Esta tese trata do problema da escrita de artigos científicos em inglês como língua estrangeira. Do ponto de vista teórico, foram investigados métodos e técnicas de duas áreas da Inteligência Artificial - Lingüística Computacional e Raciocínio Baseado em Casos -, em busca de soluções para a construção de ferramentas de software que diminuíssem os problemas de interferência da língua materna e de falta de coesão e coerência nos textos escritos por estudantes da área de física experimental, principalmente. Do ponto de vista prático, foram desenvolvidas duas ferramentas de auxilio a escrita. Uma primeira, chamada Ferramenta de Referência, foi implementada utilizando-se o método de análise de corpus para a geração de uma Base de Expressões que contém as colocações do tipo expressões padrão, comumente encontradas em textos científicos de artigos e livros de subáreas de física e informática. O acesso às colocações pode ser feito de três maneiras: através de componentes e sub-componentes da estrutura esquemática de artigos da área de pesquisa experimental, através de palavras-chave pertencentes a este gênero, e pelos padrões retóricos mais comuns que este gênero utiliza. Uma ferramenta de aquisição de conhecimento esta acoplada a Ferramenta de Referência, permitindo extensibilidade, fácil personalização, e transporte (portability) para novos domínios. Testes com alunos de pós-graduação em um curso de Escrita Cientifica no IFQSC-USP comprovaram a eficácia da ferramenta, urna vez que seu uso auxiliou na superação do bloqueio inicial em se produzir um primeiro rascunho de texto, e forneceu input adequado para a escrita de textos coesos. Como se observou também, que esta ferramenta é adequada para usuários com boa recepção da língua inglesa e alguma experiência em escrita cientifica, uma nova ferramenta foi implementada para urna classe de usuários que possuem problemas mais severos quanto à coesão e interferência da língua materna. Ela foi denominada Ferramenta de Suporte, e para sua implementação utilizou-se, alem do método de analise de corpus, a abordagem baseada em casos para modelar as fases da escrita. A análise de corpus nesta segunda ferramenta foi mais detalhada, ficando assim restrita a Seção Introdutória de Artigos Experimentais. Esta análise identificou trinta estratégias retóricas encontradas em artigos científicos, geralmente realizadas por três ou quatro mensagens (denominação para os tipos diferentes de informações) tomadas de um conjunto de quarenta e cinco tipos. A base de casos da implementação atual da ferramenta conta com cinqüenta e quatro instancias de introduções autenticas das revistas Physical Review Letters e Thin Solid Films, um número ainda pequeno que deve ser aumentado para que uma avaliação quantitativa do método de busca seja realizada. Uma ferramenta para auxiliar o engenheiro de conhecimento na aquisição de novos casos e vários filtros para automatizar o processo de edição dos casos foi implementada, tornando o processo de geração de novos casos semi-automático. Os trabalhos futuros com relação a esta segunda ferramenta devem tratar principalmente do acréscimo de casos na base, da avaliação da precisão e revogação da busca, e de testes com usuários, que, com certeza, contribuirão para o aperfeiçoamento de ferramentas construídas nestas bases / This thesis considers the problem of writing scientific papers in English as a foreign language. From the theoretical point of view, techniques from two areas of Artificial Intelligence, namely Computational Linguistics and Case-based Reasoning, were investigated in the search for possible solutions to minimize mother tongue interference and lack of cohesion and coherence in student\" texts, especially in experimental physics. Two writing tools were then developed. The first one, named Reference Version, employed corpus analysis for creating a sentences base containing collocations frequently used in scientific writing. Such collocations could be accessed in one of three ways: according to the components and subcomponents of the schematic structure of a scientific paper, by searching keywords and communicative goals. An acquisition mode was also implemented so that the tool can be customized easily thus allowing portability to other domains and possible extensions within a given domain. Experiments in a technical writing course at IFQSC-USP for graduate student\" have demonstrated the efficacy of the tool. It was particularly useful in helping students to overcome the initial block in the preparation of a first draft and also in providing contextualized linguistic input for producing a cohesive text. It was also observed that this first tool was only helpful for students possessing reasonable reception of the English language and some experience in scientific writing. A new, more sophisticated tool was then proposed and implemented. It is named Support Version and utilizes corpus analysis and the case-based approach as a framework for modeling the different stages of the writing process. Because a more detailed analysis had to be performed, the tool was restricted to the Introductory Section of papers on experimental physics. In this analysis 30 rhetorical strategies were identified which were generally realized linguistically using 3 or 4 rhetorical messages from a set of 45 types of message. The implemented cases base has 54 introductions from the Physical Review Letters and Thin Solid Films journals, which has been shown to be a far too small number for reasonable recall and precision figures to be obtained. A scheme has been incorporated into the tool for adaptations to be made in the cases recovered, by making use of revision rules. In future the tool may be extended in a straightforward way to other parts of a scientific paper or to other areas of research with a semi-automatic edition process of new cases that has been built into the Support tool. This certainly opens the way for customization, which will greatly facilitate the assessment of the tool according to usability criteria

Orientador: Matilde Virginia Ricardi Scaramucci / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T11:37:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kobayashi_Eliana_M.pdf: 1480956 bytes, checksum: f96f1ea75eae84b83087412de6a3e5f0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: No mercado de trabalho brasileiro, a língua inglesa aparece como requisito essencial na obtenção de empregos. Embora tal exigência pareça ser senso comum, pouco se sabe como o processo de avaliação ocorre dentro das empresas. Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar como a avaliação em língua inglesa é conduzida em uma empresa localizada na Grande São Paulo, e analisar se o processo avaliativo utilizado atende às suas necessidades. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma entrevista com o diretor responsável pela avaliação em língua inglesa dos candidatos a empregos da empresa; questionários para os funcionários e análise dos testes de inglês utilizados. Os resultados mostram que o processo avaliativo ocorre em dois momentos principais, ou seja, durante a seleção de profissionais - por meio de um teste escrito e uma entrevista oral -, e no acompanhamento do desempenho dos funcionários que participam de um curso de inglês subsidiado pela empresa. Entretanto, a maneira pela qual a avaliação é conduzida revela descompassos entre a concepção de linguagem inferida pela entrevista com o diretor e aquela operacionalizada nos testes utilizados. Embora a empresa busque profissionais capazes de usar a língua em suas atividades conforme as expectativas de seus cargos, o teste escrito mede o conhecimento dos candidatos sobre a estrutura da língua. O segundo descompasso ocorre entre a escola, que ministra o curso de inglês, e a empresa. A primeira focaliza seu ensino e avaliação no material didático adotado, voltado para o inglês geral, desconsiderando as necessidades de uso da língua no contexto empresarial. A empresa, por sua vez, não estabelece nem exige que suas necessidades de uso e o desempenho de seus funcionários sejam considerados nesse processo. Neste estudo, a avaliação de desempenho seria a forma mais adequada de analisar a capacidade de uso da língua pelos profissionais. Na avaliação de desempenho, o participante é avaliado pelo seu desempenho em atividades que simulam ou representam uma amostra do critério, que seria o desempenho alvo subseqüente ao teste (Scaramucci, 2004; Clark, 1996; Hamayan, 1995; McNamara, 1996, 1997; 2000). Além disso, pelas características do contexto estudado, acreditamos que avaliação de desempenho deveria ser em inglês para propósitos específicos (Douglas 2000; Sullivan, 2006), mais especificamente inglês para negócios / Abstract: In the job market, English language is considered an essential requirement to find a position. Although it seems to be common knowledge, little do we know about how the language assessment process occurs in companies. This research aims at investigating how the English language assessment occurs in a company located in the São Paulo metropolitan area and if this assessment process meets its needs. The data were collected through interviews with the director in charge of the language assessment of the job applicants, questionnaires applied to the employees and analysis of the tests currently used by the company. The results show that the assessment process occurs in two main situations. The first moment is in the applicant's screening process when written and oral tests are administered and the second one is in the monitoring of the students' performance in the English course subsidized by the company. However, the way the tests are administered shows mismatches between language conception and its operation. Although the company seeks professionals able to use the language in their work activities according to their job expectations, the written test assesses the applicants' knowledge of language form. Secondly, there is no synergy between the English school, responsible for the employees' English course, and the company. The former focuses teaching and assessment on course material disregarding the language use in the business context. The latter neither sets nor demands that its English language needs and employees' performance be considered in this process. In this research, we believe that performance assessment is the adequate way to analyze the professional's ability to use the language. In performance assessment, applicants are assessed by their performance in tasks that are similar or represent the criterion, the target performance subsequent to the test. (Scaramucci, 2004; Clark, 1996; Hamayan, 1995; McNamara, 1996, 1997, 2000). In addition to it, due to the characteristics of the context under investigation, we believe that performance assessment should be in English for Specific Purposes (Douglas 2000; Sullivan, 2006), more specifically Business English / Mestrado / Lingua Estrangeira / Mestre em Linguística Aplicada

The Academic Vocabulary List (AVL) was produced by a rationale for word inclusion improved from the methodology used to generate Coxhead's AWL (Gardner & Davies, 2014). It offers a comprehensive view of high frequency academic vocabulary that could greatly benefit ELLs if implemented into ELL curricula (Gardner & Davies, 2014). However, because of the newness of the list, there are few learning resources currently utilizing the AVL. The major objective of this thesis project was to create digital flashcards for the first 500 words of the AVL to increase the list's accessibility to ELLs and teachers worldwide. These flashcards were made available through Quizlet's online interface. This paper describes the two types of flashcards developed: AVL words paired with simplified English (learner) definitions, and AVL words paired with L1 translations into seven languages. It further describes an evaluation of these flashcards by ESOL teachers working at a U.S. intensive English program, and concludes with suggestions for the future development of AVL learning resources.

Because extreme weather events are relatively common in the Southeastern U.S., and the current treatments for phobias can be time-consuming and costly, it is important to find an effective early intervention program for those individuals who are at risk of developing severe weather phobia (SWP). Participants (N = 12) were randomly assigned to the experimental or modified control condition. Participants from both conditions participated in the therapist-aided self-help early intervention program. However, the modified control condition completed posttest measures approximately 3 weeks after baseline, before beginning the intervention. The intervention was most effective at reducing subjective fear and avoidance behavior related to severe weather events. Additionally, participants’ subjective views of their fears were no longer categorized as excessive, or unreasonable, nor did they avoid or endure severe weather with intense anxiety or distress after the three-week early intervention.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabricio Oiveira da Silva.pdf: 1106652 bytes, checksum: 79ef151526f4cb25860dc88442e59c01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at carrying out a needs analysis of English for lawyers from a countryside city of São Paulo state and for students of a reading and a writing course of Legal English. The theoretical background in Language for Specific Purposes this study is based upon are the ones by Hutchinson & Waters (1987), Dudley-Evans & St John (1998) and Ramos (2004), among others. This qualitative research relies on study case methodology according to Lüdke (1983), Lüdke & André (1986), Gil (1987), Johnson (1992), Stake (1998) and Denzin & Lincoln (1998). Interviews were carried out with two specialist informants, which allowed information to be gathered; from the gathered information two questionnaires were designed and administered to a group of participants: 8 professionals from Sorocaba-SP, 17 reading course students and 6 writing course students (both courses are given in São Paulo) which sums up 31 participants. Due to the lack of research focusing on the needs of legal professionals, this research provides an original contribution to Language for Specific Purposes and may assist in a better understanding of this context for professionals who are involved with English for Lawyers teaching. These results will help to design English courses in Sorocaba, as well as evaluate and redesign the Legal English courses in the capital, São Paulo, identifying learning needs and target situation needs / Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo desenvolver uma análise de necessidades de inglês para advogados de uma cidade do interior do Estado de São Paulo e para alunos de cursos de leitura e redação jurídica. O arcabouço teórico em Ensino-Aprendizagem de Línguas para Fins Específicos está fundamentado especialmente nos preceitos de Hutchinson e Waters (1987), Dudley-Evans e St John (1998) e Ramos (2004), entre outros. A pesquisa tem caráter qualitativo com referencial metodológico do estudo de caso, segundo as orientações de Lüdke (1983), Lüdke e André (1986), Gil (1987), Johnson (1992), Stake (1998) e Denzin e Lincoln (1998). Foram realizadas entrevistas com dois informantes especialistas, que permitiram levantar informações que resultaram na elaboração de dois questionários aplicados ao grupo de participantes, composto por 8 profissionais de Sorocaba-SP, 17 alunos do curso de leitura e 6 alunos do curso de redação, ambos ministrados na cidade de São Paulo, totalizando 31 participantes. Em razão da carência de pesquisas que busquem levantar as necessidades de inglês de profissionais do Direito, esta pesquisa traz uma contribuição original para a área de Línguas para Fins Específicos e pode auxiliar no melhor entendimento desse contexto de trabalho para profissionais que se envolvem com o ensino de inglês para advogados. Os resultados deste trabalho fornecem dados que permitem elaborar cursos de inglês para advogados em Sorocaba, bem como avaliar e redesenhar os cursos de inglês jurídico da capital paulista, identificando necessidades de aprendizagem e da situação-alvo

Cette thèse essaie d’établir un lien entre les supports utilisés dans l’enseignement/apprentissage de l’anglais de spécialité et les chances d’une appropriation effective par les apprenants. Basée sur le concept d’apprenabilité/enseignabilité de Pienemann et celui de zone proximale de développement(ZPD) de Vygotsky entre autres, cette recherche-action a permis de découvrir que les documents authentiques sont généralement d’un accès très difficile pour les apprenants, et que les documents fabriqués sont généralement plus accessibles mais requièrent des tâches à consignes claires et sans ambiguïté pour constituer de l’input compréhensible et permettre qu’il y ait réellement apprentissage. Toutefois, les apprenants censés être des experts dans le domaine de spécialité ne le sont souvent pas, et dans un tel environnement, où parfois ni l’enseignant, ni les apprenants, ne sont experts dans le domaine de spécialité, et où les résultats attendus sont généralement au-delà de la ZPD des apprenants, même avec des documents fabriqués accompagnés de tâches appropriées, l’enseignement de l’anglais de spécialité ne peut se faire avec beaucoup de succès. Dans ces conditions, faire travailler les apprenants, en autonomie ne suffit pas pour garantir la réussite de l’apprentissage. D’où la nécessité, non seulement de revoir le contenu des enseignements et de les faire cadrer véritablement avec les connaissances des apprenants dans la (les) matières(s) de spécialité, mais aussi de permettre aux enseignants de s’approprier le concept de la nécessaire autonomisation des apprenants, pour en faire un concept partagé de tous, et pour que les apprenants se mettent effectivement à apprendre. / The aim of this thesis is to show the relationship between the documents that are used in the teaching/learning of English for specific purposes and the possibility of learners to actually achieve learning. Based on the concepts of learnability/teachability of Pienemann and of Zone of Proximal Development of Vygotsky among others, this action research has led to the finding that learners find it much more difficult to understand authentic texts than pedagogic ones but the latter require tasks with very clear instructions to become understandable input. However, in an environment where learners who are supposed to be experts in their specific subjects are not, and where sometimes neither the teachers nor the learners are experts in the specific subjects, and expected results are often beyond the ZPD of students, even with non authentic texts and relevant tasks with clear instructions, one cannot be certain to teach successfully. In such contexts, independent learning is not enough to guarantee success. It is therefore necessary to revise and adapt learning contents to the knowledge of learners in their specific subjects, and also to make sure the conceptof independent learning is adopted by all teachers so as to actually enable students to begin learning.

L'enseignement/apprentissage du français à des fins professionnelles représente une nécessité pour mettre en valeur cette langue aux yeux des jeunes Yéménites ; il s'agit de ceux qui envisagent d'intégrer le marché de l'emploi où le français est un moyen de communication. Ceci exige tout d'abord une identification des domaines potentiels liés au marché de l'emploi auxquels les apprenants yéménites de français doivent être orientés. Le Yémen constitue en effet une destination touristique attractive, ce qui ouvre de nombreuses opportunités pour les Yéménites francophones. C'est la raison pour laquelle nous avons jugé important de mener cette recherche que nous avons débutée par la mise en lien de la potentialité du marché du tourisme au Yémen et de la langue française comme atout important dans l'intégration des Yéménites francophones à ce marché.Nous avons ensuite étudié les compétences que les diplômés sont censés acquérir et les métiers que ceux-ci peuvent exercer. Pour ce faire, nous avons effectué des enquêtes (questionnaires et entretiens) qui nous ont permis d'identifier notre public et son rapport au français. Nous les avons questionnés également sur certaines compétences nécessaires que ceux-ci devraient acquérir au cours de leur parcours d'étude dans les institutions d'enseignement/apprentissage du français, ce qui nous a amené à étudier dans la deuxième partie de notre thèse la situation et le processus d'enseignement/apprentissage du français dans les institutions yéménites. Ceci nous a conduit à approfondir notre recherche en allant de l'enseignement du français général à celui du français à visée professionnelle, et plus particulièrement le français du tourisme, et ce en menant un questionnaire plus spécifiquement liés au français du tourisme.Finalement nous avons jugé nécessaire de proposer des activités didactiques s'appuyant sur des documents authentiques, dans l'espoir de mettre en place par la suite un programme répondant aussi bien aux besoins des apprenants de français qu'aux attentes du marché du tourisme. / The teaching/learning of French to professional ends is considered as a necessary step towards valorizing this language among Yemenite Youth. This process is is associated with those who wish to start working in an environment where the French language is the tool of communication. This involves, firstly, the identification of potential fields where the Yemenite learners of French should be directed. In fact, the Republic of Yemen constitutes an attractive touristic destination something which opens up numerous opportunities for Yemenites who speak French. This is why we deem it important to carry on this research which we started through connecting the potentiality of the touristic sector in Yemen to the French language as an important asset in the process of integration of Yemenites who speak French into the Job market.We later studied the competences that the graduates are supposed to have and the jobs that they can have. We therefore held inquiries (questionnaires and interviews) that allowed us to identify our target public and its relation to the French language. We also questioned them about certain necessary competences that they needed to acquire in their study process within their teaching/learning institutions. This also led us to focus in the second part of my thesis on the situation and the process of teaching/learning French in the Yemenite institutions. This enabled us to dig more into our research by going from the teaching of general French to a more professional use of the French language and more particularly the French that is used in tourism. This was evident through a questionnaire which was linked to the French used in sightseeing.Finally, it was crucial to suggest activities which are related to didactics by relying on authentic documents hoping that later we could implement a programme that satisfy the needs of both learners of the French language and the job environment which will embrace them.

This thesis delineates a problem with researching and theorizing about craft. It argues that traditional epistemologies and academic conventions have not given sufficient recognition or value to the epistemologies and lived experiences of craft practitioners, and that they have served to obscure the centrality of practice to meaning. Consequently, there is a need to make craft practice and practitioners accounts more accessible to researchers. It proposes and tests a method using video recordings of practitioners working and interviews with practitioners in the loci of their practice as a tool, which, it is contended, provides a rich source of data about practice so that theory can be generated in a grounded way from practice. It is argued that the idea of 'the crafts' is a late twentieth-century construct, but it has its roots in an ideological and intellectual tradition, expressed in the writing of the nineteenth-century Arts and Crafts movement. That writing was primarily concerned with the organisation and ownership of labour, with the moral and social purpose of art, and with creativity, given expression through the making process. Since the 1970s, we have seen the emergence of a legitimizing infrastructure for 'the crafts' as a category, separate from but relating to art and design. The institutional craft world attempted to distance itself from Arts and Crafts ideology and from associations with the rural and the traditional. A key feature of the institutional discourse has been attempts to establish a definition of 'craft' as a singular thing within the sphere of its influence. The thesis argues that the problematic relationship between theory and practice stems partly from this disjunction between the institutional craft world and the ideological and intellectual heritage of William Morris and his followers. It demonstrates that data gathered using the method proposed could make a positive contribution to emergent discourses on craft as experience. Within the complexity of the data gathered using the proposed method, concepts and patterns are consistently observed. The subjects are seen to be engaged in self-determined activities which are nevertheless socially situated. They are using knowledge that is embodied and enacted, and which evolves through the practice. The data shifts the focus of critical attention from the objects that are being produced and onto the practice itself. This research method makes craft practices available to the researcher and opens up a critical focus on crafting as intrinsically rewarding activities that are facilitated by learned, embodied competence, based in shared values and standards.

A OACI (Organização de Aviação Civil Internacional), órgão que estabelece regulamentações na aviação civil em nível mundial, define o inglês para aviação como uma junção entre a Fraseologia Aeronáutica sublinguagem empregada por pilotos e controladores de tráfego aéreo em comunicações radiotelefônicas em situações rotineiras e o inglês comum (plain English), utilizado quando a Fraseologia Aeronáutica não se mostra suficiente. Após averiguar que acidentes aéreos foram agravados por falhas de comunicação, a OACI passou a exigir dos profissionais supracitados uma licença para operações internacionais. Para tal licenciamento, é requerida uma avaliação de proficiência linguística, prescrita no Manual de Implementação de Proficiência Linguística, ou DOC 9835, publicado pela OACI em 2004. A partir de então, o inglês aeronáutico teve seu grau de importância elevado e começou a ser avaliado em países ao redor do mundo, por governos e/ou por instituições internacionais, e, nos últimos anos, foram publicados materiais didáticos que se propõem a atender a essa nova demanda. Identificando a falta de autenticidade nesses materiais, e um descompasso entre a definição proposta pela OACI e o Glossário de Estruturas Básicas e Complexas adicionado à segunda edição do DOC 9835 (ICAO, 2010), buscamos no aporte teórico da Linguística de Corpus uma metodologia para a descrição do plain English utilizado em contextos aeronáuticos em uso real. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar um estudo descritivo da linguagem utilizada por controladores de tráfego aéreo e pilotos em comunicações radiotelefônicas em situações anormais; para atingi-lo, compilamos um corpus falado extraído desse contexto. A partir desse corpus, analisamos, primeiramente, os padrões fraseológicos no entorno de cinco itens lexicais runway [pista], aircraft [aeronave], emergency [emergência], fuel [combustível] e engine [motor] , que foram evidenciados como as palavras de conteúdo mais frequentes no corpus de estudo. Contrastamos, em seguida, nossos resultados com o Glossário de Estruturas do próprio DOC 9835. Nossos resultados apontam que, assim como recomendado pela OACI, o inglês para aviação é simples e objetivo, não correspondendo ao tipo de linguagem sugerida no referido anexo nem ao conteúdo programático dos materiais didáticos utilizados atualmente. / ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization), a specialized agency which regulates civil aviation worldwide, defines aviation English as a combination of Aeronautical Phraseology a sublanguage used by air traffic controllers and pilots in radiotelephony communications in routine situations and plain English, used when Phraseology does not suffice. After verifying that air crashes were aggravated by miscommunications, ICAO started requesting a proficiency level accredited in the licenses of these two professionals when operating internationally. To obtain this license, applicants are required to take a proficiency exam, prescribed in the Manual of Implementation of Proficiency Requirements, or DOC 9835, published by ICAO in 2004. Since then, aviation English has reached a higher level of importance, and started being evaluated by governments and institutions throughout the world and, in the last years, coursebooks have been published with the objective of meeting those needs. Having identified a lack of authenticity in such materials, as well as an imbalance between the definition of aviation English in DOC 9835 and the Glossary of Basic and Complex Structures added to its second edition (ICAO, 2010), we used Corpus Linguistics as a methodology to investigate this language for special purposes in its real environment. Therefore, this research presents a description of the language used by air traffic controllers and pilots in radiotelephony communications when in abnormal situations. To achieve our goals, we compiled a spoken corpus extracted from this context. For this study, we primarily investigated the phraseological patterns in the surroundings of five lexical items runway, aircraft, emergency, fuel and engine , chosen because of their high frequency status in our corpus. We then contrasted our results with the Glossary attached to DOC 9835, which suggests a list of grammar structures on which the assessment and training of aviation English should be based. This research concludes with a demonstration of the simplicity, objectiveness and clarity of the plain English identified in our corpus, which does not correlate with the structures recommended in the Glossary nor with the language explored in coursebooks published to this end.