The theoretical part describes the admixtures that are used in cement replacement. Here also summarizes the findings on the influence of granulomentry, grain shape and fineness of admixtures on the density of the cement matrix. The practical part is experimentally verified the influence of fineness admixtures and grain size on the mechanical properties of concrete. Also, the rheological properties of cement are compared with admixtures depending on the type and dosage and time.

This diploma project works out and is focused on the continual mixing process of the particular matters. The project is divided into following chapters. Chapter 1 includes mixing theory and information of the experimental work of the particular matters for blade using. In chapter 2 there is Evaluation and calculation of the technical parameters for the mixer. Chapter 3 deals with the engine proposal and chapter 4 includes calculation and design work of the gear transmission. Chapter 5 includes the stress analysis of the shaft and blade with the I-deas software. In attachment there are also the mixer arrangement drawing and detailed drawings of the key parts and groups for the mixer.

One of the most prominent measurable parameters of the development of phases and phase transformations in inorganic systems are undoubtedly the volume changes of silicate matrix. The study of volume changes is crucial in the terms of usable durability of final product. They represent shrinkage or expansion of the material and may lead to significant decrease of technological and ecological parameters and often to complete destruction of these materials. Most often the volume changes can be observed when cement is used as a binder and in concretes, mortars, artificial aggregates and other similar materials. There are many methods to detect, define and determine the volume changes qualitatively or quantitatively. The development of phases was investigated as a part of the dissertation thesis and hence the volume changes were observed under the conditions closest to the real state in the construction industry. The raw materials and admixtures were selected which model the content of hazardous components present in conventional materials (both natural and secondary), used in construction and the relationship with volume changes was searched and demonstrated. The contacts for measuring the volume changes were attached to test surfaces of specimens and the physical - mechanical tests (volume changes, phase changes, strength, etc.), chemical analysis and ecotoxicity tests depending on the length of hydration were performed.

The thesis deals with possibilities of FBC fly ash utilization for composite cements. It focuses on thermodynamic stability of ettringite, which is produced during composite cements hydration. Specific tasks are dedicated to observation of influence of outdoor environment and influence of calciumhydrosilicate environment to stability of ettringite.

Alkali activated materials have great potential to be a material that could compete with Portland cement. Compared to concretes based on Portland cement they often exhibit greater durability and resistance to aggressive agents such as sulphates. Also their resistance to high temperature is substantial. This work is devoted to research on behavior of alkali-activated materials, particularly fly ash activated by sodium water glass and sodium hydroxide, exposed to these extreme conditions. The evaluation of properties was performed based on the detection of physico-mechanical parameters and microstructure examination by RTG diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Betong är vårt vanligaste byggmaterial men cement står globalt sett för 5 % av CO2-emissionerna. Med detta som bakgrund så har CBI Betonginstitutet anordnat en tävling, där målet är att nå den högsta tryckhållfasthet i en resurssnål betong, med enbart 200 kg cement per m3. Syftet med denna rapport är att utvärdera tävlingen, vilket har utförts genom en omfattande litteraturstudie.  En första analys av de olika betongrecepten medförde att olika grupperingar kunde urskiljas. Ur dessa fanns det tre stycken vars resultat var väldigt bra.   Concrete Innovation Centre, som med ett lågt vct, stora mängder granulerad masugnsslagg (81 %) och lite silikastoft (5 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 80 MPa vid 28 dygn och 95 MPa vid 56 dygn.   CBI Stockholm, som genom användandet av ulltrafint filler och silikastoft (4,8 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 84 MPa vid 28 dygn och 98 MPa vid 56 dygn.   Thomas Concrete Group som genom att ersätta cementet med en medelmåttig mängd granulerad masugnsslagg (54 %), liten mängd flygaska (9 %), kalkfiller och silikastoft (5 %), uppnådde en tryckhållfasthet på 94 MPa vid 28 dygn och 98 MPa vid 56 dygn.  Det finns således tre recept som vidare studier kan vara rättfärdigade på, de tre ovan nämnda. Det bör tilläggas att en imponerande tryckhållfasthet på nästan 100 MPa, kan uppnås i en betong med enbart 200 kg cement per m3. / Concrete is the most frequently used construction material, but cement globally stands for 5 % of the world’s CO2 emissions. With this as a background CBI Betonginstitutet has arranged a competition, where the goal is to reach the highest compressive strength in a resource economic concrete, with only 200 kg cement per m3. The purpose of this report is to evaluate the competition, which has been done via a substantial literature study.  A first analysis of the different concrete recipes resulted in that different groups could be identified. From these there were three recipes whose result was very good.   Concrete Innovation Centre, which with a low w/c, a high amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (81 %) and little silica fume (5 %), reached a compressive strength of 80 MPa at 28 days and 95 MPa at 56 days.   CBI Stockholm, which by the usage of ultrafine filler and silica fume (4,8 %), reached a compressive strength of 84 MPa at 28 days and 98 MPa at 56 days.   Thomas Concrete Group, which by replacing the cement with a moderate amount of ground granulated blast furnace slag (54 %), a small amount of fly ash (9 %), lime filler and silica fume (5 %), reached a compressive strength of 94 MPa at 28 days and 98 MPa at 56 days.  The conclusion is that there are three recipes that further studies are justified to continue with, the three mentioned above. It should be added that an impressive concrete compressive strength of almost 100 MPa, can be reach with the use of only 200 kg cement per m3.

Reducing the impact of modern industrial production on the environment and reducing the waste generated is undoubtedly one of the most discussed topics of the present time. In the production of fossil-fueled electricity, a large amount of fine-grained waste fly ash is generated. The possible use of ash as secondary raw materials in the construction and building materials industry is one of the many environmental challenges that the energy industry is concerned with. The aim of this diploma thesis was to verify possibilities of utilization of different kinds of power station fly ash as filler in asphalt mixtures for the production of oxidized asphalt insulation strips. The main emphasis was put on the clarification of the influence of the properties of the different types of fly ashes on the resulting rheological behavior of the mixture of asphalt binder and power fly ash, which is professionally called mastic. Mastic forms a technology-critical insulating layer in the asphalt insulation strip. The prediction of the rheological properties and therefore the workability of mastic appears to be an essential element in the management of production, especially under the conditions of the variability of input raw materials. In order to solve the assigned task it was necessary to perform detailed analyzes of fly ash properties, to select the corresponding quantification variable for assessment of the mastic processability and to find the signal fly ash properties, which appears to be a control parameter of workability. As a suitable method for assessing the processability of mastic, a shear viscosity measurement method was chosen. On the basis of the findings, it is possible to state that the use of fly ash from the production of oxidized asphalt bands is not recommended as the mastic prepared from these fly ashes are unprocessed at the assumed concentrations. The negative effect of fly ash after denitrification on the mastic processability has not been demonstrated.

Electroconductive composites are modern materials that are commonly used in many industries such as the construction industry among others. For example these materials can be useful as sensors for monitoring changes in constructions. The aim of this thesis is the research of electrically conductive silicate composite based on secondary raw materials. The design of this composite is based on the development of its own mixtures and experimental verification of the effect of the structure. The introduction part consists of a detailed analysis of 15 materials. Samples of the 5 fine and 2 coarse electrically conductive fillers were tested. Composite with filler Condufit C4 was selected as representative for type of fine fillers. Composite with filler Supragraphite C300 was selected as representative for type of coarse fillers. The selection of the composites was based on the impedance of the fabricated composites with these fillers. Subsequently, the individual components of the primary mixture were substituted. The cement was replaced by high-temperature fly ash in the amount of 20, 30, and 40 %, the aggregate of a similar fraction was replaced by steel sawdust, and the primary electrically conductive fillers were replaced by secondary ones in the amount of 30 and 50 %. All proposed replacements reduced the impedance of the composite. The most effective replacement for impedance reduction was replacement with waste graphite (up to 92 % reduction), which also slightly improved the mechanical properties of the composite. The result of this thesis is an optimized electrically conductive composite based on secondary raw materials with a fine type of filler with 30 % replacement by waste graphite "odpad vysavač"which achieves an impedance of 5 ohms. The partial goal of this thesis is a verification of the influence of moisture on the impedance of composites. Results are significantly affected by moisture when using the coarse type of filler, when using the fine type are not.

In line with the current focus on utilizing side products of various production processes, this dissertation thesis analyzes the process of alkali activation of particular side products: fly ash and brick fragments. This activation produces geopolymeric materials widely used in civil engineering. The thesis aims to optimize the geopolymerization process so that the resulting geopolymer is both ecologically and economically viable. To that end, the thesis studies the course of geopolymeric reaction between the alkali activator and fly ash from: (i) the Chvaletice power plant, (ii) the Dětmarovice power plant, and (iii) biomass combustion, as well as (iv) fluid fly ash from the Hodonín power plant. All experiments of geopolymeric reaction have focused on the factors influencing the synthesis of geopolymers—that is: composition of the alkali activator, the ratio of alumino-silicate to the activator, and the impact of temperature on structure of the synthesized geopolymer. Further, the thesis analyzed the synthesized polymer’s microstructure, phase composition, resistance against corrosive conditions, and compressive strength, as well as mechanical-fracture properties of selected fly-ash geopolymers. The thesis finds that the most suitable for geopolymeric synthesis appears to be the fly ash from the Chvaletice power plant in which case the obtained geopolymers showed best properties in the studied areas. The fly ash from the Dětmarovice power plant, biomass fly ash, and fluid fly ash have failed to reach acceptable properties. Separately, the thesis studies the geopolymerization of brick body that could be suitable input for alkali activation. The geopolymers synthesized from brick fragments resulted in materials of supperior mechanical strength. A mixed use of fly ash and brick fragments failed to show a synergetic effect. Properties of the resulting geopolymers have been inferior to the properties of geopolymers produced using just fly ash or just brick body.

Wood-polymer composite is a relatively new type of material that combines shattered wood mass and a thermoplastic polymer. This material is utilized especially as an alternative to hard wood in the area of non-bearing exterior elements, as it reaches better properties in terms of the basic durability and low maintenance. Raw material composition and processing of the composite enable to provide a significant modification with further matters leading to an improvement of the end-product properties. Research and development in this field focuses predominantly on the utilization of such modifying additives that either enhance the resistance to weathering or are of the recycled nature, as a significant part of the raw material mixture comprises the constituent obtained from non-renewable resources. The aim of the thesis is the evaluation of the influence of the wood-polymer composite modification separately at two levels. First of them is the modification to matrix by using a recycled polymer, the second one comprises the modification of the wood flour with a secondary spherical filler. Both types of modified composites have been assessed in terms pf the prime characteristics and the resistance to adverse ambient.