Epidemiological data reveal that one of the most common diseases in the world is dental disease. Scientific knowledge is available to prevent the vast majority of dental disease. Thus, individuals are not taking the necessary action to prevent caries and periodontal disease. Dental professionals try to facilitate primary prevention of disease through education and the correction of skill deficits with patients. Still billions of dollars are spent each year in the treatment of these diseases. This presents a major health and economic liability and demonstrates a clear need to implement additional behavioral management techniques in the field of dentistry. This study implements two behavioral management strategies, self-monitoring and monetary incentives, in a free dental clinic to explore the effects of these treatments on subject"s dental flossing rate. / M.S.

O objetivo deste estudo clínico foi comparar a influência do tipo de material e da estrutura física de dois fios dentais em liberar pirofosfato tetrassódico, no espaço interdental. Este estudo crossover foi conduzido em uma população de 10 indivíduos (ambos os sexos) com faixa etária variando entre 18 e 30 anos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram alocados aleatoriamente em uma das seguintes seqüências de uso dos fios dentais: (AB ou BA), onde A = polipropileno entrelaçado e B = nylon texturizado de acordo com o material e a estrutura com que os fios dentais foram produzidos. Cada indivíduo usou uma única vez, perfazendo 6 passadas por área-alvo (sendo definido como área alvo as duas faces interproximais dos dentes contíguos selecionados, ou seja, 3 passadas em cada face) cada fio da seqüência a ele alocada. Antes do uso do primeiro fio dental, assim como entre a permuta de fios, foi realizado um washout de uma semana sem fazer uso de qualquer produto que contivesse o princípio ativo (sal anti-tártaro). O fluido gengival das áreas-alvo foi colhido no espaço interdental, com cones de papel absorventes esterilizados (calibre # 35), nos seguintes tempos: (00) antes, (0) logo após; 1, 2, 4, (1, 2 e 4) horas após o uso de cada fio dental. A presença de pirofosfato nas amostras foi verificada por meio de cromatógrafo de íons IC 2000 (coluna AS-11 e pré-coluna AG-11). Os teores de pirofosfato foram comparados entre os dois tipos de fios dentais e entre os tempos de colheita das amostras. O pirofosfato tetrassódico foi detectado no fluido gengival de ambos os grupos em 95% das amostras no tempo 0 - imediatamente após o uso, em 45% das amostras no tempo 1 - após uma hora do uso e em 10% das amostras após 2 horas do uso. Após 4 horas do uso, em nenhuma das amostras foi detectada a presença do princípio ativo em níveis terapêuticos. Conclui-se que a composição do material e a estrutura física dos fios dentais não exerceram influência na liberação e na permanência do agente anti-tártaro, que permaneceu em níveis terapêuticos por um período de até 2 horas após o uso único. / The aim of this investigation was to compare the influence of the type of material and the physical structure of two antitartar dental flosses in releasing tetrasodium pyrophosphate in the interdental space. This crossover study involved 10 subjects (both genders) with ages ranging from 18-30 years old. The individuals were randomly assigned to one of the following sequences of use of the dental flosses (AB or BA), where A = tangled polypropylene and B = texturized nylon according to the structures and the materials what the dental flosses were made, forming two groups of five individuals each. Each individual used the floss 6 times in the target areas (defined as both interproximal surfaces of the selected teeth, 3 times in each surface). Before the use of the first dental floss and between the employments of the two flosses, a one week washout period was done without the use of products containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The gingival crevicular fluid of the target areas was sampled with sterile paper points (tapering # 35) in the following times: (00) before the use of the dental floss, (0) soon after the use; 1, 2, 4, (1, 2 and 4 hours after the use, respectively). The pyrophosphate contents in the samples were verified using an ion chromatograph IC 2000 (column AS-11 e pre-column AG-11). The contents of pyrophosphate were compared between the two flosses and among the sample collection times. Pyrophosphate was detected in the gingival crevicular fluid of both groups in 95% of the samples soon after their use, 45% after 1h and 10% after 2h of the use. After 4h, none of the samples had pyrophosphate at detectable levels. Both dental flosses released tetrasodium pyrophosphate at therapeutic levels for up to 2 hours after flossing. Based in the results it can be concluded that the material composition and the physical structure of the flosses had no influence in releasing the antitartar agent, which remained in therapeutic levels for a 2 hours period after the single use.

Este ensaio clínico randomizado, cego e controlado com placebo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a eficácia do diamino fluoreto de prata (DFP) a 30% no tratamento não operatório de lesões de cárie em superfícies proximais de molares decíduos e compará-la a eficácia do infiltrante resinoso e a do controle do biofilme interproximal pelo uso do fio dental. Além disso, também avaliou a custo-eficácia e o desconforto dos tratamentos e a satisfação dos participantes quanto ao tratamento recebido. Para isso, foram selecionadas 141 crianças entre 3 e 10 anos de idade, que apresentavam pelo menos uma superfície proximal com lesão de cárie clinicamente em esmalte. A alocação dos participantes foi aleatória, de acordo com o tratamento: DFP a 30%, infiltrante resinoso de cárie e orientação para o uso diário do fio dental (controle). Todos os participantes receberam o tratamento ativo para os quais foram alocados e também o placebo dos tratamentos realizados nos outros grupos. Os custos dos materiais utilizados nos tratamentos foram registrados. Ao final da consulta de tratamento, foi aplicada aos participantes a Escala Facial de Wong-Baker para avaliação do desconforto. Os responsáveis pelos participantes, que concluíram o seguimento da pesquisa, responderam a um questionário de satisfação sobre o tratamento recebido. As crianças foram examinadas após 1 mês para avaliação de higiene bucal e também de presença de biofilme nas superfícies tratadas. Após 6, 12 e 24 meses, foram realizados exames visual e tátil para verificar a progressão das lesões tratadas, além de exame radiográfico aos 12 e 24 meses. Para avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos, consideraram-se como desfechos: (I) qualquer progressão clínica da lesão tratada e (II) progressão para cavidade em dentina. A progressão radiográfica foi utilizada como um desfecho secundário e para comparar com o padrão clínico de progressão das lesões. Análises de regressão foram realizadas para verificar se os grupos de tratamento influenciaram os desfechos testados após 12 e 24 meses de seguimento (análise por protocolo - Poisson multinível e análise de sobrevida). Valores pontuais de custo-eficácia dos tratamentos foram calculados e, para comparar a custo-eficácia da implementação do uso do DFP em relação às outras opções testadas foi utilizada a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. Análises de regressão de Poisson foram utilizadas para verificar a associação entre o desconforto e variáveis explicativas. A satisfação dos participantes e seus responsáveis foi explorada descritivamente. Um total de 316 superfícies proximais foram incluídas, sendo a maioria classificada como escore 2 do ICDAS (Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie) associadas à ausência de imagem radiográfica (46,8%). As perdas de seguimento foram de 15% e 24% aos 12 e 24 meses, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre o grupo de tratamento e a progressão das lesões aos 12 e 24 meses, tanta pela análise por protocolo como pela análise de sobrevida. A taxa de progressão clínica das lesões para cavidade em dentina foi de 2,5% aos 12 meses e de 5,6% aos 24 meses. As lesões que não apresentavam imagem radiográfica inicial não progrediram para o 1/3 médio de dentina ou mais. A condição clínica inicial das lesões foi associada à progressão das lesões em todas as análises. Já o risco de cárie foi associado à progressão das lesões aos 24 meses e também na análise de sobrevida. O tratamento com infiltrante resinoso apresentou o custo mais elevado, fazendo com que o tratamento com DFP apresentasse melhor relação custo-eficácia do que este primeiro. Os participantes tratados com o DFP e os que receberam orientação para o uso do fio dental relataram menor desconforto do que os tratados com o infiltrante resinoso. Os responsáveis se mostraram satisfeitos com o tratamento recebido, independentemente do grupo ao qual foram alocados. Conclui-se que o tratamento com DFP é tão eficaz quanto o infiltrante resinoso e a orientação para o uso do fio dental no controle das lesões iniciais em proximal de molares decíduos. No entanto, causa menor desconforto e apresenta custo-eficácia superior ao infiltrante resinoso, devendo ser preferível para superfícies proximais de molares decíduos, em situações nas quais o tratamento dessas lesões possa ser necessário, como por exemplo, pacientes com experiência de cárie. / This randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 30% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a non-operative treatment of the approximal surfaces of primary molars and to compare it with the efficacy of resin infiltration and the mechanical control of the interproximal biofilm by flossing. We also evaluated the cost-efficacy and the discomfort of the treatments as well as the parent\'s satisfaction regarding treatments. One hundred forty-one, 3-to-10-year-old, children were included. They must present at least one caries lesion clinically into enamel sited on an approximal surface of primary molar. Participants were randomly allocated to the following groups according to active treatment to be received: 30% SDF, caries resin infiltration, flossing orientation (control). All participants received the active treatment, in which they were allocated and they also received the placebo treatment corresponding to the other groups. Costs of materials used in the treatment were registered. In the end of treatment session, the Wong-Baker faces scale was applied to evaluate participants\' reported discomfort. Children were examined after 1 month to evaluation of the oral hygiene and the presence of the biofilm on the treated surfaces. After 6, 12 and 24 months, visual and tactile examinations were performed to verify the lesions progression. Radiography was taken at 12- and 24-month follow-ups. To evaluate the efficacy of non-operative treatments, two outcomes were considered: (I) any clinical progression and (II) progression to cavity into dentine. The radiographic progression was used as a secondary outcome and to evaluate with clinical standard of lesions progression. Regression analyses were used to verify if the treatment influenced on these outcomes after 12 and 24 months (per-protocol analyses - multilevel Poisson and survival analysis). Cost-efficacy ratios were calculated for the treatments. To compare the cost-efficacy of implementing the use of DFP versus other options tested, the incremental cost-efficacy ratio was used. Poisson regression analyses were used to verify the association between discomfort and explanatory variables. The parents\' satisfaction about the treatments were explored descriptively. A total of 316 approximal surfaces were included. The majority of them were classified as ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) score 2 associated with absence of radiographic image. The dropout in the study was 15% and 24% at 12-month and 24-month follow-up, respectively. There was no association between treatment groups and lesions progression at 12 and 24 months, both for the per-protocol analysis and by survival analysis. The rate of clinical lesions progression to cavity into dentine was 2.5% at 12 months and 5.6% at 24 months. Lesions without initial radiographic image did not progress into the middle of the dentine or more. Baseline clinical condition of caries lesions was associated with lesions progression in all analyses. The caries risk was also associated to caries progression in 24-month analyses and in the survival analyses. The treatment with resin infiltration was costlier. Consequently, the treatment with SDF was more cost-effective than resin infiltration. The participants allocated to SDF and control groups reported less discomfort than those who was allocated to the resin infitrant group. The parents were satisfied with the treatment received during the study, independently of the group to which their children had been allocated. It is possible to conclude that the SDF is as efficacious as the resin infiltration and flossing orientation to control initial lesions in the approximal surfaces of primary molars. However, SDF causes less discomfort and presents superior cost-efficacy relationship than resin infiltration and could be preferable to treat approximal caries in primary molars in those situations in which the treatment could be necessary, for example, depending on patients\' caries experience.

Este ensaio clínico randomizado, cego e controlado com placebo teve como objetivo principal avaliar a eficácia do diamino fluoreto de prata (DFP) a 30% no tratamento não operatório de lesões de cárie em superfícies proximais de molares decíduos e compará-la a eficácia do infiltrante resinoso e a do controle do biofilme interproximal pelo uso do fio dental. Além disso, também avaliou a custo-eficácia e o desconforto dos tratamentos e a satisfação dos participantes quanto ao tratamento recebido. Para isso, foram selecionadas 141 crianças entre 3 e 10 anos de idade, que apresentavam pelo menos uma superfície proximal com lesão de cárie clinicamente em esmalte. A alocação dos participantes foi aleatória, de acordo com o tratamento: DFP a 30%, infiltrante resinoso de cárie e orientação para o uso diário do fio dental (controle). Todos os participantes receberam o tratamento ativo para os quais foram alocados e também o placebo dos tratamentos realizados nos outros grupos. Os custos dos materiais utilizados nos tratamentos foram registrados. Ao final da consulta de tratamento, foi aplicada aos participantes a Escala Facial de Wong-Baker para avaliação do desconforto. Os responsáveis pelos participantes, que concluíram o seguimento da pesquisa, responderam a um questionário de satisfação sobre o tratamento recebido. As crianças foram examinadas após 1 mês para avaliação de higiene bucal e também de presença de biofilme nas superfícies tratadas. Após 6, 12 e 24 meses, foram realizados exames visual e tátil para verificar a progressão das lesões tratadas, além de exame radiográfico aos 12 e 24 meses. Para avaliar a eficácia dos tratamentos, consideraram-se como desfechos: (I) qualquer progressão clínica da lesão tratada e (II) progressão para cavidade em dentina. A progressão radiográfica foi utilizada como um desfecho secundário e para comparar com o padrão clínico de progressão das lesões. Análises de regressão foram realizadas para verificar se os grupos de tratamento influenciaram os desfechos testados após 12 e 24 meses de seguimento (análise por protocolo - Poisson multinível e análise de sobrevida). Valores pontuais de custo-eficácia dos tratamentos foram calculados e, para comparar a custo-eficácia da implementação do uso do DFP em relação às outras opções testadas foi utilizada a razão de custo-eficácia incremental. Análises de regressão de Poisson foram utilizadas para verificar a associação entre o desconforto e variáveis explicativas. A satisfação dos participantes e seus responsáveis foi explorada descritivamente. Um total de 316 superfícies proximais foram incluídas, sendo a maioria classificada como escore 2 do ICDAS (Sistema Internacional de Detecção e Avaliação de Cárie) associadas à ausência de imagem radiográfica (46,8%). As perdas de seguimento foram de 15% e 24% aos 12 e 24 meses, respectivamente. Não houve associação entre o grupo de tratamento e a progressão das lesões aos 12 e 24 meses, tanta pela análise por protocolo como pela análise de sobrevida. A taxa de progressão clínica das lesões para cavidade em dentina foi de 2,5% aos 12 meses e de 5,6% aos 24 meses. As lesões que não apresentavam imagem radiográfica inicial não progrediram para o 1/3 médio de dentina ou mais. A condição clínica inicial das lesões foi associada à progressão das lesões em todas as análises. Já o risco de cárie foi associado à progressão das lesões aos 24 meses e também na análise de sobrevida. O tratamento com infiltrante resinoso apresentou o custo mais elevado, fazendo com que o tratamento com DFP apresentasse melhor relação custo-eficácia do que este primeiro. Os participantes tratados com o DFP e os que receberam orientação para o uso do fio dental relataram menor desconforto do que os tratados com o infiltrante resinoso. Os responsáveis se mostraram satisfeitos com o tratamento recebido, independentemente do grupo ao qual foram alocados. Conclui-se que o tratamento com DFP é tão eficaz quanto o infiltrante resinoso e a orientação para o uso do fio dental no controle das lesões iniciais em proximal de molares decíduos. No entanto, causa menor desconforto e apresenta custo-eficácia superior ao infiltrante resinoso, devendo ser preferível para superfícies proximais de molares decíduos, em situações nas quais o tratamento dessas lesões possa ser necessário, como por exemplo, pacientes com experiência de cárie. / This randomized, blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy of 30% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) as a non-operative treatment of the approximal surfaces of primary molars and to compare it with the efficacy of resin infiltration and the mechanical control of the interproximal biofilm by flossing. We also evaluated the cost-efficacy and the discomfort of the treatments as well as the parent\'s satisfaction regarding treatments. One hundred forty-one, 3-to-10-year-old, children were included. They must present at least one caries lesion clinically into enamel sited on an approximal surface of primary molar. Participants were randomly allocated to the following groups according to active treatment to be received: 30% SDF, caries resin infiltration, flossing orientation (control). All participants received the active treatment, in which they were allocated and they also received the placebo treatment corresponding to the other groups. Costs of materials used in the treatment were registered. In the end of treatment session, the Wong-Baker faces scale was applied to evaluate participants\' reported discomfort. Children were examined after 1 month to evaluation of the oral hygiene and the presence of the biofilm on the treated surfaces. After 6, 12 and 24 months, visual and tactile examinations were performed to verify the lesions progression. Radiography was taken at 12- and 24-month follow-ups. To evaluate the efficacy of non-operative treatments, two outcomes were considered: (I) any clinical progression and (II) progression to cavity into dentine. The radiographic progression was used as a secondary outcome and to evaluate with clinical standard of lesions progression. Regression analyses were used to verify if the treatment influenced on these outcomes after 12 and 24 months (per-protocol analyses - multilevel Poisson and survival analysis). Cost-efficacy ratios were calculated for the treatments. To compare the cost-efficacy of implementing the use of DFP versus other options tested, the incremental cost-efficacy ratio was used. Poisson regression analyses were used to verify the association between discomfort and explanatory variables. The parents\' satisfaction about the treatments were explored descriptively. A total of 316 approximal surfaces were included. The majority of them were classified as ICDAS (International Caries Detection and Assessment System) score 2 associated with absence of radiographic image. The dropout in the study was 15% and 24% at 12-month and 24-month follow-up, respectively. There was no association between treatment groups and lesions progression at 12 and 24 months, both for the per-protocol analysis and by survival analysis. The rate of clinical lesions progression to cavity into dentine was 2.5% at 12 months and 5.6% at 24 months. Lesions without initial radiographic image did not progress into the middle of the dentine or more. Baseline clinical condition of caries lesions was associated with lesions progression in all analyses. The caries risk was also associated to caries progression in 24-month analyses and in the survival analyses. The treatment with resin infiltration was costlier. Consequently, the treatment with SDF was more cost-effective than resin infiltration. The participants allocated to SDF and control groups reported less discomfort than those who was allocated to the resin infitrant group. The parents were satisfied with the treatment received during the study, independently of the group to which their children had been allocated. It is possible to conclude that the SDF is as efficacious as the resin infiltration and flossing orientation to control initial lesions in the approximal surfaces of primary molars. However, SDF causes less discomfort and presents superior cost-efficacy relationship than resin infiltration and could be preferable to treat approximal caries in primary molars in those situations in which the treatment could be necessary, for example, depending on patients\' caries experience.

AIM OF THE STUDY To describe prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among urban and rural 11-15 year-olds in Lithuania and to evaluate risk factors, prevention and treatment needs. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To evaluate oral hygiene among 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and to describe dependence on gender, age, parients‘ education and living area. 2. To evaluate freequence of complaints of the bleeding gingiva among 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and to describe dependence on gender, age and living area. 3. To evaluate the dependence of freequence of complaints of the bleeding gingiva on oral higiene, living style and parients‘ education. 4. To describe prevalence and severity of periodontal diseases among urban and rural 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and to elucidate relation with local risk factors and oral hygiene. 5. T o evaluate treatment needs of periodontal diseases among urban and rural 11-15 year-old schoolchildren. 6. To create methods of prevention of periodontal diseases for the 11-15 year-old schoolchildren and present them too schoolchildren and dentists. ORIGINALITY OF INVESTIGATION OUTCOME For the first time in Lithuania the periodontal tissue condition of the eleven to fifteen years old town and village schoolchildren, the main periodontal disease risk factors, and the need for periodontal disease treatment was studied and evaluated, as well as the dental caries and periodontal disease risk factor relationship was identified. The periodontal... [to full text]

Information and communication technologies (ICT) are having a rapid and increasing impact on all K-12 schools as school districts attempt, in a myriad of ways, to keep pace with the technological changes taking place in society. Unfortunately, this impact is increasingly a financial one as financial challenges continue to figure among the most extensive barriers to ICT use (Plante & Beattie, 2004). This research explores ICT options that are cost effective to our educational institutions and our communities while maintaining high functioning and sustainable technology for students and educators. Low-cost alternative technologies such as Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) and cloud computing lessen the socio-economic divide between students, encourage the sharing of technological advancements and collaboration and allow teachers to freely and legally give their students access to software necessary for success. In addition to the potential benefits of this technology’s use in an educational setting, this research also addresses the pragmatic aspects of introducing these tools district-wide. Complexity theory is utilized to lend an understanding of how to look at technological changes within the context of society as a whole, within enabling constraints that create the conditions for the emergence of new patterns of teacher, student, task and content interactions. This complexity frame informs themes in the study such as: (1) the importance of forward-thinking technology from recursive feedback loops on decision-making and planning in order to “keep up” with technological changes outside of school, (2) the critical impact educational leaders have on the change environment when both introducing these technologies into a school district and providing enabling conditions so that new ways of teaching and learning with technology can emerge and (3) the effect changing technological systems and support infrastructures have on enabling new teaching and learning processes. / Graduate / 0710 / 0524 / 0533 / katyconnelly@gmail.com

O objetivo deste estudo clínico foi comparar a influência do tipo de material e da estrutura física de dois fios dentais em liberar pirofosfato tetrassódico, no espaço interdental. Este estudo crossover foi conduzido em uma população de 10 indivíduos (ambos os sexos) com faixa etária variando entre 18 e 30 anos. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram alocados aleatoriamente em uma das seguintes seqüências de uso dos fios dentais: (AB ou BA), onde A = polipropileno entrelaçado e B = nylon texturizado de acordo com o material e a estrutura com que os fios dentais foram produzidos. Cada indivíduo usou uma única vez, perfazendo 6 passadas por área-alvo (sendo definido como área alvo as duas faces interproximais dos dentes contíguos selecionados, ou seja, 3 passadas em cada face) cada fio da seqüência a ele alocada. Antes do uso do primeiro fio dental, assim como entre a permuta de fios, foi realizado um washout de uma semana sem fazer uso de qualquer produto que contivesse o princípio ativo (sal anti-tártaro). O fluido gengival das áreas-alvo foi colhido no espaço interdental, com cones de papel absorventes esterilizados (calibre # 35), nos seguintes tempos: (00) antes, (0) logo após; 1, 2, 4, (1, 2 e 4) horas após o uso de cada fio dental. A presença de pirofosfato nas amostras foi verificada por meio de cromatógrafo de íons IC 2000 (coluna AS-11 e pré-coluna AG-11). Os teores de pirofosfato foram comparados entre os dois tipos de fios dentais e entre os tempos de colheita das amostras. O pirofosfato tetrassódico foi detectado no fluido gengival de ambos os grupos em 95% das amostras no tempo 0 - imediatamente após o uso, em 45% das amostras no tempo 1 - após uma hora do uso e em 10% das amostras após 2 horas do uso. Após 4 horas do uso, em nenhuma das amostras foi detectada a presença do princípio ativo em níveis terapêuticos. Conclui-se que a composição do material e a estrutura física dos fios dentais não exerceram influência na liberação e na permanência do agente anti-tártaro, que permaneceu em níveis terapêuticos por um período de até 2 horas após o uso único. / The aim of this investigation was to compare the influence of the type of material and the physical structure of two antitartar dental flosses in releasing tetrasodium pyrophosphate in the interdental space. This crossover study involved 10 subjects (both genders) with ages ranging from 18-30 years old. The individuals were randomly assigned to one of the following sequences of use of the dental flosses (AB or BA), where A = tangled polypropylene and B = texturized nylon according to the structures and the materials what the dental flosses were made, forming two groups of five individuals each. Each individual used the floss 6 times in the target areas (defined as both interproximal surfaces of the selected teeth, 3 times in each surface). Before the use of the first dental floss and between the employments of the two flosses, a one week washout period was done without the use of products containing tetrasodium pyrophosphate. The gingival crevicular fluid of the target areas was sampled with sterile paper points (tapering # 35) in the following times: (00) before the use of the dental floss, (0) soon after the use; 1, 2, 4, (1, 2 and 4 hours after the use, respectively). The pyrophosphate contents in the samples were verified using an ion chromatograph IC 2000 (column AS-11 e pre-column AG-11). The contents of pyrophosphate were compared between the two flosses and among the sample collection times. Pyrophosphate was detected in the gingival crevicular fluid of both groups in 95% of the samples soon after their use, 45% after 1h and 10% after 2h of the use. After 4h, none of the samples had pyrophosphate at detectable levels. Both dental flosses released tetrasodium pyrophosphate at therapeutic levels for up to 2 hours after flossing. Based in the results it can be concluded that the material composition and the physical structure of the flosses had no influence in releasing the antitartar agent, which remained in therapeutic levels for a 2 hours period after the single use.

Austen, Dickens, and Eliot each responded to discussions of their time concerning class, gender, and social change. One of the ways they addressed these issues, and sought to find solutions to the problems facing their culture, was through benevolence. Knightley, in Emma, uses benevolence as a means of mediating self-interest and sympathy. By acting out of sympathy, through benevolence, he achieves the self-interested benefits of reinforcing the class system and achieving his romantic conquests. Likewise, Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby learns how to use benevolence as a means of social mobility from his mentors, the Cheerybles. Throughout Nicholas Nickleby the hero learns how to engage in benevolence out of sympathy, and by doing so he establishes himself as a gentleman and reaps social, economic, and romantic advantages. Eliot's Bob Jakin in The Mill on the Floss engages in benevolence out of true sympathy unhindered by self-interest. His freedom from social constraint and self-interest allows him to truly help Maggie Tulliver when no one else can. These authors' depictions of benevolence all illuminate ways that nineteenth-century literary authors sought to navigate the “Adam Smith Problem" of sympathy vs. self-interest. Benevolence, in these novels, is not disinterested (regardless of their motivation) but is influenced by the character's and author's perception of class, gender, and social change in the nineteenth century.

Type de dépôt #5 (version complète) / De plus en plus de tâches humaines sont prises en charge par les algorithmes dans le domaine des arts. Avec les nouvelles techniques d’intelligence artificielle (IA) disponibles, qui reposent généralement sur le concept d’autoapprentissage, la frontière entre l’assistance informatique et la création algorithmique proprement dite s’estompe. À titre de mise en contexte, je présente, à l’aide d’exemples récents, un aperçu de la manière dont les artistes utilisent des algorithmes sophistiqués dans leur travail - et comment cette nouvelle forme d’art piloté par l’IA pourrait différer des premières formes d’art générées par ordinateur. Ensuite, sur la base de théories récentes issues d’une société post-humaniste et la montée de ce que certains auteurs appellent le dataisme, j’aborde des questions liées à l’autonomie, à la collaboration, aux droits d’auteur et au contrôle de la composition sur la création sonore et musicale. D’un point de vue pratique, je présente les logiciels libres et open source (FLOSS, de l’anglais Free/Libre and Open Source Software) qui ont pris une place constante dans mon processus de composition ; et je discute de la façon dont leur écosystème, principalement dans le domaine de l’IA, a façonné mon travail au fil des ans, tant d’un point de vue esthétique que pratique. Une série de trois pièces mixtes produites dans le cadre de ce projet de recherche-création est ensuite analysée. Je présente les différentes dimensions dans lesquelles le concept d’autorité algorithmique a pris part à mon processus de composition, des approches techniques aux choix esthétiques. Enfin, je propose des stratégies de notation musicale, basées sur des standards ouverts, visant à assurer la lisibilité, et donc la pérennité de mon travail. / Algorithms have taken over an increasing number of human tasks in the realm of the arts. With newly available AI techniques, typically relying on the concept of self-learning, the line separating computer assistance from actual algorithmic creation is blurring. To contextualize, through recent illustrative examples I elaborate an overview of ways in which artists are making use of sophisticated algorithms in their work – and how this new form of AI-driven art might differ from early computer-generated art. Then, based on recent theories concerning a post-humanist society and the rise of what some authors call dataism, I discuss issues related to autonomy, collaboration, authorship and compositional control over the creation of sound and music. From a practical perspective, I present the Free/Libre and Open Source Software (FLOSS) that have been a consistent presence in my compositional process; and discuss how their ecosystem, mainly in the domain of AI, has shaped my work over the last decade from both aesthetic and practical standpoints. A series of three mixed pieces produced as part of this research-creation project is then analyzed. I present the different dimensions in which the concept of algorithmic authority took part in my composition process, from technical approaches to aesthetic choices. Finally, I propose some strategies for music notation, based on open standards, aiming to assure the readability, and therefore the perpetuity of my work.

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