L'objectif de cette thèse est de mener une caractérisation expérimentale complète du comportement mécanique et thermomécanique d'un polyuréthane thermoplastique compact et sous forme moussée, utilisé dans la fabrication de pièces antivibratoires dans l'industrie automobile. Cette caractérisation est effectuée en s'appuyant sur des techniques d'imagerie quantitative, la thermographie infrarouge en particulier. D'un point de vue mécanique, la dépendance des différents phénomènes - effet Mullins, hystérésis mécanique, déformation résiduelle et variation de volume - à la densité initiale et à la vitesse de chargement a été établie. Sur le plan thermique et calorimétrique, la signature de ces différents phénomènes a été caractérisée et les bilans énergétiques menés ont permis d'estimer la dissipation mécanique en fonction des conditions d'essais et de la densité initiale du matériau. Les résultats de ces travaux constituent une base de données expérimentale pour l'identification de paramètres constitutifs et l'enrichissement de lois de comportement. / This PhD thesis deals with the full mechanical and thermomechanical characterization of thermoplastic polyurethane, in its compact and foam states, dedicated to antivibratory systems for automotive. This characterization has been carried out by using quantitative imaging techniques, especially infrared thermography. From a mechanical point of view, the dependency of the different phenomena involved in the material deformation - Mullins effect, mechanical hysteresis, residual deformation and volume change - on the initial density and loading rate has been established. The thermal and calorimetric signature of these phenomena has been characterized and the mechanical dissipation was estimated from energy balances. The results obtained provide an experimental database for the identification of constitutive parameters and the enrichment of behavior laws.

Due to the rising demand of light-weight constructions as well as the conservation of resources, the density and weight of thermoplastic parts could be influenced significantly by using the thermoplastic foam injection molding process. The structure of the foam injection molded part, which typically means solid surface layers and a cellular core, usually results in a weight saving. Furthermore the materials structure leads to an increasing of the specific bending stiffness with a simultaneous low tendency to warp. The present study was aimed to analyze the interactions between microcellular structure, joining process and the resulting mechanical properties of the molded part. Therefore, the microcellular injection molding process (MuCell®) as well as the vibration welding were used. Whereas the established welding processes for solid injection molded parts have already achieved a high degree of perfection within the last decades, the joining of microcellular thermoplastics entails several specific characteristics, because the injection foaming process highly influences the basic material properties. In contrast to solid materials, the weld seam properties after joining are mainly affected by the design constraints of the microcellular structure.

Although foamed bitumen has been widely applied in pavement construction some of its aspects are still not yet understood. In this study, some of these aspects including: effects of the foaming process on binder chemistry, characterization of foamed bitumen and development of a rational method to optimize foam characteristics, evaluation of aggregate particle coating within foamed bitumen treated materials, and development of a gyratory compaction procedure for laterite gravels treated with foamed bitumen were addressed. The effects of the foaming process on bitumen chemistry were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. Also, foam characteristics of three binders were established and a rational method to optimize foam characteristics proposed. Aggregate particle coating with foamed bitumen was studied using the concepts of surface energy and Rice density. In addition a gyratory laboratory compaction procedure for laterite gravels treated with foamed bitumen was established using the modified locking concept. Infrared techniques have shown that foaming does not cause any changes in the binder chemistry, suggesting that foaming may be a physical process. Further, foam characteristics are greatly influenced by binder viscosity. Also, the equiviscous temperature seems to produce foam with optimum foam characteristics. Rice density results showed that aggregate size fraction, binder expansion ratio and viscosity influenced aggregate particle coating. Surface energy results revealed that foamed bitumen exhibited better coating attributes than neat bitumen. A new compaction procedure for laterite gravels treated with foamed bitumen based on the modified locking point was developed. / QC 20110427

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Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;}</style><![endif]--></p><p class="Default" style="text-align:justify">Integrisanjem vi&scaron;erazličitih oblasti arhitekture, poznavanja svojstava materijala, fabrikacije, zajedno sa primenom digitalnih alata, postalo je moguće lak&scaron;e I efikasnije fabrikovati složene arhitektonske forme. Primena penastog polistirena u arhitektonskoj fabrikaciji je pogodna zbog dobrih svojstava polistirena, prevashodno njegove lake obradivosti. Upotrebom zagrejane žice za obradu materijala I industrijskog robota kao ma&scaron;ine za fabrikaciju, u ovom istraživanju su pokazana tri projektantska scenarija, koja predlažu automatizovan proces fabrikovanja složenih arhitektonskih formi različitih veličina od penastog polistirena I primenom različitih strategija za fabrikaciju. Rezultati su predstavljeni u vidu fabrikovanih prototipova. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span></p> / <p>Theintegrationofmultipledifferentfields-architecture,materialproperties,fabrication,combinedwiththeapplicationofdigitaltoolshasmadethefabricationofcomplexarchitecturalformseasyandefficient.Theapplicationoffoamedpolystyreneinarchitecturalfabricationissuitableduetothegoodpropertiesoffoamedpolystyrene,especiallytheeaseofmillingorcuttingthematerial.Inthisresearch,theapplicationofahot-wireasatoolandanindustrialrobotasafabricationmachinehasenabledthreedifferentdesignscenarios,whichsuggestanautomatedfabricationprocessforcomplexarchitecturalformsofdifferentsizes,madefrompolystyreneandbysuingdifferentfabricationstrategies.Theresultsarepresentsin a form of fabricated prototypes.</p>

Natural disasters are affecting a significant number of people around the world. Sheltering is the first step in post-disaster activities towards the normalization of the affected people's lives. Temporary housing is being used in these cases until the construction of permanent houses are done. Disposal of temporary housing after use is leading to a significant environmental impact because most of them are filled with thermally insulative polymer foams that do not degrade in a short period. To reduce these problems this work proposes to use foams made with compostable thermoplastic polylactic acid (PLA) and degradable kenaf core as filler materials; these foams are made using CO2 as blowing agent for insulation purposes. Foams with PLA and 5%, 10% and 15% kenaf core were tested. Different properties and their relations were examined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray μ-computed tomography (μ-CT) and building energy simulations were done using Energy Plus by NREL. The results show that mechanical properties are reduced with the introduction of kenaf core reinforcement while thermal conductivity display a noticeable improvement.

En el desarrollo del presente trabajo, se plantea desde el punto de vista técnico económico la importancia de la interacción de las partículas finas presentes en el mastic para dos técnicas que se presentan como innovadoras en el mundo de reciclado (RAP) de carreteras, tratamiento de carpetas con asfalto espumado y tratamiento con emulsiones asfálticas. Esta investigación se llevó a cabo en el proyecto “Servicio de reciclado Huancayo – Yanango – puente Herrería tramo III. Conforme se avanza en la investigación, se analiza y sintetiza una extensa revisión de bibliografía sobre la aplicación de las técnicas de tratamiento de carpetas con asfalto espumado y emulsiones asfálticas, de cada una se explica su historia, uso, producción, diseño para su desarrollo. Posteriormente, se explica la metodología para tener la secuencia del proceso para ambas técnicas, identificar la población, el tamaño de la muestra y las variables. Se da pase a la descripción del proyecto, en donde se presenta su ubicación, las características esenciales, el estudio de tráfico y estudio de la condición antes del proyecto. Además, se estudia las muestras y el resultado de los ensayos de pavimentos donde se ven las calicatas, el triturado de RAP a dimensiones de suelo, cálculo del número estructural de acuerdo con la resistencia saturada, resultados técnicos con asfalto espumado, con emulsión asfáltica, discusión de la solución adoptada y comparación económica de ambas técnicas. Finalmente, las conclusiones y recomendaciones que se encontraron en la presente investigación. / In the development of this work, the importance of the interaction of the fine particles present in the mast for two techniques that are presented as innovative in the world of road recycling (RAP), treatment of folders with foamed asphalt and treatment with asphalt emulsions. This research was carried out in the project "Recycling service Huancayo - Yanango - Herrería bridge section III. As the research progresses, an extensive review of the literature on the application of folder treatment techniques with foamed asphalt and asphalt emulsions is analyzed and synthesized, each of which explains its history, use, production, and design for its development. Subsequently, the methodology is explained to have the process sequence for the techniques, to identify the population, the sample size, and the variables. The description of the project is given, where its location, the essential characteristics, the traffic study and the condition study before the project are presented. In addition, the samples and the results of the tests of pavements where the test pits are seen, the grinding of RAP to soil dimensions, calculation of the structural number according to saturated resistance, technical results with foamed asphalt, with asphalt emulsion, are studied. discussion of the adopted solution and economic comparison of both techniques. Finally, the conclusions and recommendations found in the present investigation. / Tesis

Lightweight cellular concrete (LCC) is mainly a mixture of water, cement, and foam bubbles. LCC generally has a cast density between 20-60 pcf and an air content between 49-84%. LCC is often used as a fill material because it has a low unit weight which reduces settlement. LCC is increasingly being considered as a backfill behind Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls and embankments. Although engineers are using LCC in MSE walls or free face walls (MSE wall without the concrete panels or reinforcements), there is presently a lack of information regarding the performance and behavior of LCC to guide them. This research attempts to answer questions on the design of MSE walls backfilled with LCC and free face LCC walls by providing a well-documented case history and evaluating if LCC can be modeled as a c-ϕ material. A steel frame test box (10 ft wide x 12 ft long x 10 ft high) with a MSE wall on one side was constructed for the research. The box was filled with four lifts of LCC with steel ribbed-strip reinforcements extending into the LCC behind the MSE wall panels at the center of each lift. After the LCC was cured, two static load tests were performed by applying a surcharge load to the surface of the LCC. In one test, surcharge pressure was applied adjacent to the MSE wall to produce failure of the wall system. In a second test, the surcharge pressure was placed adjacent to a free face of the LCC to produce failure. String potentiometers (string pots), load cells, pressure plates, and strain gages were used to measure the behavior of the MSE wall and free face wall during testing. These two tests provided a comparison between LCC behavior with a MSE wall relative to a LCC free face. Failure of the free face wall with unreinforced LCC backfill in this test can be predicted using Rankine’s lateral force equation using a c-ϕ model. Failure angle at the base of the free face wall was between 51-63° which corresponds with an average friction angle (ϕ) of 24° and cohesion (c) of 1575 psf with an upper bound ϕ = 34° and a c = 1285 psf. The presence of reinforcements in the LCC backfill behind the MSE wall increased the capacity of the wall to hold a surcharge load. The presence of reinforcements in the LCC behind MSE walls also led to a much more ductile surcharge pressure vs. lateral deflection curve for the MSE wall compared to the free face wall.

[pt] Esta dissertação investiga escoamentos multifásicos de deslocamento de fluidos em geometrias anulares envolvidas em operações de cimentação de poços com fluidos espumados. A cimentação desempenha um papel relevante na integridade de poços e algumas aplicações requerem pastas leves com alta resistência à compressão, e o cimento espumado atende a este propósito. Para modelar adequadamente a complexidade do escoamento - que compreende comportamento não-newtoniano e elevada compressibilidade - um modelo tridimensional de dinâmica computacional de fluidos (CFD) foi desenvolvido a partir do código aberto OpenFOAM. As equações de conservação da massa, momento e fases são solucionadas em uma geometria anular, considerando o efeito da pressão na densidade e na reologia dos fluidos, e o método Volume of Fluid (VoF) foi usado para capturar a interface entre fluidos. Os modelos foram validados com soluções exatas para escoamento monofásico axissimétrico com fluidos incompressíveis e compressíveis, e com modelos constitutivos newtonianos e não-newtonianos. Além disso, simulações multifásicas estimaram a eficiência de deslocamento do fluido de perfuração pela pasta de cimento em diferentes condições – constraste de densidade e de viscosidade, ecentricidade e vazões de bombeio – e com diferentes correlações para a reologia dos fluidos espumados. Finalmente, simulações de deslocamento com fluidos com densidade e reologia constante (não-espumados) foram utilizadas para comparação. Os resultados indicam que a eficiência no deslocamento com a técnica de cimentação espumada é superior em condições similares e ilustra que as pastas espumadas são menos suceptíveis a gerarem falhas quanto condições desafiadoras estão presentes. / [en] This master dissertation investigates multiphase displacement flow in annular geometries involved in well cementing operations with foamed cement slurries and spacers. Well cementing plays a relevant role in well integrity and some applications require combining a low-density cement slurry with high compressive strength, and foamed cement suits this purpose. To properly model the displacement complexity involving foamed fluids flow - pressure and temperature dependent densities and non-Newtonian rheology - a 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed from the open-source OpenFOAM toolbox. The mass, momentum and phase conservation equations are solved in an annular geometry, taking the effect of pressure in the fluid density and rheology, and the volume-of-fluid (VoF) method was used to capture the interface between the fluids. The models were validated using exact solutions for axisymmetric single-phase flow with incompressible and compressible fluids, and Newtonian and non-Newtonian constitutive models. Further, multiphase simulations were performed to estimate the removal efficiency of the drilling fluid by the foamed cement slurry/spacer in different conditions – density and viscosity contrast, eccentricities, and flow rate - and with different correlations for the foamed cement rheological behavior. Finally, the displacement simulations with constant density and rheology displacing fluids (unfoamed) were performed and used to compare the results with the foamed displacing fluids. The results indicate that the displacement efficiency with a foamed cement technique outperforms constant density lightweight cement slurries with similar conditions and are much less sensitive to impairment when challenging conditions are present.

In this diploma thesis there are described the issues use of foamed bitumen as binder in asphalt mixtures. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The aim of theoretical part was to elaborate an overview of technologies, which allow to reduce the temperature during the production and laying of asphalt mixtures. The aim of the practical part was to compare the selected empirical and functional parameters of two types of asphalt mixtures produced in two variants, with hot bitumen and foamed bitumen. Attention was paid mainly to stiffness and low temperature parameters.

This graduation thesis is aimed to presentation heat isolation materials for the floor constructions. The experimental part is devoted physical - mechanical properties suggested very light concretes with the cement. The main part of the thesis is devoted to form of the transit and putting of the individual heat isolation materials. In the end are suggested structures of the floor constructions with the respect to their properties and price.