<p>In this thesis an experimental method to calculate cohesive characteristics for an adhesive layer in a End Notched Flexure (ENF) specimen is presented and evaluated. The method is based on the path independent J-integral where the energy release rate (ERR) for the adhesive is derived as a function of the applied forces and the rotational displacements at the loading point and at the supports of the specimen. The major advantage with the method in comparison with existing theory known by the job initiator is that it is still applicable with ENF specimens that are subjected to yielding of the adherends.</p><p>The structure of this thesis is disposed so that the theory behind the J-integral method is shortly described and then an evaluation of the method is performed by aid of finite element simulations using beam and cohesive elements. The finite element simulations indicates that the ERR can be determined with good accuracy for an ENF specimen where a small scale yielding of the adherends has occurred. However when a fully cross sectional yielding of the adherends is reached the ERR starts diverging from the exact value and generates a too high ERR according to input data in the simulations, i.e. the exact values. The importance in length of the adhesive process zone is also shown to be irrelevant to the ERR measured according to the J-integral method.</p><p>Simulation performed with continuum elements indicates that a more reality based FE- simulation implies a higher value of the applied load in order to create crack propagation. This is an effect of that the specimen is allowed to roll on the supports which makes the effective length between the supports shorter than the initial value when the specimen is deformed. This results in a stiffer specimen and thus a higher applied force is needed to create crack propagation in the adhesive layer.</p><p>An experimental set up of an ENF specimen is created and the sample data from the experiments are evaluated with the J-integral method. For measuring the rotational displacements of the specimen which are needed for the J-integral equation an image system is developed by the author and validated by use of linear elastic beam theory. The system calculates the three rotational displacements of the specimen by aid of images taken by a high resolution SLR camera and the system for measuring the rotations may also be used in other applications than for a specific ENF geometry. The validation of the image system shows that the rotations calculated by the image system diverge from beam theory with less than 2.2 % which is a quite good accuracy in comparison with the accuracies for the rest of the used surveying equipment.</p><p>The results from the experiment indicates that the used, about 0.36 mm thick SikaPower 498, adhesive has an maximum shear strength of 37.3 MPa and a critical shear deformation of 482 µm. The fracture energy is for this thickness of the adhesive is determined as 12.9 kJ/m².</p><p>This report ends with a conclusion- and a suggested future work- chapter.</p>

<p>A research group at University of Skövde has developed an interphase element for implementation in the commercial FE-software Abaqus. The element is using the Tvergaard & Hutchinson cohesive law and is implemented in Abaqus Explicit version 6.7 using the VUEL subroutine. This bachelor degree project is referring to evaluate the interphase element and also highlight problems with the element.</p><p>The behavior of the interphase element is evaluated in mode I using Double Cantilever Beam (DCB)-specimens and in mode II using End Notch Flexure (ENF)-specimens. The results from the simulations are compared and validated to an analytical solution.</p><p>FE-simulations performed with the interphase element show very good agreement with theory when using DCB- or ENF-specimens. The only exception is when an ENF-specimen has distorted elements.</p><p>When using explicit finite element software the critical time step is of great importance for the results of the analyses. If a too long time step is used, the simulation will fail to complete or complete with errors. A feasible equation for predicting the critical time step for the interphase element has been developed by the research group and the reliability of this equation is evaluated.</p><p>The result from simulations shows an excellent agreement with the equation when the interphase element governs the critical time step. However when the adherends governs the critical time step the equation gives a time step that is too large. A modification of this equation is suggested.</p>

Three studies on Cordilleran foreland basin deposits in the western U.S.A. constitute this dissertation. These studies differ in scale, time and discipline. The first two studies include basin analysis, flexural modeling and detailed stratigraphic analysis of Upper Cretaceous depocenters and strata in the western U.S.A. The third study consists of detrital zircon U-Pb analysis (DZ U-Pb) and thermochronology, both zircon (U-Th)/He and apatite fission track (AFT), of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous foreland-basin conglomerates and sandstones. Five electronic supplementary files are a part of this dissertation and are available online; these include 3 raw data files (Appendix_A_raw_isopach_data.txt, Appendix_C_DZ_Data.xls, Appendix_C_UPb_apatite.xls), 1 oversized stratigraphic cross section (Appendix_B_figure_5.pdf), and 1 figure containing apatite U-Pb concordia plots (Appendix_C_Concordia.pdf). Appendix A. Subsidence in the retroarc foreland of the North American Cordillera in the western U.S.A. has been the focus of a great deal of research, and its transition from a flexural foreland basin, during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, to a dynamically subsided basin during the Late Cretaceous has been well documented. However, the exact timing of the flexural to dynamic transition is not well constrained, and the mechanism has been consistently debated. In order to address the timing, I produced new isopach maps from ~130 well log data points that cover much of Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and northern New Mexico, producing in the process, the most detailed isopach maps of the area. These isopach maps span the Turonian to mid-Campanian during the Late Cretaceous (~93–76 Ma). In conjunction with the isopach maps I flexurally modeled the Cordilleran foreland basin to identify when flexure can no longer account for the basin geometry and identified the flexural to dynamic transition to have occurred at 81 Ma. In addition, the dynamic subsidence at 81 Ma is compared to the position of the hypothesized Shatsky Oceanic Plateau and other proposed drivers of dynamic subsidence. I concluded that dynamic subsidence is likely caused by convection over the plunging nose of the Shatsky Oceanic Plateau. Appendix B. The second study is a detailed stratigraphic study of the Upper Cretaceous, (Campanian, ~76 Ma) Sego Sandstone Member of the Mesaverde Group in northwestern Colorado, an area where little research has been done on this formation. Its equivalent in the Book Cliffs area in eastern Utah has been rigorously documented and its distal progradation has been contrastingly interpreted as a result of active tectonism and shortening in the Cordilleran orogenic belt ~250 km to the west and to tectonic quiescence, flexural rebound in the thrust belt and reworking of proximal coarse grained deposits. I documented ~17 km of along depositional dip outcrops of the Sego Sandstone Member north of Rangely, Colorado. This documentation includes measured sections, paleocurrent analysis, a stratigraphic cross section, block diagrams outlining the evolution of environments of deposition through time, and paleogeographic maps correlating northwest Colorado with the Book Cliffs, Utah. The sequence stratigraphy of the Sego Sandstone Member in northwest Colorado is similar to that documented in the Book Cliffs area to the south-southwest, sharing three sequence boundaries. However, flood-tidal delta assemblages between fluvio-deltaic deposits that are present north of Rangely, Colorado are absent from the Book Cliffs area. These flood-tidal-delta assemblages are likely caused by a large scale avulsion event in the Rangely area that did not occur or was not preserved in the Book Cliffs area. In regards to tectonic models that explain distal progradation of the 76 Ma Sego Sandstone Member to be caused by tectonic quiescence and flexural rebound in the thrust belt, the first study shows that at 76 Ma, flexural processes were no longer dominant in the Cordilleran foreland, so it is inappropriate to apply models driven by flexure to the Sego Sandstone Member. Dynamic processes dominated the western U.S.A. during the Campanian, and flexural processes were subordinate. Appendix C. In order to test the tectonic vs. anti-tectonic basin-filling models for distal coarse foreland deposits mentioned above, the third study involves estimating lag times of Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous conglomerates and sandstones in the Cordilleran foreland basin. Measuring lag time requires a good understanding of both the stratigraphic age of a deposit and the thermal history of sedimentary basin. To further constrain depositional age, I present twenty-two new detrital zircon U-Pb (DZ U-Pb) sample analyses, spanning Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous stratigraphy in Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and South Dakota. Source exhumation ages can be measured using thermochronology. To identify a thermochronometer that measures source exhumation in the North America Cordillera, both zircon (U-Th)/He, on eleven samples, and apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology, on eleven samples was performed. Typically, the youngest cooling age population in detrital thermochronologic analyses is considered to be a source exhumation signal; however, whether or not these apatites are exhumed apatites or derived from young magmatic and volcanic sources has been debated. To test this, I double dated the detrital AFT samples, targeting apatites with a young cooling age, using U-Pb thermochronology. Key findings are that the maximum depositional ages using DZ U-Pb match existing biostratigraphic and geochronologic age controls on basin stratigraphy. AFT is an effective thermochronometer for Lower to Upper Cretaceous foreland stratigraphy and indicates that source material was exhumed from >4–5 km depth in the Cordilleran orogenic belt between 118 and 66 Ma, and zircon (U-Th)/He suggests that it was exhumed from <8–9 km depth. Double dating apatites (with AFT and U-Pb) indicate that volcanic contamination is a significant issue; without having UPb dating of the same apatite grains, one cannot exclude the possibility that the youngest detrital AFT population is contaminated with significant amounts of volcanogenic apatite and does not represent source exhumation. AFT lag-times are 0 to 5 Myr with relatively steady-state to slightly increasing exhumation rates. We compare our data to orogenic wedge dynamics and subsidence histories; all data shows active shortening and rapid exhumation throughout the Cretaceous. Our lag-time measurements indicate exhumation rates of ~.9–>>1 km/Myr.

Hollow-core flooring units are designed as simply supported members. However, frequently in construction, continuity is established between the units and supporting structure by the addition of insitu topping concrete and steel reinforcement. This change in structural form can result in negative bending moments and axial forces being induced in the floor by seismic and other structural actions. Significant negative moments are induced by load combinations that include the effects of seismic forces due to vertical ground motion. The focus of this research was two failure mechanisms possible under these loading conditions, a flexural failure and a shear failure. Both failure mechanisms were investigated analytically and experimentally. A brittle flexural failure was observed experimentally in a sub assembly test that contained starter bars and mesh reinforcement in the insitu topping concrete. The failure occurred at loads lower than those predicted using standard flexural theory. It appears that, due to the prestressing and low reinforcement ratio of the topping concrete, the assumption that plane sections remain plane is not appropriate for this situation. It is proposed that a strain concentration factor be introduced to account for the effects of tension stiffening. This factor improves the correlation between observed and predicted flexural strength. The second failure mode investigated was a flexure shear failure in a negative moment zone. Flexural cracks reduce the shear strength of a reinforced concrete member. Analytical predictions suggest that some hollow-core floor details could be prone to this type of brittle failure. A flexure shear failure was not observed experimentally; however, this does not eliminate the possibility of this failure mode. A summary of other failure mechanisms possible in hollow-core flooring is also presented. All failure modes should to be considered as part of establishing a hierarchy of failure in the design or retrofit of hollow-core floors.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2010. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed June 30, 2010). Additional advisors: R. Michael Banish, Derrick R. Dean, Nasim Uddin, Uday K. Vaidya. Includes bibliographical references (p. 197-202).

Orientador: Armando Lopes Moreno Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T20:38:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AugustoOttoniBuenoda_M.pdf: 16909483 bytes, checksum: 0c47482ffb59cda43bf62e03637ac5a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é oferecer uma parcela de contribuição ao estudo do comportamento de vigas de concreto de alta resistência reforçadas externamente com mantas unidirecionais de polímero reforçado com fibras de carbono (pRFC), técnica esta que vem sendo executada desde 1980, porém, ainda pouco difundida e estudada no Brasil. Seis vigas, com resistência à compressão do concreto em tomo de 90 :MPa, e, mesma geometria e armaduras, longitudinal e transversal, foram levadas à ruptura por flexão. Uma viga foi considerada como viga padrão e outras cinco foram reforçadas à flexão, por intermédio de mantas de fibras de carbono aderidas às suas faces inferiores. Em três das vigas reforçadas um mecanismo de incremento de ancoragem, nas regiões próximas aos apoios, foi proposto. Os resultados experimentais foram comparados com valores esperados, que por sua vez foram obtidos de acordo com uma metodologia de cálculo à flexão desenvolvida com base no estudo de trabalhos já realizados por outros autores. Os valores dos momentos fletores de início de descolamento da manta, nas vigas sem os laço de ancoragem, também foram confrontados com valores previamente esperados. Foram ainda realizados ensaios de aderência e propostas duas metodologias para o dimensinamento dos mecanismos de melhoria da ancoragem. De acordo com os ensaios realizados pôde-se constatar que a ruptura prematura por descolamento total da manta pode ser evitada pelo mecanismo de ancoragem proposto, sendo que o reforço, pelo próprio arranjo sugerido, além de retardar o início do escoamento da armadura longitudial inferior, atua como alternativa de reforço ao esforço cortante. A resistência última à flexão da viga reforçada com quatro camadas e laços de ancoragem foi aumentada, em relação à viga testemunho, em 157 % / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is to offer a contribution in the study of the behaviour of high strength reinforced concrete beams with externally bonded carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheets, wich is a technique that has been executed since 1980. Six beams, with concrete strength around 90 :MPa, and with identics geometry and internal reinforcing bars were tested under bending until failure. One specimen was used as a control beam and the other five were strengthened, in flexure, with the use of CFRP sheets bonded to the tension face of the members. In three of the strengthened beams was proposed anchorages at the sheet ends, near the supports. The experimental results were compared with the analytical values. The bending moments registered in the begining of the debonding of the sheets, in the beams with no anchorage systems, were also compared with previously determined values. Aderence tests to verify the quality of the bonding in the interface sheet-concrete and two proposals of calculating methodologies for the anchorage systerns were also conducted. It was seen that the premature debonding of the sheet can be avoided through the use of the anchorage systems proposed, and, this anchorage, because of its design, can also improves the shear capacity of the beams. The results showed an increment in the ultimate flexural resistance of the beam strengthened with four plies, in comparison with the beam with no external reinforcing, of 157 % / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:03:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Paula M da Silva.pdf: 4087845 bytes, checksum: 855996b6cf9b9a51b1746a9073e6bcf6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-30 / A structure is designed to have satisfactory performance during its life given the requirements for which it was designed. When performance becomes unsatisfactory, intervention is needed in order to rehabilitate the structure. Structural rehabilitation is characterized by increasing the structure&#8223;s original load bearing capacity. Of the various existing intervention techniques, this work studies the technique that increases the concrete section by adding more concrete to the compression side and evaluates the effectiveness of shear connectors to bond the new concrete to the base concrete. The increase of the concrete section and the layout of the shear connectors were done along the entire length of the beam. There were two test series. In the first test series, called preliminary tests, the variable studied was the type of connector in order to determine which type ("I", "U" or "AF") would present more efficient results. In the second test series we adopted the connector type "I", which showed the best results from the first series. The variables studied in the second series were the shear connector ratio, the influence of pre-cracking and the presence of confining reinforcement in the new concrete region. The surface treatment used was manual blasting without the use of bonding agents. The test results indicated that the presence of shear connectors type "I", a small ribbed reinforcement bar, prevented the loss of bond between the base concrete and the new concrete, prevented splitting of the new concrete cover which was observed in tests with beams reinforced without the shear connectors. Good results were obtained with respect to increased load bearing capacity of the beams, since even the pre-cracked beams gained strength as well as strength increased in non-cracked ones. / Uma estrutura é concebida para ter desempenho satisfatório durante sua vida útil atendendo aos requisitos para os quais ela foi projetada. Quando seu desempenho se torna insatisfatório é necessário que haja intervenção de forma a reabilitar a estrutura. O reforço estrutural tem a característica de reabilitar a estrutura aumentando sua capacidade portante original. Das várias técnicas de intervenção existente, optou-se por estudar nesse trabalho a técnica pelo aumento da seção de concreto pela face comprida avaliando a eficiência do uso de conectores de cisalhamento ligando o concreto do substrato ao concreto do reforço. O aumento da seção de concreto e a disposição dos conectores se deram ao longo de todo o comprimento longitudinal da peça. Foram realizadas duas séries de ensaio. Na primeira série de ensaios, denominados ensaios preliminares, a variável estudada foi o tipo de conector com o objetivo de determinar qual deles ( I , U ou AF ) apresentaria resultado mais eficiente. Na segunda série de ensaios adotou-se o conector tipo I , que apresentou os melhores resultados da primeira série. As variáveis de estudo da segunda série foram a taxa de conector, a influência da pré-fissuração e da armadura de confinamento na região do reforço. O tratamento de superfície adotado foi o apicoamento manual sem uso de ponte de aderência. Os resultados dos ensaios indicaram que a presença do conector de cisalhamento tipo I , formado por uma barra nervurada reta, conseguiu impedir a perda da aderência entre o concreto novo e o substrato, impedindo o desplacamento parcial entre estes materiais que havia sido observado nas vigas reforçadas sem os conectores. Obtiveram-se bons resultados com relação ao aumento da capacidade portante das vigas, visto que até nas peças pré-fissuradas houve ganho de resistência assim como nas peças íntegras.

La corrosion de l'acier dans le béton a été identifiée comme la principale cause des détériorations et déficiences structurelles. Les coûts de réparations et réhabilitations aux Etats-Unis, au Canada et dans la majorité des pays européens représentent un pourcentage important des dépenses liées aux infrastructures. En raison de leur résistance à la corrosion, de leur légèreté et d'une grande résistance à la traction, les armatures alternatives en PRF de verre, carbone ou basalte sont étudiées depuis une vingtaine d’années. Les propriétés mécaniques des armatures en polymères renforcés de fibres au comportement élastique diffèrent de celle de l'acier au comportement élasto-plastique. La substitution des armatures métalliques par des PRF va modifier les comportements structuraux généralement observés dans des structures béton armé traditionnelles. Cela va également induire un changement au niveau des calculs de dimensionnement de la structure. En particulier, dans le cas d'une poutre en béton armé standard, la rupture en flexion de la poutre sera habituellement par rupture des armatures en traction dans le cas de l'acier, alors que la rupture par compression du béton sera préférable pour les poutres renforcées par des PRF. L'objectif de cette thèse est une meilleure compréhension du système {béton + armatures en polymères renforcés de fibres} en vue de dimensionner des structures de bâtiment avec ces armatures alternatives. Ces armatures PRF ont déjà été utilisées pour des tabliers de ponts ou des voies de train à sustentation magnétique, mais aucune application pour des bâtiments à part quelques rares cas de construction d'hôpitaux où les pièces attenantes aux salles contenant des appareils magnétiques, tels que l'IRM afin d’éviter les phénomènes de résonance. Même si les renforcements PRF semblent une solution prometteuse vis-à-vis des problèmes de corrosion, les designers et ingénieurs sont confrontés à de nombreuses questions quant à l'utilisation de ces matériaux pour une application bâtiment, que ce soit pour la mécanique des structures ou des aspects économico-environnemental. Cette thèse s'inscrit donc dans la problématique de conception de structures en béton armé innovantes et plus durables / The corrosion of steel elements embedded in concrete was identified as the main cause of structural deteriorations and deficiencies in buildings. Repair and rehabilitation costs in the USA, Canada and most European countries represent a substantial percentage of expenses related to infrastructures. Alternative FRP reinforcements in glass, carbon or basalt have been studied for the past twenty years owing to their resistance to corrosion, their light weight and their considerable tensile strength. The mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymers with an elastic behavior differ to the mechanical properties of steel, with an elastic-plastic behavior. This induces a change of the dimension calculations of the structure. In particular, in the case of a standard reinforced concrete beam, the flexural ultimate strength would usually be located in the reinforcements in traction for steel reinforcements, while a crushing failure of the concrete would be preferable in FRP beams. The objective of this thesis is to better understand the system {concrete + fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements} in view of dimensioning building structures with these alternative reinforcements. These FRP reinforcements have already been used for bridge decks and magnetic suspension train tracks but no applications have been found for buildings except a few rare cases of hospital buildings or rooms adjoined to others containing magnetic apparatus, for example Magnetic Resonance Imagery (MRI), which are reinforced with FRP reinforcements to avoid resonance problems. Even if FRP reinforcements would appear to be a promising solution in terms of corrosion problems, designers and engineers have been confronted with many questions relative to the use of these materials in a building application, both in terms of the mechanics involved for the structures and economic and environmental issues. This thesis is therefore focused on the design aspect of concrete structures comprising innovating and more durable reinforced concrete

This thesis presents the results of a research program examining the effects of macro-synthetic fibers on the shear and flexural behaviour of high-strength concrete (HSC) beams subjected to static and blast loads. As part of the study, a series of seventeen fiber-reinforced HSC beams are built and tested under either quasi-static four-point bending or simulated blast loads using a shock-tube. The investigated test parameters include the effects of: macro-synthetic fibers, fiber hybridization, combined use of fibers and stirrups and longitudinal steel ratio and type. The results show that under slowly applied loads, the provision of synthetic fibers improves the shear capacity of the beams by allowing for the development of yield stresses in the longitudinal reinforcement, while the combined use of synthetic fibers and stirrups is found to improve flexural ductility and cracking behaviour. The results also show that the provision of synthetic fibers delays shear failure in beams tested under blast pressures, with improved control of blast-induced displacements and increased damage tolerance in beams designed with combined fibers and stirrups. The study also shows that the use of hybrid fibers was capable of effectively replacing transverse reinforcement under both loading types, allowing for ductile flexural failure. Moreover, the use of synthetic fibers was effective in better controlling crushing and spalling in beams designed with Grade 690 MPa high-strength reinforcement. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that synthetic fibers can possibly be used to relax the stringent detailing required by modern blast codes by increasing the transverse reinforcement hoop spacing without compromising performance. As part of the analytical study, the load-deflection responses (resistance functions) of the beams are predicted using sectional (moment-curvature) analysis, as well as more advanced 2D finite element modelling. Dynamic resistance functions developed using both approaches, and incorporating material strain-rate effects, are then used to conduct non-linear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) analyses of the blast-tested beams. In general, the results show that both methods resulted in reasonably accurate predictions of the static and dynamic experimental results.

Orientador: Fábio Luiz Camargo Villela Berbert / Resumo: Objetivo: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar protocolos de agitação do EDTA aplicando dois diferentes tipos lasers de diodo de alta potência, comparando-os com os métodos de agitação convencional e com o ultrassom, quanto à extrusão apical, alteração de temperatura, resistência à fratura radicular e análise de pH na dentina radicular. Material e Métodos: Essa pesquisa experimental ex-vivo, utilizou 120 pré-molares inferiores, unirradiculados, com ráizes retas, com rizogênses completa e com tamanho radicular superior a 16mm, pré-selecionados por meio de radiografia digital. Suas coroas foram removidas, padronizando as raízes em 16 mm, seguido do preparo com a lima K#15 K#20 e o sistema reciproc R25, R40 e R50, 1 mm aquém do comprimento real do dente, com irrigação durante o preparo com NaOCl a 2,5%. Os espécimes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 6 grupos segundo protocolos de irrigação final: AD- água destilada (controle), CV- inundação com EDTA 17% e agitação com lima K #50, PUI- inundação com EDTA 17% agitado com ultrassom (Passive ultrasonic irrigation-PUI), PUI/CUI- inundação com EDTA 17% agitado com ultrassom (PUI) e irrigação com água destilada, agitada com ultrassom (Continuous ultrasonic irrigation-CUI), TL- inundação com EDTA 17% agitado com laser diodo Thera Lase Surgery, e GE- EDTA 17% agitado com laser diodo Gemini. Após irrigação final, todos os dentes foram irrigados com água destilada para remoção do EDTA. Resultados: Na avaliação da extrusão apical foi real... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate EDTA agitation protocols by applying two different types of high-power diode lasers, comparing them with conventional agitation methods and with ultrasound, in relation to apical extrusion, temperature change, fracture resistance root and pH analysis in root dentin. Material and Methods: This ex-vivo experimental research used 120 lower premolars, uniradicular, with straight roots, with complete rhizogenesis and with root size greater than 16mm, pre-selected by means of digital radiography. Their crowns were removed, standardizing the roots by 16 mm, followed by preparation with the K # 15 K # 20 file and the reciproc system R25, R40 and R50, 1 mm below the actual length of the tooth, with irrigation during preparation with NaOCl to 2.5%. The specimens were randomly distributed into 6 groups according to final irrigation protocols: AD- distilled water (control), CV- flood with 17% EDTA and agitation with K # 50 file, PUI- flood with 17% EDTA agitated with ultrasound (Passive ultrasonic irrigation-PUI), PUI / CUI- flooding with 17% EDTA stirred with ultrasound (PUI) and irrigation with distilled water, stirred with ultrasound (Continuous ultrasonic irrigation-CUI), TL- flooding with 17% EDTA stirred with laser diode Thera Lase Surgery, and GE-EDTA 17% stirred with Gemini diode laser. After final irrigation, all teeth were irrigated with distilled water to remove EDTA. Results: In the evaluation of the apical extrusion, the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre