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Epidemiology of food hypersensitivity in schoolchildren : Validation with double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges and biomarkersWinberg, Anna January 2016 (has links)
Background: This thesis focuses on the incidence and remission of reported food hypersensitivity in schoolchildren followed from 8 to 12 -years of age and the prevalence of hypersensitivity to milk, egg, cod and wheat among 12-year olds investigated by reported data, clinical investigation and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges and biomarkers. Methods: The studies are mainly based on a population based cohort recruited in 2006 from three municipalities in Northern Sweden. All children in first and second grade, aged 7-8 years, were invited to a parental questionnaire study and 2585 (96% of invited) participated. The children in two of the municipalities were also invited to a skin prick test with airborne allergens. At age 11-12 years, there was a follow-up of the cohort using the same methods, with the addition of a child interview and assessment of body mass index (BMI). At the follow-up, children who reported milk hypersensitivity were invited to structured interviews and children reporting complete elimination of milk, egg, cod or wheat due to perceived hypersensitivity were invited to a clinical examination and blood sampling. According to test results, the children were categorized into different food hypersensitivity phenotypes according to preset criteria. Children categorized as current food allergy were then invited to further evaluation with a double-blind placebo-controlled food-challenge using newly developed recipes. Before their use, the recipes were successfully validated regarding detectable sensorial differences between the active and placebo substances in a separate cohort of healthy schoolchildren (n=275). Before and after the challenge series blood samples were collected for analyses of cytokine mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells including hallmark cytokines for the humoral allergy-promoting T helper (Th) 2 response, cellular cytotoxicity-promoting Th1 response, inflammatory-, and T regulatory responses. Fecal inflammatory biomarkers were also analyzed before and after the challenge series. Results: Reported food hypersensitivity increased from 21% at age 7-8 years to 26% at 11-12 years. There was a high incidence (15%) as well as a high remission (33%) of reported food hypersensitivity. Risk factors associated with incidence and remission were different for milk hypersensitivity and hypersensitivity to foods other than milk. The agreement between reported symptoms to milk, egg, cod, wheat, soy and peanut and sensitization to the culprit food was poor. At 11 to 12-years of age the prevalence of reported allergy to milk, egg, cod or wheat was 4.8% while the allergy prevalence according to clinical evaluation was 1.4%. This figure was further halved when evaluated with double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges. The majority of children with reported allergy to milk, egg, cod and wheat were categorized as other food hypersensitivity phenotypes, the most common being probable lactose intolerance (40%) and outgrown food allergy (19%). Even though reported milk hypersensitivity among the 11-12 year olds was 14.5%, only 3% were categorized as current milk allergy. Current and outgrown milk allergy was associated with other atopic disorders and a lower BMI (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.80-0.98). Before the challenge series, the mRNA expression of the cytokines IL-13 and IL-10 were higher among children with a positive compared to a negative challenge outcome. Conclusion: Reported food hypersensitivity was common among school children in Northern Sweden and increased from 7-8 years to 11-12 years of age, and both the incidence and remission of reported hypersensitivity was high. There was an 8-fold difference in the prevalence of allergy to milk, egg, cod or wheat when reported data was assessed by clinical examinations and double-blind placebo-controlled food challenges. Allergy to milk, egg, cod and wheat was an uncommon cause of complete avoidance of these foods due to perceived hypersensitivity. Some of the analyzed biomarkers might serve as prognostic markers for symptomatic, IgE-mediated food allergy but need further validation. / Bakgrund: Födoämnesöverkänslighet håller på att bli ett stort och kostsamt hälsoproblem i västvärlden. Prevalensen av rapporterad födoämnes-överkänslighet bland barn ökar, men det är fortfarande oklart om detta avspeglar en sann ökning i populationen. Det finns en stor spridning mellan uppmätta prevalenstal i olika studier och i de få studier där man följt upp rapporterade data med objektiva metoder ses en hög överrapportering. Data saknas om reell prevalens av födoämnesöverkänslighet bland skolbarn i Sverige. Befintliga prevalensdata baseras på rapporterad födoämnes-överkänslighet och studier saknas där angiven födoämnesöverkänslighet i en barnpopulationskohort validerats med objektiva metoder. Även om dubbelblinda provokationer räknas som ”gold standard” används i praktiken endast sjukhistoria, pricktest och analys av specifikt Immunoglubulin E (IgE) samt öppna provokationer för diagnostik. Metoderna har flera felkällor och mer tillförlitlig diagnostisk behövs, särskilt vid sena och svårtolkade symtom. Korrekt diagnos är särskilt viktig när baslivsmedel har eliminerats eftersom kostrestriktionerna riskerar att leda till negativa konsekvenser för livskvalitet och intag av viktiga näringsämnen. Syfte: Studierna i denna avhandling fokuserade på incidens och remission av födoämnesöverkänslighet bland skolbarn i Norrbotten, som följdes från 7-8 år till 11-12 års ålder, och på prevalens av överkänslighet mot mjölk, ägg, fisk och vete bland 12-åringar, undersökt med rapporterade data, klinisk undersökning samt dubbelblinda placebokontrollerade födoämnes-provokationer och biomarkörer. Metod: Den huvudsakliga delen av det här projektet är baserat på en populations-baserad kohort som rekryterades 2006 från 3 kommuner i norra Sverige. Föräldrar till alla barn i klass 1 och 2 (7-8 år) bjöds in till ett frågeformulär, som besvarades av 96% (n=2585) av de inbjudna. Barnen från två av kommunerna, Luleå och Kiruna, bjöds också in till ett pricktest med 10 vanliga luftburna allergen och 90% (n=1700) av de inbjudna deltog. År 2010, när barnen var 11-12 år, gjordes en studieuppföljning med samma metoder och med ytterligare tillägg av en intervju med barnet och bestämning av body mass index (BMI). Studiedeltagandet i enkäter och pricktest var lika högt vid uppföljningen som vid studiestart. Vid studieuppföljningen bjöds barn med rapporterad mjölköverkänslighet in till en strukturerad intervju och barn som helt undvek mjölk, ägg, fisk eller vete på grund av upplevd överkänslighet, bjöds in till klinisk undersökning och provtagning. Baserat på testresultaten kategoriserades barnen i olika fenotyper av födoämnesöverkänslighet utifrån förutbestämda kriterier. Barn som bedömdes ha en aktuell födoämnesallergi bjöds därefter in till vidare utredning med dubbelblind placebokontrollerad födoämnes-provokation. De recept som användes vid de dubbelblinda provokationerna hade dessförinnan validerats avseende detekterbara smak- och konsistens-skillnader mellan aktiv- och placebosubstans i en separat kohort av friska skolbarn (n=275). Före och efter den dubbelblinda provokationen samlades blodprover in för analys av cytokin mRNA-uttryck i mononukleära celler. Analyserna inkluderade cytokiner kännetecknande för humoralt allergidrivande T-hjälpar 2 (Th2) svar, cellulärt cytotoxiskt drivande Th1 svar samt inflammatoriskt- och T-reglerande svar. Vidare insamlades avföringsprover för analys av inflammatoriska biomarkörer före och efter genomgången provokationsserie. Resultat: Prevalensen av föräldrarapporterad födoämnesöverkänslighet ökade från 21% vid 7-8 år till nästan 26% vid 11-12 års ålder. Incidensen av rapporterad födoämnesöverkänslighet var hög (15%), liksom remissionen (33%). Riskfaktorer associerade med incidens och remission var olika för mjölk-överkänslighet och överkänslighet mot andra födoämnen. Vi såg också en bristande samstämmighet mellan föräldrarapporterad överkänslighet mot mjölk, ägg, fisk, vete, soja och jordnöt och IgE-sensibilisering mot det aktuella födoämnet. Vid 11-12 års ålder var prevalensen av rapporterad allergi mot mjölk, ägg, fisk eller vete 4.8%, medan prevalensen baserad på klinisk undersökning och provtagning var 1.4%. Prevalenssiffran halverades ytterligare när kliniskt bedömd födoämnesallergi validerades med dubbelblinda placebo-kontrollerade födoämnesprovokationer. Majoriteten av barnen med rapporterad allergi mot mjölk, ägg, fisk eller vete klassificerades som andra fenotyper av födoämnesöverkänslighet, varav de vanligast förekommande var möjlig laktosintolerans (40%) och utläkt födoämnesallergi (19%). Även om förekomsten av rapporterad mjölköverkänslighet bland 11-12 åringarna var så hög som 14.5%, kategoriserades bara 3% av dessa som en aktuell mjölkallergi. Mjölkallergi, aktuell eller utläkt, var associerat med andra atopirelaterade tillstånd och ett lägre BMI (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.80-0.98) jämfört med barn som inte undvek mjölkprodukter. Före den dubbelblinda provokationsserien var mRNA-uttrycket av den Th2-relaterade cytokinen IL-13 och den regulatoriska cytokinen IL-10 högre bland barn med provokationspåvisad födoämnesallergi jämfört med barn med en negativ födoämnesprovokation. Såväl före som efter provokationsserien kunde högre nivåer av inflammationsmarkörerna eosinofil-deriverat neurotoxin (EDN) och kalprotektin uppmätas i avföringsprover från barn med positivt provokationsutfall jämfört med barn med negativ födoämnesprovokation. Skillnaderna i uppmätta nivåer av biomarkörer i faeces uppnådde dock inte statistisk signifikans. Slutsats: Rapporterad födoämnesöverkänslighet var vanligt förekommande bland skolbarn i Norrbotten och ökade från 7-8 år till 11-12 års ålder. Incidensen av rapporterad födoämnesöverkänslighet var hög, liksom remissionen. Prevalensen av rapporterad allergi mot mjölk, ägg, fisk eller vete var 8 gånger högre än den prevalens som kunde påvisas med dubbelblind placebokontrollerad födoämnesprovokation. Allergi mot mjölk, ägg, fisk och vete var en ovanlig orsak till att barn helt undvek dessa födoämnen på grund av upplevd överkänslighet. Några av de biomarkörer som analyserades innan provokationsserierna visade lovande resultat som möjliga, framtida prognostiska markörer för symptomatisk, IgE-medierad födoämnesallergi. Dessa resultat behöver dock valideras med ytterligare studier.
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Evaluating the Burmese Population and their Use of the Women, Infants, and Children ProgramSchultz, Lisa Klenk 10 1900 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This pilot study examines the use of the Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program by the Burmese population in Indianapolis, Indiana.
A significant number of Burmese people migrated to the Indianapolis area starting in 2004. Many of them are families with young children and are enrolled in the WIC program. Language barriers and cultural differences make it more difficult for the WIC program to meet the needs of these families. To what extent is the WIC program meeting their needs? To answer this question, Burmese WIC participants enrolled in the Marion County WIC program were invited to participate in this study. Study participants received a survey at the time of their appointment at the WIC office. The survey included questions that focus on how the Burmese people feel about the foods provided and the nutrition education they receive on the program. Of the 30 study participants, 28 of them or 93.3% reported WIC as being very helpful. Some foods were reported as not being utilized as frequently by the Burmese population on the WIC program, including tortillas, brown rice, and whole wheat pasta. In addition, twenty six of the 30 participants or 86.7% reported the nutrition education they receive on WIC as being very helpful. Participants reported learning many new things through WIC nutrition education including how best to feed their infants and children, as well as breastfeeding being the best for their babies.
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Valor da determinação de IgE específica para tropomiosina no diagnóstico da alergia a camarão / Value of the determination of specific IgE for tropomyosin in the diagnosis of shrimp allergyDias, Paula Rezende Meireles 06 November 2018 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A alergia a camarão é causa comum e potencialmente grave de alergia alimentar IgE mediada, incluindo anafilaxia. Ao contrário de outras alergias alimentares, a alergia a camarão afeta predominantemente adultos e geralmente é vitalícia. Até o momento, não existe terapia específica para a alergia a camarão. Os pacientes necessitam excluir o crustáceo de sua dieta e portar adrenalina auto-injetável, para uso em reações por exposição acidental. A complexidade do perfil alergênico do camarão tem sido cada vez mais reconhecida nos últimos dez anos. A proteína muscular tropomiosina foi o primeiro alérgeno do camarão identificado e é considerada o seu principal alérgeno. Alguns estudos indicam que a tropomiosina apresenta alta especificidade na alergia a camarão, sendo apontada como uma possível e importante ferramenta diagnóstica. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo da tropomiosina em pacientes brasileiros em restrição alimentar por suspeita de alergia a camarão. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se 32 indivíduos com suspeita de alergia a camarão, os quais foram submetidos a testes cutâneos de leitura imediata para camarão (extrato) e \"in natura\" (cru e cozido), ácaros e barata. Também foram realizadas dosagens séricas de IgE específica para camarão, tropomiosina de camarão, ácaros e barata americana. Avaliou-se reatividade clínica a camarão através de testes de provocação oral. O camarão utilizado nos testes cutâneos e nos testes de provocação oral foi o Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (sete barbas). Foi realizado Western Blot 1 D dos pacientes alérgicos. Foram realizados cálculos de valor de corte para teste cutâneo de leitura imediata e IgE sérica específica através da utilização da curva ROC. RESULTADOS: Alergia a camarão foi confirmada em 17 pacientes. A IgE sérica específica para tropomiosina de camarão neste estudo apresentou sensibilidade de 58,8%, especificidade de 60%, valor preditivo positivo de 62,5% e valor preditivo negativo 56%. Em comparação com a IgE especifica para camarão e os testes cutâneos para camarão com extrato e \"in natura\", a IgE específica para tropomiosina apresentou a menor sensibilidade e menor valor preditivo positivo. Em sete pacientes alérgicos, a tropomiosina não foi detectada, apontando a importância de outros alérgenos do camarão, avaliados no Western blot. Os testes cutâneos apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre alérgicos e não alérgicos e foi possível definir um ponto de corte, útil na distinção entre ambos. Os resultados dos valores de corte do teste cutâneo (média) para extrato comercial foram 5,75 mm, para camarão cru 6,75 mm e para camarão cozido 5,00 mm. Todos os pacientes são atópicos. CONCLUSÃO: A IgE específica para tropomiosina neste estudo não apresentou superioridade diagnóstica quando comparada aos testes cutâneos com camarão \"in natura\" e extrato, e a IgE específica para o camarão. Outros alérgenos, além da tropomiosina, devem ser considerados na avaliação diagnóstica para a alergia a camarão / INTRODUCTION: Shrimp allergy is a common and potentially serious cause of food allergy-mediated IgE, including anaphylaxis. Unlike other food allergies, shrimp allergy affects predominantly adults and is usually lifelong. To date, there is no specific therapy for shrimp allergy. Patients need to exclude the crustacean from their diet and carry selfinjectable adrenaline to be used if the reaction begins after accidental exposure. The complexity of the allergenic profile of shrimp has been increasingly recognized in the last ten years. The tropomyosin muscle protein was the first identified shrimp allergen and is considered its main allergen. Some studies indicate that tropomyosin presents high specificity in shrimp allergy, being pointed out as a possible and important diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of tropomyosin in Brazilian patients under food restriction due to the suspicion of allergy to shrimp. METHODS: Thirty-two individuals with suspected allergy to shrimp were selected, who underwent immediate skin tests for shrimp (extract) and \"in natura\" (raw and cooked), mites and cockroaches. Serum dosages of IgE specific for shrimp, shrimp tropomyosin, mites and American cockroach were also performed. Clinical reactivity to shrimp was assessed by oral challenge tests. Shrimp used in skin tests and oral challenge tests was Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (seabob). Western Blot 1 D of the allergic patients was performed. Cut-off calculations were performed for immediate-reading skin test and specific serum IgE using the ROC curve. RESULTS: Shrimp allergy was confirmed in 17 patients. Serum IgE specific for shrimp tropomyosin in this study showed sensitivity of 58.8%, specificity of 60%, positive predictive value of 62.5% and negative predictive value of 56%. Compared to shrimp-specific IgE and cutaneous shrimp skin tests with extract and \"in natura\", tropomyosin was not detected, indicating the importance of other shrimp allergens evaluated in the Western blot. The skin tests presented a statistically significant difference between allergic and non-allergic and it was possible to define a cutoff point, useful in distinguishing between both. The results of the cutoff values of the skin test (average) for commercial extract were 5.75 mm, for raw shrimp 6.75 mm and for cooked shrimp 5.00 mm. All patients are atopic. CONCLUSION: The tropomyosin-specific IgE in this study did not present diagnostic superiority when compared to cutaneous tests with in natura shrimp and extract, and shrimp specific IgE. Other allergens, in addition to tropomyosin, should be considered in the diagnostic evaluation for shrimp allergy
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