Esta pesquisa aborda a organização do abastecimento de gêneros alimentícios no bojo da transformação da cidade de São Paulo em metrópole industrial e da modernização do seu espaço urbano central, nas últimas décadas do Império e iniciais da República. Com esse objetivo, investigamos a criação da primeira Praça do Mercado na Rua 25 de Março e a transferência do Matadouro do bairro do Bexiga para a Vila Mariana. O estabelecimento de espaços institucionais para a produção e comércio de gêneros de primeira necessidade visava concentrar os segmentos comerciais do abastecimento com o propósito de retirá-los do triângulo central, bem como de aprimorar a fiscalização tributária e sanitária sobre esse setor. Por meio da utilização dos informes dos memorialistas, das atas da câmara e da imprensa diária da cidade, analisamos os conflitos suscitados pela organização do comércio de abastecimento, vinculado ao mercado e ao matadouro. E reconstituímos os movimentos coletivos e suas formas de protesto para viabilizar interesses econômicos e políticos dos vários segmentos comerciais dos armazéns de secos e molhados na cidade, dos locatários dos quartos do mercado, dos marchantes e açougueiros em conflito entre si e com os administradores públicos. O alinhamento político desses segmentos com os grupos em disputa na Câmara se mostrou relevante para a viabilização de demandas no setor. Os conflitos deflagrados pela intervenção e organização do comércio de abastecimento em São Paulo indicaram a existência de um campo de disputas entre interesses econômicos que envolviam diretamente os responsáveis por administrar a cidade. A pesquisa demonstra, também, o quanto a análise sobre o processo de modernização da cidade de São Paulo e de sua modernidade não pode passar ao largo das questões relativas à alimentação e ao abastecimento de gêneros de primeira necessidade. / This research discusses the food supply organization due to the transformation of São Paulo in an industrial metropolis and the modernization of its central urban area, in the last decades of the Brazilian Empire and the initials of the Republic. In order to fulfill this objective, we investigated the creation of the first public market square on the Vinte e Cinco de Março Street and the Slaughterhouse transfer from Bexiga`s neighborhood to Vila Mariana. The settlement of institutional spaces for both production and trade of the essential foodstuffs aimed to concentrate the traditional food supply merchants with the purpose of withdrawing them from the urban central area. In addition, this attempt to control the foodstuff supply was designed to improve sanitary conditions and tax collecting. The documentation survey includes memorialists reports, minutes of municipal chamber and the city press release. We analyze the conflicts raised from the food supply trade organization due to the changes established with the market creation and the slaughterhouse transfer. We reconstitute the collective movements of traditional merchants (grocery stores, the market square renters, cattle and meat dealers and butchers) and their rivalries among themselves and forms of protest against the changes in the food supply organization. The political alignment of the food trade traditional merchants with the groups in dispute at municipal chamber was relevant to promote their demands. In São Paulo, we found the existence of a field of contention among the economic interests that directly involved those responsible to manage the city. The research also demonstrate how much the analysis of São Paulo\'s urban modernization e and its modernity should not pass off questions concerned to the essential food supply chain.

Introdução: O ritmo da vida urbana, dado pelo processo de produção, invade a vida social e acaba impondo aos cidadãos metropolitanos alguns comportamentos de consumo. No que se refere à padronização do consumo alimentar, nota-se que é cada vez mais frequente a realização de refeições fora de casa, o que contribui na persistência de ameaças para o alcance da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN), devido à alta ingestão de alimentos não saudáveis. Objetivo: Caracterizar o ambiente alimentar no interior das estações de metrô da cidade de São Paulo, sob o ponto de vista da SAN, incluindo a comercialização de alimentos e a instalação de pontos comerciais de alimentos. Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado em 19 estações distribuídas nas cinco linhas existentes do metrô administradas exclusivamente pelo Governo do Estado. Nas estações que comercializavam alimentos, foi utilizado instrumento que caracterizou: os estabelecimentos; a disponibilidade de informação para o cliente e forma de apresentação dessa informação; a disponibilidade dos itens marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável; os preços, promoções e propagandas de alimentos comercializados. Para a compreensão das políticas, das normas e da regulamentação da presença de estabelecimentos, foi realizada uma busca de documentos com auxílio de um roteiro e, posteriormente, foi realizada uma entrevista individual semiestruturada com o Chefe do Departamento de Negócios da Companhia. Dessa forma, foi realizada análise descritiva do comércio de alimentos em relação às variáveis coletadas e foram calculadas as frequências relativas e absolutas, médias e medianas com auxílio do programa SPSS (IBM, New York, USA). Os documentos para a instalação de pontos comerciais foram organizados em forma de textos no Word (Microsoft Word 2010) e de planilhas no Excel devidamente identificados para serem compreendidos e analisados de acordo com os itens propostos no roteiro. A entrevista transcrita serviu para complementar as informações obtidas pela análise documental, partindo do referencial teórico da SAN. Resultados: Foi observada uma baixa disponibilidade de alimentos saudáveis em relação aos alimentos não saudáveis nos pontos comerciais encontrados, sendo que, aqueles que comercializavam alimentos saudáveis os apresentavam com pouca variedade e a preços não tão competitivos em relação aos alimentos não saudáveis. Além disso, a presença de estratégias de marketing de alimentos e bebidas não saudáveis e a ocultação de informações nutricionais também foram fatores considerados como um incentivo aos alimentos não condizentes a uma alimentação adequada e saudável. Na descrição dos documentos da Companhia, o Cadastro Municipal de Vigilância em Saúde é a única \"garantia de qualidade\" dos alimentos presentes nos pontos comerciais e não são mencionados os aspectos de SAN para a comercialização de alimentos nas estações. Considerações finais: A presente investigação pode despertar o interesse do poder público na formulação de intervenções, políticas públicas e regulamentação, que considerem a realização do direito humano à alimentação adequada como um objetivo central, aplicadas a esse contexto. Uma vez que, por se tratar de um equipamento que presta serviços à população, onde circulam milhões de pessoas todos os dias, e pela existência de políticas, ações e estratégias no Brasil e na cidade de São Paulo que buscam a garantia da SAN, esse deve promover ambientes saudáveis aos seus usuários. / The rhythm of urban life, given by the production process, invades the social life and ends up imposing to the metropolitan citizens some consumption behaviors. Regarding to the standardization of food consumption, it is noted that meals are increasingly frequent outside home, which contributes to the persistence of threats to the reach of Food and Nutrition Security (FNS), due to the high intake of unhealthy food. Objective: Characterize the food environment inside the subway stations of the city of Sao Paulo, in the point of view of FNS, including the food commercialization and the installation of food stores. Methods: This study was done in 19 stations distributed in the five existing subway lines administered exclusively by the State of Sao Paulo. In the stations where food was commercialized, an instrument was used to characterize: the stores; the availability of information for the customers and how this information is displayed; the availability of healthy and unhealthy food markers; the prices, sales promotions and advertisements of the commercialized food. In order to understand the policies, norms and regulation to the installation of these stores, a document search was done with the help of a script and, later, an individual semi-structured interview was made with the Business Department Chief of Metro. Thus, a descriptive analysis of the food commercialization was made in relation to the collected variables, also the relative and absolute frequencies, mean and median were calculated with the aid of the SPSS program (IBM, New York, USA). The documents for the installation of a set were arranged in text form in Word (Microsoft Word 2010) and in spreadsheets in Excel properly identified to be understood and analyzed according to the proposed items of the script. The transcribed interview was useful to complement the information obtained by the documental analysis, starting from the theoretical reference of the FNS. Results: It was noticed that there was a low availability of healthy foods in relation to unhealthy foods at the stores found, and those who sold healthy foods presented them with little variety and at prices not so competitive in relation of unhealthy foods. In addition to that, the presence of marketing strategies for unhealthy food and beverages and the concealment of nutritional information were also factors considered as an incentive for an unhealthy and not adequate food consumption. In the description of the Metro\'s documents, the Municipal Health Surveillance Register is the only \"quality assurance\" of the foods in the stores and the aspects of FNS are not mentioned for the commercialization of food in the stations. Final considerations: This investigation may arouse the interest of the public power in the formulation of interventions, public policies and regulation, which consider the human right to adequate food as a central objective, applied in this context. Since it is an equipment that provides services to the population, where millions of people circulate every day, and the existence of policies, actions and strategies in Brazil and in the city of Sao Paulo that seek for the guarantee of FNS, it should promote healthy environments for its users.

Ruling Appetites: The Politics of Diet in Early Modern English Literature reveals how eating became inseparable from political and social identity in the early modern English imaginary, and the instrumental role that poets, playwrights, and polemicists played in shaping a growing perception of diet as a primary means of driving social change. From the late Elizabethan period through the Restoration, recurrent harvest failures and unstable infrastructure led to widespread food insecurity and even starvation across England. At once literary producers and concerned social agents, many major early modern authors were closely engaged with some of the worst hunger crises in English history. The pointed and detailed attention to food in early modern literature, from luxurious banquets to bare cupboards, I argue, arose from real concerns over the problem of hunger facing the country. I demonstrate how authors developed literary forms seeking to explain and respond to how changing dietary habits and food distribution practices were reshaping their communities. Moreover, early modern authors turned to food not just as a topical referent or as a metaphorical vehicle but rather as a structural concern that could be materially addressed through literary means. Each chapter of “Ruling Appetites” centers on particular literary techniques—verse forms, stage characters, theatrical set pieces, or narrative tropes—through which authors examined how food influenced economic, social, and political reality. Literary form, in its openness to experimentation and innovation, allowed authors to address how early modern England’s changing dietary culture was transforming its material, social, and imaginative landscape.

Given the global food price spike experienced in 2007/8, the core question of this research is, ‘what was the impact of the rising food prices on household welfare in Zambia'? Taking an empirical approach and using micro-economic methods, four welfare outcomes are assessed: consumption, equality of income distribution, poverty and nutrition. The 2006 and 2010 cross-section household surveys - Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys (LCMS) - are primarily used to answer the question. The thesis first assesses the changes in consumption patterns across time, geographical locations and quintiles. The short-term distribution of income from the rise in prices is then analysed using non-parametric methods to show the likely winners and losers from the price spike and the subsequent impact on poverty. These results are supplemented by a supply response as an attempt to understand longer-term poverty effects. The final empirical exercise focuses on nutrition outcomes. The thesis confirms the hypothesis that on average, urban households may suffer a welfare loss but rural households may gain. In the case of maize grain, the results suggest that the highest gain may accrue to rural households clustered around the poverty line. Furthermore, the findings suggest that, while overall poverty may increase in the short-run, the long-run impacts of rising food prices (once supply response are accounted for) may lead to a marginal decline in poverty. Finally, we observe that the slight increase in income, from selling maize, among some rural households may not necessarily lead to an improvement in nutrition outcomes. In particular, while rural households exhibit a small net rise in income from an increase in maize prices, the impact on stunting levels among children below five years appears to be regressive in both urban and rural areas. The overall results of this research strengthen the case for contextual impact analysis of covariate shocks and also highlight the policy challenges arising from such conflicting results.

The amount of food thrown away by UK households is substantial and, to a large extent, avoidable. Despite the obvious imperative for research to identify key factors that motivate, enable or prevent household food waste reduction, little research to date has directly addressed this objective. The research presented in this thesis had two clear aims: (1) to investigate antecedents of household food waste reduction and barriers to change, and (2) to explore whether self-affirmation techniques can increase motivation to reduce household food waste. Four empirical studies were conducted. The first study qualitatively explored thoughts, feelings and experiences of 15 UK household food purchasers. Analysis revealed seven core categories representing both motivations and barriers to household food waste reduction. The second study (N = 279) applied an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model to predict household food waste reduction intention and behaviour. Results revealed that the extended TPB variables predicted 64.55% of intention to reduce household food waste and 5.03% of the variance in household food waste behaviour. Studies 3 and 4 explored whether self-affirmation techniques would promote openness to information detailing the negative consequences of household food waste. Study 3 (N = 224) found that self-affirmed participants reported more positive cognitions towards household food waste reduction on a number of outcomes compared to their nonaffirmed counterparts. However, there was no impact of the self-affirmation manipulation on behaviour at follow-up. Study 4 (N = 362) failed to replicate the impact of selfaffirmation on cognitions. However, self-affirmed participants reported that they threw away less household food waste at follow-up. Further research in the context of selfaffirmation on food waste reduction behaviour is required.

There is a strong body of psychological research implicating the mass media in the aetiology of adolescent girls' negative body image and eating behaviours. The present thesis aims to extend this research by examining potential factors – namely, media type, body perfect internalisation and materialism – that make girls more vulnerable to the negative impact of the mass media. An initial meta-analysis (Chapter 3) collated the findings of existing research examining the impact of ‘body perfect' media on adolescents' body image; examining gender, age and media type as moderators of this effect. Chapter 4 examined the relative roles of both media type and media model identification (a key dimension of body perfect internalisation), within the mass media and body image relationship. Using both survey and experimental methods (N = 199), it was found that adolescent girls' habitual tendency to identify with media models, was a more potent vulnerability factor within the mass media and body image relationship, than media type. Due to the limitations associated with existing measures of body perfect internalisation, a new measure of body perfect internalisation was developed in Chapter 5 (N =373), which was subsequently utilised in the final experiments of the thesis. Chapter 6 demonstrated that acute music video exposure had a more potent negative impact on girls' body image than still media images (N = 142); an effect that was fully mediated by wishful character identification and also moderated by body perfect internalisation. Chapter 7 consists of two studies that demonstrate the important role which materialism plays within the mass media, body image and eating behaviour relationship. In Study 1, structural equation modelling identified a direct pathway between materialism and restrained eating that was independent of body image (N = 199). This finding was further replicated in an exposure experiment, which demonstrated that brief exposure to materialistic media causes acute diet-like behaviours in adolescent girls (N = 180).

Background: As a result of food supply chain management, we have access to fresh food from all around the world. But there are some encounters that food supply chain has to deal with. The E. coli outbreak in the US is an illustrative of a widespread problem faced by the food supply chain.   Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine how blockchain technology can be used in food supply chain management and see what the interest of the customer looks like.   Method: The methodology of the research to examine how blockchain can be used in food supply chain management was through literature study, and questionnaire to get a better grasp of the customers interest.   Result: By using blockchain technology in food supply chain management it improves the information flow, while becoming more transparent between the actors. Blockchain technology improves the security of FSCM and traceability of a product. You can automatize several processes of FSCM by using smart contracts and sensors. From the survey it was a found that there is an interest in the customers side and about two-thirds of the customer might pay extra if the products use blockchain technology.   Conclusion: Blockchain’s features makes it ideal to be integrated in the food supply chain management, as it makes it harder to counterfeit the products, and it improves the trust between the actors by ensuring transparency of the information flow. But on the other hand, blockchain is not suitable for everyone, as it’s a complicated system and it can result in high switching cost when changing systems. / Bakgrund: Med hjälp av food supply chain management så har man nästan alltid tillgång till färsk mat från hela världen. Men det finns några utmaningar som man behöver hantera. E. coli utbrottet i USA illustrerar ett problem som food supply chain management står inför. Eftersom det var många aktörer som var inblandad i kedjan så tog det FDA nästan två månader att hitta källan.   Syfte: Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka vilka förändringar man kan uppnå inom food supply chain management med hjälp av blockchain, samt se hur intressen ser ut hos kunden.   Metod: Metoden som användes för att få överblick om vad blockchain teknologin kan uppnå i food supply chain management var allmän litteraturstudie, och enkätundersökningen för att få en förståelse över kundernas intresse.   Resultat: Med hjälp av blockchains teknologi så blir informationsflödet mer transparent och att man lagrar data i ett decentraliserat nätverk. Blockchain förbättrar säkerhet- och spårbarheten. Med smart kontrakt och sensorer så kan man automatisera flera processer. Från enkätundersökningen så kom fram till att det finns ett intresse hos kunden och ungefär två tredjedelar skulle kunna tänka sig att betala extra om produkterna använder sig utav blockchains teknologin.     Slutsats: Blockchains egenskaper gör det ideal för att behandla livsmedelskedjan eftersom det blir svårare att förfalska produkterna, och att man skapar bättre förtroende mellan aktörerna genom att säkerställa transparensinformationsflöde. Men däremot så passar inte blockchain till alla, då det är ett komplicerat system och att det kan tillkomma höga omställningskostnader när man ska byta system.

The ability of feral herbivores to reduce the amount of food available to domestic livestock has rarely been quantified. This thesis seeks to examine the degree to which feral goats (Capra hircus) reduce the availability of pasture and shrub biomass for other herbivores. The interaction between feral goat populations and their food supply will be explored using a modelling approach. In addition to this it will also examine the cost of controlling goats and attempt to identify the cost efficient target densities for control operations. The implications of this information for management will be discussed. There are two ways an animal population can interact with its food supply, through: (1) intrinsic food shortages, and (2) extrinsic food shortages. Intrinsic food shortages occur when a negative feed-back loop exists between the animal population and their food supply. This means the animals affect the availability of their food and their food supply affects the dynamics of the animal population. Since the animals are affecting their own food supply it could be said that they will also affect the availability of that food to other herbivores if they consume the same species. Extrinsic food shortages occur when there is no feed-back from the animals to their food supply. Food availability is determined by extrinsic factors such as rainfall and is unaffected by the animal population. To determine how feral goats interact with their food supply several models will be examined, and these include: (1) single species models which use data from the animal population only. These have historically been used to identify density dependence which is commonly caused by the animal population being regulated through their food supply in the case of large herbivores, and (2) trophic models which incorporate data from at least two trophic levels in an ecosystem, in this case those being the animal population and the vegetation they are thought to consume. These models allow a more direct examination of the relationship between the feral goat population and their food supply. The various models were fitted to data collected on the field sites and the following results were obtained: (1) the dynamics of the feral goat populations could not be represented by single-species models. This was most probably due to the stochastic environment in which they lived causing the level of density dependence experienced by the goats to vary greatly masking its presence. (2) the rate of increase of the goat population could be predicted by the numerical response of rate of increase to pasture biomass. This demonstrated that food availability influenced the dynamics of the goat population. (3) goat density affected the availability of some species of shrub biomass. There was, however, no response seen in the availability of pasture species to changes in goat density. Since the study was conducted during a drought this is in agreement with other studies which indicated that goats will primarily browse during dry spells but switch to pasture species when conditions improve following rainfall. These results indicate that a negative feed-back loop does exist between feral goat populations and their food supply since the goats affected the availability of some shrub species and so they suffer intrinsic food shortages. This means goats have the ability to reduce the availability of food to other herbivores providing both are eating the same species. Cost-efficiency analysis showed that the cost of removing individual feral goats increases exponentially as density decreases because the search time per animal becomes greater. This relationship was used to construct a model that predicted the cost of achieving a target density. The model describing cost of control over density was also combined with a productivity model based on the numerical response of feral goats to pasture biomass to predict the cost of maintaining target densities under different environmental conditions. Using these models the most cost-efficient density identified was 11 goats/km2. From this study we can make the following conclusions: (1) feral goats have the ability to reduce the amount of shrub biomass available to other herbivores during dry conditions (2) their ability to influence the availability of pasture species remains unknown (3) given the cost of initial and ongoing control and the minimal benefits that result it would be difficult to justify controlling goats during a drought on the field sites.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Methodist University, 2004. / Advisers: Fred Wendorf, Lewis Binford. Includes bibliographical references.