτομέρειες όπλισης. Ένα εξ αυτών ενισχύθηκε με τοπικό μανδύα στον πόδα του και υπεβλήθη σε δοκιμή ανακυκλιζόμενης πλευρικής μετακίνησης της κορυφής του, με ταυτόχρονη επιβολή σταθερού θλιπτικού αξονικού φορτίου. Στην ίδια ιστορία φόρτισης υπεβλήθησαν τρία ακόμα δοκίμια, ενισχυμένα σύμφωνα με την υπό διερεύνηση μέθοδο, μελετώντας την επιρροή του αριθμού των εφαρμοσθέντων αγκυρίων και της συνολικής ποσότητας των ινών τους στην αποτελεσματικότητα της μεθόδου. Τέλος, ένα δοκίμιο υπεβλήθη σε μονοτονική φόρτιση αυξανομένης πλευρικής μετακίνησης με ταυτόχρονη επιβολή σταθερού θλιπτικού αξονικού φορτίου, με σκοπό τη μελέτη της επίδρασης της ανακύκλισης της φόρτισης στην αποτελεσματικότητα της μεθόδου. Το σύνολο των χρησιμοποιηθέντων συνθέτων υλικών στο πειραματικό πρόγραμμα, συνίστατο από ίνες άνθρακα σε μήτρα εποξειδικής ρητίνης. Η παρούσα εργασία χωρίζεται σε επτά Κεφάλαια. Το πρώτο Κεφάλαιο αποτελεί την εισαγωγή της παρούσης διατριβής. Παρουσιάζονται οι λόγοι που καθιστούν αναγκαία την καμπτική ενίσχυση υποστυλωμάτων σημαντικού μέρους των υφισταμένων κατασκευών οπλισμένου σκυροδέματος, γίνεται σύντομη αναφορά στη χρήση των συνθέτων υλικών στο πεδίο των ενισχύσεων καθώς και στις μηχανικές ιδιότητες αυτών και τέλος γίνεται αναφορά στο αντικείμενο της παρούσης διατριβής. Στο δεύτερο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται το θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο της υπό διερεύνηση μεθόδου ενίσχυσης. Στο τρίτο Κεφάλαιο, συνοψίζονται στοιχεία από τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, σχετικά με προγενέστερες έρευνες που έχουν λάβει χώρα και που έχουν άμεση σχέση με το αντικείμενο της παρούσης διατριβής. Στο τέταρτο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται το πειραματικό πρόγραμμα που έλαβε χώρα, προκειμένου να αξιολογηθεί η αποτελεσματικότητα της υπό διερεύνηση μεθόδου και η επίδραση των διαφόρων παραμέτρων σε αυτήν. Στο πέμπτο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των διεξαχθέντων πειραματικών δοκιμών. Γίνεται παρουσίαση των πειραματικών αποτελεσμάτων για το σύνολο των δοκιμίων, σε διαγραμματική κατά κανόνα μορφή. Ακολουθεί συγκριτική παρουσίαση της συμπεριφοράς αυτών. Επίσης, γίνεται προσπάθεια, μέσω των πειραματικών καταγραφών, εκτίμησης των μέσων παραμορφώσεων αστοχίας των χρησιμοποιηθέντων αγκυρίων. Στο έκτο Κεφάλαιο, παρουσιάζεται μια προσπάθεια εκτίμησης των μέσων παραμορφώσεων αστοχίας των χρησιμοποιηθέντων αγκυρίων, μέσω των καταγεγραμμένων κατά τις πειραματικές δοκιμές ροπών αντίστασής των δοκιμίων, κάνοντας χρήση ενός υπολογιστικού εργαλείου, το οποίο αναπτύχθηκε από τον ίδιο το συγγράφοντα για το σκοπό αυτό. Τα εξαγχθέντα συμπεράσματα, εν συνεχεία, αξιολογούνται βάσει των πειραματικών καταγραφών. Στο έβδομο Κεφάλαιο, τέλος, το οποίο αποτελεί και τον επίλογο της παρούσης διατριβής, παρουσιάζονται συγκεντρωτικά τα εξαγχθέντα συμπεράσματα και γίνονται προτάσεις για μελλοντική έρευνα. Μέσω των διεξαχθέντων πειραματικών δοκιμών και της επεξεργασίας των αποτελεσμάτων αυτών, κατέστη σαφές πως η υπό διερεύνηση μέθοδος καμπτικής ενίσχυσης υποστυλωμάτων είναι επαρκώς αποτελεσματική, ώστε να αποτελέσει βιώσιμη λύση στο πεδίο των ενισχύσεων, σε περιπτώσεις που απαιτείται αύξηση της καμπτικής αντοχής υποστυλωμάτων χωρίς παράλληλη απαίτηση αύξησης της ικανότητας παραμόρφωσης αυτών, κυρίως λόγω της ευκολίας εφαρμογής της. / This master thesis presents the results of an experimental program aiming to study the behavior of RC columns under simulated seismic loading, strengthened in flexure (of crucial importance in capacity design) using Carbon Composite Anchors. The role of different parameters is examined, mostly by comparison of the lateral load versus displacement response characteristics. With proper design, it seems that column strength enhancement does not develop at the expense of low deformation capacity.

During the last four decades, fiber reinforced concrete has been increasingly used in structural applications. It is generally accepted that addition of steel fibers significantly increases tensile toughness and ductility, also slightly enhances the compressive strength. Although several studies have reported previously the favorable attributes of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), little general data is related to performance modeling. There are studies on the effect of fibers on compression, tension and shear behavior of concrete. As models proposed so far can, at best, describe only a few aspect of SFRC with a given type and amount of fibers, establishing simple and accurate generalized equations to describe the behavior of SFRC in tension, compression and shear that take into account the fiber type and content is essential. Therefore, a comprehensive experimental research on SFRC is conducted in University of Canterbury to develop generalized equations to represent the characteristics of SFRC. In this research, standard material tests of SFRC are carried out in tension, compression and shear to enable the parametric characterization and modeling of SFRC to be conducted. The tests are conducted using two different propriety fiber types (NovotexTM and DramixTM) with volumetric ratios ranging from 0 to 2 percent of the Novotex fibers and with 1 percent Dramix fibers. Compression tests are conducted on small and large cylinders. For characterization of tensile behavior, several different test methods are used including: direct tension of SFRC alone; SFRC with tension applied to an embedded longitudinal rebar; and flexural bending test. Similarly direct shear tests are conducted to investigate the additional shear resistance contributed by steel fibers. Variations in the results of different specimens are reconciled through normalization of stress and strain parameters. Based on the experimental results, empirical relations are derived for modeling and analysis of SFRC.

Prestressed hollow core slabs are essential components in structures such as bridges, parking garages, marine structures, and commercial and industrial buildings. Material degradation and altered functional requirements may seriously threaten the structural integrity of these reinforced concrete structures. Using FRP composites, the NSM strengthening technique presents a viable solution to these challenges. However, further investigation is required to establish comprehensive empirical design guidelines. The intent of this research project is to investigate the NSM technique in conjunction with common design concepts such as prestressed concrete, precast hollow core slabs, the complex behaviour of disturbed regions, and fiber-reinforced composite materials. An experimental program was developed, which included eleven full-scale slab specimens, subject to a four-point load configuration. The main parameters included the prestressing reinforcement ratio, CFRP strengthening ratio, and in-service opening location. Experimental results showed that prestressed concrete strengthened in flexure with NSM-CFRP is a viable technique for lower reinforcement ratios.

This thesis investigates the performance of GFRP pretensioned concrete slabs and compares their flexural behaviour with GFRP reinforced and steel prestressed concrete slabs. A total of 12 slabs were cast in this program. The slab mid-span deflections are theoretically predicted and the results indicate that the short-term response of GFRP prestressed concrete slabs can be predicted well by the existing methods. Long-term deflection behaviour has been estimated using the Age Adjusted Effective Modulus Method by incorporating three creep and shrinkage models. A large influence of creep and shrinkage models on the theoretical determination is observed and the use of long term multipliers is not suitable for GFRP prestressed concrete members. The slabs were instrumented for long-term monitoring using strain gauges and fibre-optic sensors. It was concluded that the electrical strain gauges can be successfully used for long-term strain monitoring.

The presented work aims to optimize the performance of piezoresistive cantilevers in cases where the output signal originates either from a static deflection of the cantilever or from the dynamic (resonance) characteristic of the beam. Based on a new stress concentration technique, which utilizes silicon beams and wires embedded in the cantilever, the force sensitivity of the cantilever is increased up to 8 fold with only about a 15% decrease in the cantilever stiffness. Moreover, the developed stress-concentrating cantilevers show almost the same resonance characteristic as conventional cantilevers. The focus of the second part of the present work is to provide guidelines for designing rectangular silicon cantilever beams to achieve maximum quality factors for the fundamental and higher flexural resonance at atmospheric pressure. The applied methodology is based on experimental data acquisition of resonance characteristics of silicon cantilevers, combined with modification of analytical damping models to match the measurement data. To this end, rectangular silicon cantilever beams with thicknesses of 5, 7, 8, 11 and 17 um and lengths and widths ranging from 70 to 1050 um and 80 to 230 um, respectively, have been fabricated and tested. To better describe the experimental data, modified models for air damping have been developed. Moreover, to better understand the damping mechanisms in a resonant cantilever system, analytical models have been developed to describe the cantilever effective mass in any flexural resonance mode. To be able to extract reliable Q-factor data for low signal-to-noise ratios, a new iterative curve fitting technique is developed and implemented. To address the challenge of frequency drift in (mass-sensitive) resonant sensors, and especially cantilever-based devices, the last part of the research deals with a novel compensation technique to cancel the unwanted environmental effects (e.g., temperature and humidity). This technique is based on exploring the resonance frequency difference of two flexural modes. Experimental data show improvements in temperature and humidity coefficients of frequency from -19.5 to 0.2 ppm/˚C and from 0.7 to -0.03 ppm/%RH, respectively. The last part of the work also aims on techniques to enhance or suppress the flexural vibration amplitude in desired overtones.

Until recently, the hot-rolled steel members have been recognized as the most popular and widely used steel group, but in recent times, the use of cold-formed high strength steel members has rapidly increased. However, the structural behavior of light gauge high strength cold-formed steel members characterized by various buckling modes is not yet fully understood. The current cold-formed steel sections such as C- and Z-sections are commonly used because of their simple forming procedures and easy connections, but they suffer from certain buckling modes. It is therefore important that these buckling modes are either delayed or eliminated to increase the ultimate capacity of these members. This research is therefore aimed at developing a new cold-formed steel beam with two torsionally rigid rectangular hollow flanges and a slender web formed using intermittent screw fastening to enhance the flexural capacity while maintaining a minimum fabrication cost. This thesis describes a detailed investigation into the structural behavior of this new Rectangular Hollow Flange Beam (RHFB), subjected to flexural action The first phase of this research included experimental investigations using thirty full scale lateral buckling tests and twenty two section moment capacity tests using specially designed test rigs to simulate the required loading and support conditions. A detailed description of the experimental methods, RHFB failure modes including local, lateral distortional and lateral torsional buckling modes, and moment capacity results is presented. A comparison of experimental results with the predictions from the current design rules and other design methods is also given. The second phase of this research involved a methodical and comprehensive investigation aimed at widening the scope of finite element analysis to investigate the buckling and ultimate failure behaviours of RHFBs subjected to flexural actions. Accurate finite element models simulating the physical conditions of both lateral buckling and section moment capacity tests were developed. Comparison of experimental and finite element analysis results showed that the buckling and ultimate failure behaviour of RHFBs can be simulated well using appropriate finite element models. Finite element models simulating ideal simply supported boundary conditions and a uniform moment loading were also developed in order to use in a detailed parametric study. The parametric study results were used to review the current design rules and to develop new design formulae for RHFBs subjected to local, lateral distortional and lateral torsional buckling effects. Finite element analysis results indicate that the discontinuity due to screw fastening has a noticeable influence only for members in the intermediate slenderness region. Investigations into different combinations of thicknesses in the flange and web indicate that increasing the flange thickness is more effective than web thickness in enhancing the flexural capacity of RHFBs. The current steel design standards, AS 4100 (1998) and AS/NZS 4600 (1996) are found sufficient to predict the section moment capacity of RHFBs. However, the results indicate that the AS/NZS 4600 is more accurate for slender sections whereas AS 4100 is more accurate for compact sections. The finite element analysis results further indicate that the current design rules given in AS/NZS 4600 is adequate in predicting the member moment capacity of RHFBs subject to lateral torsional buckling effects. However, they were inadequate in predicting the capacities of RHFBs subject to lateral distortional buckling effects. This thesis has therefore developed a new design formula to predict the lateral distortional buckling strength of RHFBs. Overall, this thesis has demonstrated that the innovative RHFB sections can perform well as economically and structurally efficient flexural members. Structural engineers and designers should make use of the new design rules and the validated existing design rules to design the most optimum RHFB sections depending on the type of applications. Intermittent screw fastening method has also been shown to be structurally adequate that also minimises the fabrication cost. Product manufacturers and builders should be able to make use of this in their applications.

Masters Research - Master of Philospohy (MPhil) / It has been shown that masonry material properties, in particular, unit flexural bond strength (ft), vary significantly throughout masonry structures, despite the fact that often only one type of brick and mortar are used. Unit flexural bond strength was previously identified as one of the most important material parameters contributing to the strength of clay brick unreinforced masonry (URM) walls in flexure. It was the objectives of this research, in the context of clay brick URM walls subject to vertical bending, to examine how unit flexural bond strength varied spatially in a clay brick URM wall, determine a best fit probability distribution function which can describe expected variability in unit flexural bond strength and determine how this variability and other factors affect wall behaviour and failure load using 3D non-linear finite element analysis (FEA). It was hoped that modelling a full sized clay brick URM wall subject to vertical bending using a 3D non-linear FEA model would more accurately predict wall failure load (compared to current analytical methods) and allow the examination of crack pattern development as the wall progresses to failure upon being laterally loaded. The first part of the research project was to conduct an experimental program to examine unit-to-unit spatial strength correlation within six full sized clay brick URM walls and to characterise a unit flexural bond strength probability distribution. It was observed that although weak correlation in unit flexural bond strength exists in some courses and between courses, these locations were difficult to predict and didn����t follow any particular pattern relating to for example, mortar batch. Therefore, although somewhat counter-intuitive, the results indicate that statistically significant correlation between adjacent unit flexural bond strengths is not likely to be observed. It was also observed that clay brick wall unit flexural bond strengths obtained for all of the walls tested best fit a truncated Normal probability distribution. Strength of the brick/mortar interface appeared to be governed by factors relating to workmanship (and therefore mortar quality and moisture content), weather (which can affect material characteristics like brick suction rate) and inherent material variability. It would appear that brick suction rate can significantly affect the overall strength of a URM wall. v Stochastic analysis was conducted for walls with and without uncorrelated spatial variability in unit flexural bond strength and associated tensile fracture energy (GfI ). It was found that the TNO DIANA 9.2 FEA package could be used to implement spatial variability of various material parameters and reasonably accurately model failure of clay brick URM walls in vertical bending. From the non-linear FEA model development stage, it was observed that because the brick/mortar bond has significantly more strength capacity in compression, it appears that the lateral load resistance of the wall comes from a combination of the ability of the brick/mortar bond to tensile soften while providing significant compressive resistance at the compressive edge. It was found for a spatial stochastic analysis with spatial variability in bond strength (referred to from now on as a spatial stochastic analysis), with COVs of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5, that COV of wall failure loads were relatively small, being 0.02, 0.04 and 0.06 respectively. For the non-spatially varying stochastic analysis with fully correlated bond strength (now referred to as non-spatial stochastic analysis), with COVs of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5, COV of wall failure loads were 0.07, 0.20 and 0.32 respectively. For the spatial stochastic analysis, it was found that with a bond strength COV increase from 0.1 to 0.5 the mean wall failure load dropped from 2.25 kPa to 2.0 kPa (an 11% reduction). Despite the relatively small drop in magnitude of the mean wall failure load with increase in bond strength COV, the mean wall failure loads were statistically different to one another. For the non-spatial stochastic analysis, mean failure load stayed relatively constant at 2.24-2.25 kPa. These results could be explained by examining the 3D wall progression to failure. For walls with spatial variability in bond strength, it is expected that wall failure load COVs would be smaller because those walls would consistently be composed of smaller valued bond strengths which would consistently contribute to weakness in the wall. For the non-spatial wall simulations, this effect would not occur as failure load is determined by one uniform weak or strong bond strength. It was proposed that failure of a clay brick URM wall is not governed by one course only cracking, but rather, instability in the wall is governed by several courses in the vicinity of locations of large bending moment. It was shown that various current stochastic approximations which employ a unit failure hypotheses in combination with a linear/elastic approximation for first cracking load all underestimated wall capacity significantly. The reason for this is suggested as being vi because all hypotheses only assume failure is governed by one course and linear/elastic theory only considers the tensile capacity of a joint and neglects strength capacity available as a result of joint tension softening and the resistance to failure provided by compressive strength on the compression side of the wall. The hypotheses also don’t take into consideration factors which affect overall wall bond strength mean which result from influences such as workmanship, weather and material variability factors, such as (for example), variation in brick suction rate due to weather conditions which can make the overall strength of the wall stronger or weaker. Based upon a comparison in wall failure load COV for the spatial and non-spatial stochastic wall analysis results, a more realistic approach for future modelling attempts of spatial variability in masonry material properties is suggested. This would address the issue of external factors such as workmanship and weather on the overall strength of the wall, as well as the inherent bond strength variability due to material variability. For walls with spatial variability in bond strength, upon examination of numerous wall simulation results, several crack patterns were witnessed and are discussed.

The focus of this study is aimed at the traditional building material; clay, together withsheep’s wool to act as reinforcement. The combination of the two materials created thebasis for an alternative board material. Soil-based building materials were used to alarge extent in the past. The oldest clay houses found were built as early as 8000 yearsBC. During the Middle Ages in Central Europe, soil and clay were used as fillers in timberframe structures. As new building materials evolved, clay based building methodshave suffered a more secluded position in the western world. New building materialshave caused the characteristics of traditional building materials to be forgotten. Sheep’swool, unlike clay, has previously not been classified as a building material, but ismostly used for textiles. Sheep are bred generally for two purposes; meat productionand wool production. The wool that comes from sheep that are in the meat productionbecomes a by-product that is usually reckoned as waste.The study presented below involves a product development of a board material containingclay and sheep’s wool. Nine different compositions were made in different series.Focus on the three different series was places on variety of sheep’s wool, amountof sheep’s wool and the viscosity of the clay. The manufacturing of the product wasmade by hand with own thought out and manufactured aids.The lack of aggregated material properties complicates the use of clay and sheep’swool. A performance based declaration and the CE marking of a product are requiredfor a building material to become an accepted product in the construction market.Building engineering research was carried out in the laboratory environment, and basedon standardized methods calculations were made on the Clay-wool board such as flexuralstrength, vapour permeability, thermal conductivity, fire resistance and practicaluse.The result shows that the Clay-wool board is comparable to other board materials. Thetechnical characteristics of the Clay-wool board regarding flexural strength reportedvalues between 118 N and 550 N, depending on the composition of clay and wool. Allthe boards showed that the point of breaking was viscous, since the wool held the clayslabs together. When calculation vapour permeability, the result showed values between2,289 x 106 m2/s and 3,571 x 106 m2/s.The thermal conductivity was measured on one single board, the one containing thelargest amount of wool, where the value was established to 0,218 W/m*K. It was noticedthat the thermal conductivity increased when wool was clay–dipped. / Denna studie fokuserar på det traditionella byggmaterialet lera tillsammans medfårull som ska agera som armering. Kombinationen av de två materialen skapadegrunden för ett alternativt skivmaterial. Jordbaserade byggmaterial användes förri tiden i stor utsträckning. De äldsta lerhusen som hittats är byggda så tidigt sompå 8000 – talet f.Kr. I medeltidens Centraleuropa användes jord och lera till utfackningari ramverkskonstruktioner av trä. I takt med att nya byggmaterial utvecklatsfick lerbaserade byggmetoder en undanskymd ställning i västvärlden.Nya byggmaterial har gjort att det traditionella byggmaterialets egenskaper generellthar glömts bort. Fårull har tidigare inte klassats som ett byggmaterial, liktlera, utan används till största del till textilier. Får avlas generellt för två syften;köttproduktion och ull produktion. Ullen som kommer från får i köttproduktionenblir en biprodukt som vanligen räknas som avfall.Studien som presenteras omfattar en produktutveckling av ett skivmaterial innehållandelera och fårull. Nio olika kompositioner gjordes i tre olika serier. Fokuspå de tre olika serier lades på fårullssort, ullmängd och lerviskositet. Tillverkningav lerullsskivorna gjordes för hand med egna uttänkta och tillverkade hjälpmedel.Bristen på sammanställda materialegenskaper komplicerar användningen av leraoch fårull. Det krävs en prestandadeklaration och CE-märkning av en vara för attett byggmaterial ska bli en accepterad produkt på byggmarknaden. Byggnadstekniskforskning gjordes i laboratorisk miljö och utifrån standardiserade metoderhar beräkningar gjorts på lerullskivorna gällande, böjhållfasthet, ånggenomsläpplighet,värmekonduktivitet, brandtålighet samt praktisk användning.Resultatet visar på att lerullsskivan är jämförbar med andra skivmaterial. Lerullsskivornastekniska egenskaper gällande böjhållfasthet redovisade värden mellan118 N och 550 N, beroende på komposition av lerullsskiva. Alla skivor visade påsega brott, eftersom ullen höll ihop lerullsskivorna. Vid beräkning av ångpermeabilitetvisade resultaten på värden mellan 2,289 x 106 m2/s och 3,571 x 106m2/s. Värmeledningsförmågan beräknades endast på lerullsskivan med störstmängd ull, där värdet blev 0,218 W/m*K. Det uppdagades att värmeledningsförmåganökade när ullen dränktes i lervälling.

[pt] Em virtude de sua eficiência, elementos estruturais de paredes finas com seções abertas são comuns em estruturas de aço, sendo secção em I, L, C e T usuais na prática de engenharia. A maior parte das vigas de parede fina tem uma boa resistência à flexão em relação ao eixo principal de inércia, mas uma baixa rigidez à flexão em relação ao eixo de menor inércia e uma baixa rigidez em torção. É por isso que estes elementos apresentam em geral uma instabilidade que leva a um acoplamento de flexo-torção. Muitas destas estruturas trabalham em um regime não linear e uma formulação não linear que leve em conta grandes deslocamentos e os acoplamentos inerentes é necessária. Neste trabalho um modelo não linear para vigas de seção aberta e paredes finas, considerando grandes deslocamentos, os efeitos de encurtamento e acoplamentos em flexão e torção é adotado. Inicialmente um estudo das frequências naturais, das cargas críticas e da relação frequência-carga axial é apresentado para diversos perfis. Com base nestes resultados, faz-se um estudo detalhado do comportamento dinâmico não linear destes perfis destacando o efeito do acoplamento não linear na região de ressonância e sua influência na estabilidade dinâmica da estrutura. Para isto são usadas diversas ferramentas de dinâmica não linear, tais como diagramas de bifurcação, respostas no tempo e plano de fase e bacias de atração. Os resultados mostram que a consideração dos acoplamentos não lineares é essencial para se avaliar o nível de segurança destas estruturas. / [en] Due to its efficiency, thin-walled structural elements with open sections, such as I, L, C and Z profiles, are common in steel structures, being usual in engineering applications. Most thin-walled beams have a good flexural strength around of the principal axis of inertia, but a low one around the axis of lower inertia as well as low torsional stiffness. That is why these elements, generally, show instabilities that lead to flexural torsional coupling. Many of these structures do not work in a linear range and a non-linear formulation that takes into account large displacements and associated couplings is required. This dissertation presents a nonlinear model for extensional beams with thin-walled open section, considering large displacements, and flexural-torsional couplings. Initially a study of the natural frequencies, critical load and axial load vs. frequency relation is presented for different profile kinds. Based on these results, a detailed study of the dynamic behavior of non-linear profiles is made, highlighting the effect of non-linear coupling in the resonance region and its influence on the dynamic stability of the structure. For this, various tools of nonlinear dynamics are used, such as bifurcation diagrams, time histories and phase-space portraits and basins of attraction. The results show that the consideration of non-linear couplings is essential to availed the safety level of these structures.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar pinos pré-fabricados de fibra de vidro (White Post DC/FGM) submetidos à customização por desgaste da porção apical. Experimento 1: 5 pinos n. 4 foram divididos em 5 grupos (G) de acordo com o instrumento de desgaste: GA - sem desgaste, GB- mini torno industrial (Dentsply), GC - ponta diamantada n. 3195F (KG Sorensen), GD - disco de lixa de granulação média (Sof-Lex/3M/ESPE), GE- alicate (Tramontina). Observou-se a micromorfologia dos pinos em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (ZEISS/DSM 960). Experimento 2: 60 pinos de diferentes diâmetros foram divididos em 6 grupos: G0 - pinos n. 0,5, G1 - pinos n. 1, G2 - pinos n. 2, G3 - pinos n. 3, G4 - pinos n.4, G5 - pinos n. 4 com terço apical desgastado com discos de lixa até o equivalente ao terço apical dos pinos n. 2. Os pinos foram submetidos ao teste de flexão de 3 pontos na máquina de ensaios universal (Instron 5500 R), conforme ISO 10477. Experimento 3: 20 caninos humanos permanentes sofreram tratamento endodôntico e remoção das coroas clínicas padronizando 15 mm de remanescente radicular. Os dentes foram incluídos em resina acrílica com simulação do ligamento periodontal, receberam férula de 2 mm e foram divididos em 2 grupos: GI - pinos n. 4 cimentados em condutos preparados com broca equivalente ao pino (FGM), GII - pinos n. 4 customizados no terço apical cimentados em condutos preparados com brocas (FGM) equivalentes aos pinos n. 2 em 10 mm e n. 4 em 5 mm. Os pinos foram cimentados com cimento resinoso (Rely X U100/3M/ESPE), os corpos de prova receberam coroas diretas de resina composta (Enforce Core/Dentsply) padronizadas com coras de policarbonato (TDV) e foram submetidos ao teste de resistência à fratura na Instron a 45da ferramenta cilíndrica, com força de 500 N aplicada a 2 mm da incisal na face palatina/lingual, com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min até falha. O padrão de fratura foi classificado em favorável ou desfavorável. Os resultados foram tratados estatisticamente por teste de análise de variância (ANOVA, p<0,05). Os resultados dos testes de flexão e fratura foram respectivamente: G0 - 58,406,40; G1 - 83,959,43; G2- 103,4219,17; G3 - 160,7817,30; G4 - 170,4711,28; G5 - 106,3521,96; GI - 303,0262,21 e GII - 402,81131,97. O padrão de fratura foi tratado por Mann-Whitney que observou semelhança estatística entre os grupos. Concluiu-se que o desgaste de pinos de fibra de vidro com pontas diamantadas ou discos de lixa produz alterações micromorfológicas aceitáveis. O corte com alicate deve ser evitado. A customização por desgaste da porção apical de pinos de fibra de vidro diminui a resistência à flexão a valores aceitáveis. Dentes restaurados com pinos de fibra de vidro customizados por desgaste possuem resistência à fratura superior a dentes restaurados com pinos intactos. A customização por desgaste facilita a adaptação do pino ao conduto radicular e preserva a estrutura dental. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate fibre posts (White Post DC/FGM) submitted to customization of the apical portion. Experiment 1: 5 #4 posts were divided into five groups (G) and submitted to different custom adaptation treatments: GA no surface treatment, GB- industrial shaping tool (Dentsply), GC- #3195 fine diamond bur (KG Sorensen), GD- medium-grain paper discs (Sof-Lex/3M/ESPE), GE pliers (Tramontina). The micromorphology of the posts was observed in a scanning electron microscope (ZEISS/DSM 960). Experiment 2: 60 posts of different diameters were divided into six groups: G0 #0.5 posts, G1 #1 posts, G2 #2 posts, G3 - #3 posts; G4 - #4 posts and G5 #4 posts submitted to custom adaptation of the apical portion with paper discs until the diameter was equivalent to #2 posts. The posts were submitted to a 3 point bending test in a universal testing machine (Instron/5500 R), according to ISO 10477. Experiment 3: 20 freshly extracted permanent healthy human canines with similar size were endodontically treated and the crowns were removed, leaving a remaining root length of 15 mm. The teeth were embedded in acrylic resin with simulation of the periodontal ligament, received a 2 mm ferule and were divided into two groups: G1- 10 #4 posts were cemented into post spaces prepared with #4 drill (FGM) at 10 mm, G2 - 10 #4 customized posts were cemented into root spaces prepared with #2 drill (FGM) at 10 mm and #4 drill (FGM) at 5 mm. The posts were cemented with resin cement (Rely X U100/3M/ESPE), and the teeth received direct crowns of composite resin (Enforce Core/Dentsply), standardized with polycarbonate crowns (TDV). The fracture strength was measured on an Instron, at 45 degrees to the long axis of the tooth, until fracture. The 500 N cylindrical load was applied to the buccal/lingual axis 2 mm below the incisal line, at crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The fracture pattern was observed and classified as favorable or unfavorable. The results were submitted to ANOVA (p<0.05). Flexural strength and resistance to fracture data were, respectively: G0 58.40+6.40; G1 83.95+9.43; G2 103.42+19.17; G3 160.78+17.30; G4- 170.47+11.28; G5 106.35+21.96;GI 303.02+62.21 and GII 402.81+131.97. Fracture patterns were statistically similar according to Mann-Whitney test. It was concluded that customization of fibre posts with diamond burs or paper discs produces acceptable micromorphological changes. The cut of the post with pliers should be avoided. Grounding of the apical portion of fibre posts reduces the flexural strength to acceptable values. Teeth restored with grounded fiber posts have grater fracture strength than teeth restored with intact posts. Grounding of the post facilitates adaptation to root walls and preserves tooth structure.