A presente tese aborda um tipo específico de abastecimento alimentar em que produtores e consumidores se aliam e trabalham de forma colaborativa para o funcionamento da dinâmica. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi compreender como a dinâmica de abastecimento alimentar emerge e se materializa em diferentes locais, evidenciando as práticas sociais envolvidas, bem como a interação cotidiana entre atores, materialidades e subjetividades. A análise é baseada em um estudo em perspectiva internacional, que envolve sete casos localizados em cinco países distintos, a saber: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, em São Paulo (Brasil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, em Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio e GASPER, ambos em Roma (Italia); na cidade de Valência duas iniciativas, Grupo de Consumo Vera e Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Espanha) e De Groene Schuur em Zeist (Holanda). A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem etnográfica multilocalizada, sendo esta complementada por revisão de literatura, análise documental, entrevistas, notas de campo e registro fotográfico Em termos teóricos, a Teoria das Assemblages foi utilizada como uma meta-teoria para explicar a formação das dinâmicas de abastecimento. Além disso, diferentes corpos de conhecimento foram mobilizados para a análise e interpretação das práticas sociais envolvidas em torno de processos organizacionais, relações interpessoais, construção do conhecimento e ativismo alimentar. Os resultados indicam que estas dinâmicas de abastecimento emergem de forma altamente contingencial em distintos países fomentando a emergência de Alianças Alimentares Colaborativas em que os atores trabalham em atividades diversas que vão além do comércio de alimentos e que ao fim buscam a materialização de uma sociedade e um sistema alimentar distinto. Há um forte fluxo e interação entre elementos materiais e subjetivos no surgimento de representações, valores e desejos que são incorporados pelos participantes e coletivos, afetando o cotidiano dos atores e a identidade das dinâmicas de abastecimento. / The present thesis addresses a specific type of food supply in which producers and consumers work together in a collaborative way for the functioning of the dynamic. The central aim of the thesis research was to understand how the food supply emerge and materializes in different locations, highlighting the social practices involved and the everyday interaction between actors, materiality and subjectivity. The analysis is based on a international study involving seven cases located in five different countries, namely: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, in São Paulo (Brazil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, in Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio and GASPER, both in Rome (Italy); in Valencia two initiatives, Grupo de Consumo Vera and Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Spain) and De Groene Schuur in Zeist (The Netherlands). The methodology used was a multi-sited ethnographic approach that was complemented by literature review, document analysis, interviews, field notes and photographic register. In theoretical terms, The Assemblage Theory was used as a meta-theory to explain the formation of the supply dynamics Additionally, different bodies of knowledge were mobilized for the analysis and interpretation of the social practices involved in process of organization, interpersonal relationships, knowledge building and food activism. The results indicate that these supply dynamics emerge in highly contingent ways in different countries promoting the emergence of Food Alliances Collaborative in which actors work in various activities that go beyond food, seeking to materialize a particular model of society and a different food system. There is a strong flow and interaction between material and subjective elements contributing to the emergence of representations, values and desires that are incorporated by participants and collectives, affecting the daily lives of the actors and the identity of the supply dynamics.

Within youth soccer high training and match loads warrant appropriate nutritional attention, although research assessing the nutritional intake and habits of youth soccer players is scarce. This thesis aimed to investigate habits and explore experiences of dietary intake methods in an English Premier League youth academy. Study one (Chapter 4) quantified the energy, macro and micronutrient intake of players from age groups under (U) 13 to U18 (7-day food diary, n = 59). Results showed players across all ages were in energy deficit, with low carbohydrate intake, and a large individual variability for micronutrient intake in comparison to current recommendations. However, under-reporting may have influenced these results. Study two (Chapter 5), a qualitative approach, explored nutritional habits (n = 15) with study one participants using one-on-one interviews. The U15 – U18s players consciously periodise their carbohydrate intake throughout the week; U18s stated this was to aid body composition. When discussing their participation in the previous food diary study, U18s expressed that a quicker, more user-friendly method would be desirable. The third study (Chapter 6), therefore, assessed the use of smartphone technology to record dietary intake. Fulltime youth soccer players (n = 22) recorded their dietary intake on a single training day, using a smartphone application and a photography method respectively compared to 24-hr recall. The 24-hr recall provided significantly higher energy and macronutrient intake in comparison to the smartphone methods. This data suggests smartphone technology was more effective in tandem with 24-hr recall. To conclude, youth soccer players are in dietary energy and carbohydrate deficit, with variable micronutrient intake when compared to current recommendations and traditional 24-hr recall is recommend if using smartphone technology. Further research for the accurate quantification of dietary intake and energy demands is required. Dietary advice provision for youth soccer to reach current nutritional recommendations is warranted.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality, with the incidence of cardiovascular related pathologies remaining a public health burden. CVD encompasses pathologies of the vascular tree and heart, including, for example, peripheral artery disease, coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is the primary pathological process leading to CVD and is characterised by a multifactorial pathophysiology that first manifests in the vascular endothelium. Termed endothelial dysfunction, this early marker of atherosclerosis has become a focus of interest for identifying individuals at risk of a profound cardiovascular insult, particularly arising from lifestyle choices such as physical inactivity and calorie-rich diets. Dietary interventions have received increasing attention in recent years as inexpensive strategies to potentially combat the ever-increasing global burden of CVD. A high dietary flavonoid intake is associated with a reduction in CVD risk and several studies have revealed a strong, inverse relation between the regular intake of tea, a major source of dietary flavonoids, and CVD risk. Tea has demonstrated improved conduit artery endothelial function and glucose handling in both healthy individuals and in those with overt CVD. However, the effects of tea on the microvasculature and cerebrovasculature are not yet understood, particularly in relation to lifestyle factors. The primary aim of this thesis was to explore the impact of tea ingestion on peripheral and cerebral micro- and macrovascular function in humans. In an initial methodological study, the day-to-day reproducibility of thermally stimulated cutaneous microvascular function was assessed. Fifteen, healthy males (28 ± 5 yrs, BMI 25 ± 2 kg/m2) attended two experimental trials 2-7 days apart. During each trial, baseline and maximal thermally stimulated forearm skin responses were examined simultaneously at four sites on the dominant forearm using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). The following heating protocols were adopted: 1. Rapid 39°C (0.5°C/5-s), 2. Rapid 42°C (0.5°C/5-s) 3. Gradual 42°C (0.5°C/2-min 30-s) and 4. Slow 42°C (0.5°C/5-min). The coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated for absolute flux, cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC; flux/mean arterial pressure, MAP) and CVC expressed as a percentage of maximal CVC at 44°C (%CVCmax) at three different time points; baseline (33°C), plateau (39/42°C) and maximal (44°C). Reproducibility of baseline flux, CVC and %CVCmax was 17-29% across all protocols. During the plateau, Rapid, Gradual and Slow 42°C demonstrated a reproducibility of 13-18% for flux and CVC and 5-11% for %CVCmax. However, Rapid 39°C demonstrated a lower reproducibility for flux, CVC and %CVCmax (21%). Reproducibility at 44°C was 12-15% for flux and CVC across all protocols. The good-to-moderate reproducibility of the Rapid, Gradual and Slow 42°C protocols supported their (simultaneous) use to assess peripheral microvascular function. The aim of Chapter 5 was to examine the acute (2-hour) cutaneous vascular responses to local skin heating following ingestion of black tea in a healthy adult population. Twenty healthy participants (58 ± 5 yrs, BMI 26 ± 4 kg/m2, 9 men) attended two experimental trials (tea, placebo), 7-days apart in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Participants ingested a single dose of 200 ml black tea or placebo, followed by assessment of forearm cutaneous microvascular function using LDF and three distinct local skin heating protocols to distinguish between axon- and endothelium-dependent vasodilation: 1. Rapid 42°C, 2. Rapid 39°C and 3. Gradual 42°C. On the contralateral arm, full-field laser perfusion imaging (FLPI) was used to assess forearm cutaneous microvascular function during Gradual 42°C. Data were analysed as CVC and %CVCmax. Rapid local heating to 39°C or 42°C demonstrated no effect of tea for flux, CVC or %CVCmax (all P > 0.05). Gradual local heating to 42°C, however, produced a higher skin blood flow following black tea ingestion for absolute CVC (P=0.04) when measured by LDF, and higher absolute flux (P < 0.001) and CVC (P < 0.001) measured with FLPI. No effect of tea was found for %CVCmax when assessed by either LDF or FLPI. The aim of the study outlined in Chapter 6 was to examine the effect of daily green tea consumption (equivalent to 6 cups/day) on changes in peripheral vascular function and glucose handling after a 7-day ‘unhealthy’ lifestyle in healthy males. Twelve healthy males (29 ± 6 yrs, BMI 25 ± 2 kg/m2) underwent two periods of 7-days ‘unhealthy’ lifestyle (UL) comprising of combined physical activity reduction (-50% steps per day) and high fat, high carbohydrate overfeeding (+50% kcal per day, comprising 65% fat) in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Each intervention period was separated by a 2-week washout. During each 7-day UL-period, participants ingested three doses of an active green tea drink (UL-Tea) or a placebo drink (UL-Placebo) per day at regular intervals. Participants attended the laboratory before and after each 7-day intervention (a total of 4 visits). During each visit the following were examined: mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), dominant forearm cutaneous microvascular function using LDF and local heating protocols 1. Rapid 42°C, 2. Rapid 39°C and 3. Gradual 42°C, macrovascular function using brachial artery and femoral artery endothelium-dependent function via flow-mediated dilation (FMD), carotid artery vasoreactivity to the cold pressor test (CAR%), cerebrovascular function via CO2 reactivity and dynamic cerebral autoregulation, and insulin sensitivity and glucose handling through a mixed-meal (1200kcal, comprising 60% carbohydrates, 33% fat and 7% protein) tolerance test. Linear mixed models (main effects of intervention and time) were used to examine the impact of the lifestyle intervention (pre vs post) and green tea ingestion (UL-Tea vs UL-Placebo). Body mass demonstrated a slight increase following both UL-Tea and UL-Placebo (P > 0.05). MAP was increased after UL-Placebo, whereas it was reduced after UL-Tea (P=0.06). LDF responses to rapid local heating demonstrated non-significant reductions in CVC following UL-Placebo but no difference following UL-Tea (P > 0.05), with a significant interaction of time*condition*temperature observed following Gradual 42°C (P=0.02). Brachial artery FMD was not different pre vs post or between UL-Placebo and UL-Tea (P > 0.05), whereas femoral artery FMD decreased after UL-Placebo, which was prevented during UL-Tea (P < 0.001). CAR% decreased following UL-Placebo, which was prevented during UL-Tea (P=0.04). CO2 reactivity and dynamic cerebral autoregulation demonstrated no differences between UL-Placebo and UL-Tea or over time. Postprandial glucose was increased after UL-Placebo, whereas a reduction in postprandial glucose occurred after UL-Tea (P=0.03). Postprandial insulin levels were higher after UL-Placebo, consistent with insulin resistance, whereas following UL-Tea the insulin response was reduced and demonstrated an interaction of time*condition (P < 0.001). The aim of Chapter 7 was to examine the effect of acute oral (-)-epicatechin ingestion on cerebrovascular function in healthy adults. Seven healthy males (32 ± 13 yrs, BMI 25 ± 1 kg/m2) attended two experimental trials ((-)-epicatechin and placebo) 7-days apart in a randomised, controlled, double-blind, cross-over design. Participants underwent baseline assessment of cerebrovascular function using transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD), comprising CO2 reactivity to hypercapnia and dynamic cerebral autoregulation via squat-stand manoeuvres at 0.10 Hz and 0.05 Hz. / Following completion of the baseline measures, participants immediately consumed an oral dose of the test product (2 x 50 mg capsules of (-)-epicatechin or 2 capsules of colour-matched placebo) together with a glass of water, following which participants relaxed in the laboratory. 2-hours post-ingestion repeat measures of cerebrovascular function were performed. Linear mixed models (main effects of condition and time) examined the differences between (-)-epicatechin and placebo interventions (pre vs post) on cerebrovascular function. No differences were observed at pre vs post baseline for middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) or MAP (all P > 0.05). There were no differences in the cerebrovascular responses to CO2 or dynamic autoregulation between (-)-epicatechin and placebo. The findings from this thesis suggest that, firstly, use of simultaneous skin local heating protocols provides a valuable means of interrogating the cutaneous microvessels for mechanistic insight in intervention studies. Secondly, current findings evidence improved cutaneous microvascular function following acute black tea consumption. Furthermore, the research work undertaken in this thesis provides important insight into the effects of tea consumption on peripheral (micro- and macro-) vascular function and insulin sensitivity, particularly its abrogative effects on lifestyle-induced vascular impairments. However, the effects of tea consumption on the cerebrovasculature remain uncertain. Overall, based on the current findings, tea consumption presents a simple, inexpensive, non-pharmacological cardioprotective strategy to help combat the ever-increasing global burden of CVD.

From Introduction: South Africa has experienced an almost revolutionary change in her food position in the last 10 years, what was previously a "farm problem" of assisting the primary producer has now become a "food problem" and this is a study of the development of those factors leading up to such a change. It is an empirical study attempting to measure the production and consumption of certain selected foodstuffs and to compare them with changes observed in the population and the National Income.

A presente tese aborda um tipo específico de abastecimento alimentar em que produtores e consumidores se aliam e trabalham de forma colaborativa para o funcionamento da dinâmica. O objetivo central da pesquisa foi compreender como a dinâmica de abastecimento alimentar emerge e se materializa em diferentes locais, evidenciando as práticas sociais envolvidas, bem como a interação cotidiana entre atores, materialidades e subjetividades. A análise é baseada em um estudo em perspectiva internacional, que envolve sete casos localizados em cinco países distintos, a saber: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, em São Paulo (Brasil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, em Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio e GASPER, ambos em Roma (Italia); na cidade de Valência duas iniciativas, Grupo de Consumo Vera e Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Espanha) e De Groene Schuur em Zeist (Holanda). A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem etnográfica multilocalizada, sendo esta complementada por revisão de literatura, análise documental, entrevistas, notas de campo e registro fotográfico Em termos teóricos, a Teoria das Assemblages foi utilizada como uma meta-teoria para explicar a formação das dinâmicas de abastecimento. Além disso, diferentes corpos de conhecimento foram mobilizados para a análise e interpretação das práticas sociais envolvidas em torno de processos organizacionais, relações interpessoais, construção do conhecimento e ativismo alimentar. Os resultados indicam que estas dinâmicas de abastecimento emergem de forma altamente contingencial em distintos países fomentando a emergência de Alianças Alimentares Colaborativas em que os atores trabalham em atividades diversas que vão além do comércio de alimentos e que ao fim buscam a materialização de uma sociedade e um sistema alimentar distinto. Há um forte fluxo e interação entre elementos materiais e subjetivos no surgimento de representações, valores e desejos que são incorporados pelos participantes e coletivos, afetando o cotidiano dos atores e a identidade das dinâmicas de abastecimento. / The present thesis addresses a specific type of food supply in which producers and consumers work together in a collaborative way for the functioning of the dynamic. The central aim of the thesis research was to understand how the food supply emerge and materializes in different locations, highlighting the social practices involved and the everyday interaction between actors, materiality and subjectivity. The analysis is based on a international study involving seven cases located in five different countries, namely: Associação de Integração Campo Cidade, in São Paulo (Brazil); Canasta Comunitaria Utopía, in Riobamba (Ecuador); GAS Testaccio Meticcio and GASPER, both in Rome (Italy); in Valencia two initiatives, Grupo de Consumo Vera and Grupo de Consumo de Russafa (Spain) and De Groene Schuur in Zeist (The Netherlands). The methodology used was a multi-sited ethnographic approach that was complemented by literature review, document analysis, interviews, field notes and photographic register. In theoretical terms, The Assemblage Theory was used as a meta-theory to explain the formation of the supply dynamics Additionally, different bodies of knowledge were mobilized for the analysis and interpretation of the social practices involved in process of organization, interpersonal relationships, knowledge building and food activism. The results indicate that these supply dynamics emerge in highly contingent ways in different countries promoting the emergence of Food Alliances Collaborative in which actors work in various activities that go beyond food, seeking to materialize a particular model of society and a different food system. There is a strong flow and interaction between material and subjective elements contributing to the emergence of representations, values and desires that are incorporated by participants and collectives, affecting the daily lives of the actors and the identity of the supply dynamics.

Magister Legum - LLM / This study critically investigated the argument whether intellectual property rights over life forms and processes would ensure food security. It only considered the issue from the perspective of developing countries, as they are the ones who are hardest hit by recurrent drought and food insecurity. Protections within TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights) and debates underpinning it formed the essence of the research. / South Africa

This paper examines the process of converging and industrializing food habits in Hong Kong. It does this by examining changes in the food system as a whole, placing consumption patterns in the context of the local food system and local social formation. In turn, local dynamics are placed in a global context. It is within the global context that the geographical homogenization of available foodstuffs is occurring. It is, however, in local place where the processes and trends are manifested. The paper begins with a discussion of the research issues and questions that surround the studies of consumption, food habits and Hong Kong. There is then a section which deals with the nature of food as an industrial commodity and the nature of the world industrial food system. The logic behind the geographical homogenization is drawn out of this discussion. The paper then turns to the geographical setting of the Hong Kong case; first describing the nature of the local social formation then moving on to consider changes in the local food system in the post Second World War period. Changes in the import/export profile, the local food production economy and the local circulatory sphere are outlined. These areas exhibit a tendency to capital intensification and internationalization. Finally changes in the actual consumption patterns of the people of Hong Kong are addressed. The conclusion of the analysis is that the Hong Kong social formation and the Hong Kong food system are undergoing a radical transformation: one where globally articulated capitalist 'patterns of regulation' are coming to shape the nature of agency in regards to food consumption in the local place that is Hong Kong. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Orientador: Walter Belik / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T12:15:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wegner_RubiaCristina_M.pdf: 961483 bytes, checksum: 55b5e8e51ec4df40f0d2b02e80749e60 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar a necessidade de regulação pública para o abastecimento de frutas, legumes e verduras a partir das centrais públicas de abastecimento (Ceasa). Tendo por hipótese que a regulação do abastecimento desses produtos é condição fundamental para se construir a Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) no Brasil. Parte-se da compreensão do abastecimento como um dos determinantes das condições de acesso e de disponibilidade de alimentos nas cidades. A vigência de um Sistema Nacional de Centrais de Abastecimento (Sinac) de 1972 a 1986 serviu de parâmetro na análise da configuração entre setor privado - representado pelos supermercados - e setor público - centrais públicas de abastecimento - na distribuição e comercialização de frutas, legumes e verduras. Considerou-se, dessa forma, os problemas que as Ceasas têm enfrentado desde a ruptura do Sinac e em meio ao processo de globalização agroalimentar, além da estratégia de grandes redes do varejo supermercadista de utilizar centrais próprias de distribuição com expressivos investimentos em logística e em Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC). Entrevista semi-estruturada, revisão bibliográfica, tabulação dos dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares (POF-IBGE), sobretudo de 2002-2003 e 2008-2009, e da plataforma sobre as centrais de abastecimento BI-Prohort constituíram a metodologia do trabalho. Procurou-se mostrar que alimentos como frutas e hortaliças são imprescindíveis para uma alimentação adequada. Dentre as principais conclusões está que não há sinais concretos de que as centrais de abastecimento serão substituídas pelas centrais próprias de distribuição dos supermercados; Ceasas reúnem condições para regular o abastecimento de FLV dentro de uma política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN) / Abstract: The aim of this paper is to show the need of public regulation in the supply of fruits and vegetables from the central public supply (Ceasa). We consider the hypothesis that the supply regulation of these products is a fundamental condition for constructing the Food and Nutrition Security in Brazil. We understand supply as one of the determinants of disponibility and access conditions of food in the cities. The validity of the National Wholesale Markets System (Sinac) from 1972 to 1986 served as a parameter in the configuration analysis between the private sector - represented by supermarkets - and the public sector - central government supply - in the distribution and marketing of fruits and vegetables. These are, thus, the problems Ceasas have faced since the rupture of Sinac among the food industry globalization process, besides the large network strategy of retail supermarkets of using their own distribution centers with significant investments in logistics and in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). The methodology consisted in semi-structured interviews, literature review, data tabulation of POF-IBGE 2002-2003 and 2008-2009, and BI-Prohort Ceasa?s data. It was tried to show that fruits and vegetables are crucial for an adequate diet. Among the main conclusions, we can say there are no tangible signs that show the central supply stations will be replaced by the supermarkets own distribution; Ceasas meet the conditions to regulate the supply of fruits and vegetables within the policy of Food and Nutrition Security (SAN) / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

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