Thèse (Ph. D.)--Université Laval, 2008. / Thèse présentée en cotutelle: Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et génie, Université Laval, Québec et École doctorale ondes et matière, Université Paris-Sud 11, Orsay, France. Bibliogr.: f. [143]-148. Publié aussi en version électronique dans la Collection Mémoires et thèses électroniques.

Techn. University, Diss., 2000--Braunschweig.

Tese (doutorado)—Institut National Polytechnique De Grenoble, Grenoble, 1988. / Submitted by Patrícia Nunes da Silva (patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2014-08-06T14:58:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_IvanMarquesToledoCamargo.pdf: 2675684 bytes, checksum: 22966bffe97a571dfc40ef72e8e3663a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patrícia Nunes da Silva(patricia@bce.unb.br) on 2014-08-06T14:58:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_IvanMarquesToledoCamargo.pdf: 2675684 bytes, checksum: 22966bffe97a571dfc40ef72e8e3663a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T14:58:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1988_IvanMarquesToledoCamargo.pdf: 2675684 bytes, checksum: 22966bffe97a571dfc40ef72e8e3663a (MD5) / RÉSUMÉ / Plusieurs problèmes de fonctionnement transitoire asymétriques des machines synchrones sont traités par l’utilisation d'une matrice de transformation linéaire qui transforme le système d'équations différentielles à coefficients périodiques qui décrit le court-circuit dans un autre système diagonal et constant. On y trouve en particulier les court-circuits dûs au fonctionnement autopiloté de la machine synchrone à simple et à double étoile.

Abstract The topic of this thesis is superconducting electric circuits. Technical advances have made possible the experimental study of Josephson junction based circuit elements which sustain quantum mechanical properties long enough to be denoted as quantum devices. The quantum state can be controlled with electronic variables and measured using standard electrical setups. The research is motivated by the possibility to examine quantum phenomena in circumstances that can be customized, prospects of new quantum devices, and the development of quantum information processing. This thesis presents theoretical studies on the nonlinear and stochastic driving of a superconducting quantum two-level system (qubit). We first investigate the energy level shifts a single-Cooper-pair transistor under large amplitude driving realized via the inherently nonlinear Josephson energy by using an external magnetic flux. The effective driving field substantially deviates from a circular polarization and linear coupling. The energy level shifts are compared to the cases of a vanishing and a weak driving field, measured as the Stark shift and the generalized Bloch-Siegert shift, respectively. We describe criteria for the natural basis of the analytical and the numerical calculations. In addition to that, we develop a formalism based on the Floquet method for the weak probe measurement of the strongly driven qubit. In the latter part of the thesis research, we study utilization of a stochastic driving field whose time evolution is not regular but follows probabilistic laws. We concentrate on the motional averaging phenomenon and show that it can be measured with an unparalleled accuracy by employing a flux-modulated transmon qubit. As the stochastically modulated qubit is simultaneously measured with a moderate driving field, we develop a theoretical description accounting the possible interference effects between the modulation and the drive. The comparison with experimental results shows good agreement. Motional averaging phenomenon can be applied to estimate the properties of fluctuation processes occurring in qubits, e.g., the quasiparticle tunneling or the photon shot noise. Resting on the motional averaging, we anticipate that the qubit dephasing times can be improved if one can accelerate the dynamics of two-level fluctuators. We apply a semiclassical formalism where the qubit is treated with quantum mechanical concepts whereas the driving fields are classical. In the solution procedure, the numerical results support the main analytical understanding. As the theoretical results are extensively compared to reflection measurements, we construct an explicit connection between the dynamics of the studied quantum devices and the measured reflection coefficient.

This thesis finds that vortex instabilities are not necessarily a barrier to their potential as sites for planetesimal formation. It is challenging to build planetesimals from dust within the lifetime of a protoplanetary disc and before such bodies spiral into the central star. Collecting matter in vortices is a promising mechanism for planetesimal growth, but little is known about their stability under these conditions. We therefore aim to produce a more complete understanding of the stability of these objects. Previous work primarily focusses on 2D vortices with elliptical streamlines, which we generalise. We investigate how non?constant vorticity and density power law profiles affect stability by applying linear perturbations to equilibrium solutions. We find that non?elliptical streamlines are associated with a shearing flow inside the vortex. A ?saddle point instability? is seen for elliptical?streamline vortices with small aspect ratios and we also find that this is true in general. However, only higher aspect ratio vortices act as dust traps. For constant?density vortices with a concentrated vorticity source we find parametric instability bands at these aspect ratios. Models with a density excess show many narrow bands, though with less strongly growing modes than the constant?density solutions. This implies that dust particles attracted to a vortex core may well encounter parametric instabilities, but this does not necessarily prevent dust?trapping. We also study the stability and lifetime of vortex models with a 2D flow in three dimensions. Producing nearly?incompressible 3D models of columnar vortices, we find that weaker vortices persist for longer times in both stratified and unstratified shearing boxes, and stratification is destabilising. The long survival time for weak, elongated vortices makes it easier for processes to create and maintain the vortex. This means that vortices with a large enough aspect ratio have a good chance of surviving and trapping dust for sufficient time in order to build planetesimals.

Cette thèse présente un travail théorique effectué dans le domaine de la physique de la matière condensée, et plus particulièrement la physique des solides. Ce domaine de la physique décrit le comportement des électrons dans les cristaux à très basses températures dans le but d'observer des effets quantiques à l'échelle mésoscopique.Cette thèse se situe à l'interface entre deux types de matériaux : le graphène et les isolants topologiques. Le graphène est une couche d’épaisseur monoatomique d’atomes de carbone arrangés en réseau nid d’abeilles, qui présente de nombreuses propriétés impressionnantes en optique, en mécanique et en électronique. Les isolants topologiques sont des matériaux qui sont isolants en volume et conduisent l'électricité sur les bords. Cette caractéristique découle d'une propriété topologique des électrons dans le volume. La topologie est une branche des mathématiques qui décrit des objets dans leur globalité en ne retenant que les caractéristiques invariantes par certaines déformations continues. Les états de bords des isolants topologiques sont robustes à certaines perturbations comme le désordre créé par des impuretés dans le matériau. Le lien entre ces deux sujets est double. D’une part les premiers modèles d’isolants topologiques de bande ont été formulés pour le graphène, par Haldane en 1988 et Kane et Mele en 2005, ouvrant ainsi la voie à la découverte des isolants topologiques à 2D et 3D dans des matériaux à fort spin-orbite. D’autre part, il a été prédit que le graphène, même sans spin-orbite, devient un isolant topologique lorsqu'il est irradié par une onde électromagnétique. Dans cette thèse, nous suivons deux directions en parallèle : décrire les caractéristiques topologiques d’une part et les propriétés de transport électronique d’autre part.En premier lieu, nous passons en revue le modèle des liaisons fortes pour le graphène, puis le modèle effectif qui décrit les électrons de basse énergie comme des fermions de Dirac sans masse. Nous introduisons ensuite le modèle de Haldane, un modèle simple défini sur le réseau en nid d’abeille et qui présente des bandes non triviales caractérisées par un invariant topologique, le nombre de Chern, non nul. Du fait de cette propriété topologique, ce modèle possède un état de bord chiral se propageant au bord de l’échantillon et une conductance de Hall quantifiée. Lorsque le graphène est irradié par un laser ayant une fréquence plus large que la largeur de bande du graphène, il acquiert un gap dynamique similaire au gap topologique du modèle de Haldane. Lorsque la fréquence est réduite, nous montrons que des transitions topologiques se produisent et l'apparition d'états de bords.Le travail principal de cette thèse est l'étude du transport électronique dans le graphène irradié dans un régime de paramètres réalisables expérimentalement. Une feuille de graphène est connectée à deux électrodes avec une différence de potentiel qui génère un courant. Nous calculons la conductance différentielle de l'échantillon selon le formalisme de Landauer-Büttiker étendu aux systèmes soumis à une modulation périodique. Il nous est possible d'obtenir la conductance en fonction de la géométrie de l’échantillon et de différents paramètres tels que le potentiel chimique, la fréquence et l'intensité de l’onde.Un autre type d'isolant topologique est l’isolant d’effet Hall quantique de spin. Ce type de phase possède deux états de bords dans lesquels les spins opposés se propagent dans des directions opposées. Le second travail de cette thèse concerne le transport électronique à travers cet état de bord irradié. Nous observons l'apparition d'un courant pompé en l'absence de différence de potentiel. Nous distinguons deux régimes : un pompage adiabatique quantifié à basse fréquence, et un régime de réponse linéaire non quantifiée à hautes fréquences. Par rapport aux études précédentes existantes, nous montrons un effet important de la présence des électrodes de mesure. / This thesis presents a theoretical work done in the field of condensed matter physics, and in particular solid state physics. This field of physics aims at describing the behaviour of electrons in crystalline materials at very low temperature to observe effects characteristic of quantum physics at the mesoscopic scale.This thesis lies at the interface between two types of materials : graphene and topological insulators. Graphene is a monoatomic layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice that presents a wide range of striking properties in optics, mechanics and electronics. Topological insulators are materials that are insulators in the bulk and conduct electricity at the edges. This characteristic originates from a topological property of the electrons in the bulk. Topology is a branch of mathematics that aims to describe objects globally retaining only characteristics invariant under smooth deformations. The edge states of topological insulators are robust to certain king of perturbations such as disorder created by impurities in the bulk. The link between these two topics is two-fold. On one hand, the first models of band topological insulators were formulated for graphene, by Haldane in 1988 and Kane and Mele in 2005, opening the way to the discovery of 2D and 3D topological insulators in materials with strong spin-orbit coupling. On the other hand, it was predicted that graphene, even without spin-orbit coupling, turns to a topological insulator under irradiation by an electromagnetic wave. In this thesis, we follow two directions in parallel : describe the topological properties on one hand, and the electronic transport properties on the other hand.First, we review the tight-binding model of graphene, and the effective model that describes low-energy electrons as massless Dirac fermions. We then introduce the Haldane model, a simple model defined on the honeycomb lattice that presents non-trivial bands characterised by a topological invariant, the Chern number. Due to this topological property, this model possesses a chiral edge state that propagates around the sample and a quantized Hall conductance. When graphene is irradiated by a laser with a frequency larger than the graphene bandwidth, it acquires a dynamical gap similar to the topological gap of the Haldane model. When the frequency is lowered, we show that topological transitions happens and that different edge states appear.The main work of this thesis is the study of electronic transport in irradiated graphene in a regime of experimentally achievable parameters. A graphene sheet is connected to two electrodes with a potential difference that generates a current. We compute the differential conductance of the sample according to Landauer-Büttiker formalism extended to periodically driven systems. Using this simple formalism, we are able to obtain the conductance as a function of the geometry of the sample and of several parameters such as the chemical potential, the frequency and the intensity of the electromagnetic wave.Another kind of topological insulator is the quantum spin Hall insulator. This type of phase possesses two edge states in which opposite spins propagate in opposite directions. The second work of this thesis concerns electronic transport through this irradiated edge state. We observe the apparition of a pumped current in the absence of a potential difference. We observe two regimes : a quantized adiabatic at low frequency, and a non-quantized linear response regime at high frequency. Compared to previous studies, we show an important effect originating from the presence of electrodes.

Input-output systems with time periodic parameters are commonly found in nature (e.g., oceanic movements) and engineered systems (e.g., vibrations due to gyroscopic forces in vehicles). In a broader sense, periodic behaviors can arise when there is a dynamic equi- librium between inertia and various balancing forces. A classic example is a structure in a steady wind or current that undergoes large oscillations due to vortex shedding or flutter. Such phenomena can have either positive or negative outcomes, like the efficient operation of wind turbines or the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. While the systems mentioned here are typically all modeled as systems of nonlinear partial differential equations, the pe- riodic behaviors of interest typically form part of a stable "center manifold," the analysis of which prompts linearization around periodic solutions. The linearization produces linear, time periodic partial differential equations. Discretization in the spatial dimension typically produces large scale linear time-periodic systems of ordinary differential equations. The need to simulate responses to a variety of inputs motivates the development of effective model re- duction tools. We seek to address this need by investigating partial Floquet transformations, which serve to simultaneously remove the time dependence of the system and produce effec- tive reduced order models. In this thesis we describe the time-periodic analogs of important concepts for time invariant model reduction such as the transfer function and the H2 norm. Building on these concepts we present an algorithm which converges to the dominant poles of an infinite dimensional operator. These poles may then be used to produce the partial Floquet transform. / Master of Science / Systems that exhibit time periodic behavior are commonly found both in nature and in human-made structures. Often, these system behaviors are a result of periodic forces, such as the Earth's rotation, which leads to tidal forces and daily temperature changes affecting atmospheric and oceanic movements. Similarly, gyroscopic forces in vehicles can cause no- ticeable vibrations and noise. In a broader sense, periodic behaviors can arise when there's a dynamic equilibrium between inertia and various balancing forces. A classic example is a structure in a steady wind or current that undergoes large oscillations due to vortex shedding or flutter. Such phenomena can have either positive or negative outcomes, like the efficient operation of wind turbines or the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Linear Time-Periodic (LTP) systems are crucial in understanding, simulating, and control- ling such phenomena, even in situations where the fundamental dynamics are non-linear. This importance stems from the fact that the periodic behaviors of interest typically form part of a stable "center manifold," especially under minor disturbances. In natural systems, the absence of this stability would mean these oscillatory patterns would not be commonly observed, and in engineered systems, they would not be desirable. Additionally, the process of deriving periodic solutions from nonlinear systems often involves solving large scale linear periodic systems, raising the question of how to effectively reduce the complexity of these models, a question we address in this thesis.

Nesta dissertação, estuda-se a transição de esteira no escoamento ao redor de um aerofólio NACA 0012 com ângulos de ataque de zero dez e vinte graus. Dois casos são considerados: fólio isolado e fólio alinhado com um cilindro. Nas duas configurações, analisa-se a estabilidade linear em relação a perturbações tridimensionais. Tais perturbações foram estudadas usando a teoria de Floquet para um conjunto de números de Reynolds e ângulos de ataques. O escoamento base é calculado usando o método de elementos finitos espectrais para a discretização espacial. Dos resultados de estabilidade no caso do aerofólio isolado, pode-se observar dois picos de instabilidade com diferentes comprimentos de onda na envergadura. A simetria dos modos instáveis é também apresentada. Um dos modos instáveis presente na esteira do aerofólio isolado foi também observado no caso do cilindro alinhado com o fólio, enquanto o outro modo foi suprimido em tal geometria / Study of hydrodynamic stability of the flow around a cylinder aligned with on airfoil

In this thesis, first a higher order dynamic theory for anisotropic thermoelastic plates is developed. Then, based on this plate theory, two dynamic models, discrete and continuum models (DM and CM), are proposed for layered composites consisting of anisotropic thermoelastic layers. Of the two models, CM is more important, which is established in the study of periodic layered composites using smoothing operations. CM has the properties: it contains inherently the interface and Floquet conditions and facilitates the analysis of the composite, in particular, when the number of laminae in the composite is large / it contains all kinds of deformation modes of the layered composite / its validity range for frequencies and wave numbers may be enlarged by increasing, respectively, the orders of the theory and interface conditions. CM is assessed by comparing its prediction with the exact for the spectra of harmonic waves propagating in various directions of a two-phase periodic layered composite, as well as, for transient dynamic response of a composite slab induced by waves propagating perpendicular to layering. A good comparison is observed in the results and it is found that the model predicts very well the periodic structure of spectra with passing and stopping bands for harmonic waves propagating perpendicular to layering. In view of the results, the physical significance of Floquet wave number is also discussed in the study.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-06-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:55:46Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mesquita_ajn_me_sjrp.pdf: 655612 bytes, checksum: cb512103d01edb2f09f992e6cca22bdc (MD5) / Neste trabalho estuda-se alguns sistemas dinâmicos utilizando um novo método para aproximar a matriz de transição de estados (STM) para sistemas periódicos no tempo. Este método é baseado na transformação de Lyapunov-Floquet (L-F), e utiliza a expansão polinomial de Chebyshev para aproximar o termo periódico. O método iterativo de Picard é usado para aproximar a STM. Os multiplicadores de Floquet, determinados através deste método, permitem construir o diagrama de estabilidade do sistema dinâmico. Esta técnica é aplicada para analisar a estabilidade e os pontos de bifurcação do sistema dinâmico formado por um pêndulo elástico com excitação vertical periódica no suporte. Além dessa aplicação, é analisada também a equação de Mathieu e a estabilidade do sistema dinâmico constituído por partículas carregadas e imersas em um campo magnético perturbado. / In this work some dynamic systems are studied using a new method to approach state transition matrix (STM) for time-periodic systems. This method is based on Lyapunov- Floquet transformation (transformation L-F) and uses the Chebyshev polynomial expansion to approach the periodical term. The Picard iterative method is used to approach the STM. The Floquet multipliers determined through this method, allow to draw the stability diagram of the dynamic system. This technique is applied to analyze the stability and bifurcation points of the dynamic system formed by an elastic pendulum with periodic vertical excitation on support. Besides this application, the Mathieu equation is analyzed and also the stability of the dynamical system constituted by charged particle in a perturbed magnetic field is discussed.