Thesis (M.A.)--Duquesne University, 2003. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-70).

The roles played by the Southern Scots and Scotch-Irish in the War of American Independence have been generally neglected by American and European historians. If any reference at all is made to persons of Scottish heritage, normally only high-ranking officers or government figures are mentioned. This study identifies men of Scottish origin on every level of life and illuminates their roles in the War. In 1775 and 1776, the Scots and Scotch-Irish in the Southern colonies were not uniform in their political, social, and religious ideologies, nor were they totally of one mind in their posture toward the growing demands for independence in the American colonies. Several factors--community relationships, family ties, economic interests, and religious convictions--influenced each individual in making his decision to support the Royal government or to join the Rebels. When the British invaded the South in 1780, the Rebels and the Loyalists rekindled the internecine war which had begun in 1775. The British victory at Charles Town encouraged the Loyalists to repay the Rebels for real and imagined injuries and insults. As a result, civil strife became widespread throughout the Carolines and Georgia. Although the populace was upset over the internal struggle, it was the introduction of terror tactics by British and Loyalist officers that caused the greatest alarm among the Up-Countrymen, who were chiefly Scottish and Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. These acts of unrestrained warfare caused numerous uncommitted Up-Countrymen to join the ranks of the Rebels. Unfortunately for Cornwallis, this mistake in tactics by his subordinates forced him to fight several long and costly campaigns. In order to disperse the Rebels, the British and their allies marched into the strongholds of the South Carolina Scotch-Irish Presbyterians. This development greatly alarmed the North Carolinians. The resulting uprising of the North Carolina Scotch-Irish masses on the one hand and the subsequent military engagements in South Carolina on the other postponed Cornwallis's invasion of North Carolina. Meanwhile, as Cornwallis attempted to regroup his army and to formulate a new strategy to meet the situation, the predominantly Scottish and Scotch-Irish Rebel forces won major victories at Kings Mountain and Cowpens. Once it was apparent that militia units could defeat British regular units, many Southerners, some of whom had remained uncommitted and some of whom renewed their resistance, entered the daily growing ranks of the Rebels. At the same time, the Loyalists became reluctant to further ally themselves with the British army. These unexpected developments doomed to failure Cornwallis's plan to subjugate the Carolinas. Instead, the chain of events begun at Kings Mountain and Cowpens ended with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown. This study, based primarily on the Whigs' personal accounts of military involvement recorded in the Federal pension claims, in memoirs and recollections of the soldiers on both sides, and in the audited accounts of the Loyalists, demonstrates that from the very beginning of the Revolution to its end Scots and Scotch-Irishmen on all levels played major and decisive roles in the outcome of the Southern campaigns in the War of American Independence.

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The objective of this study is to investigate the reasons for international assignments ending in failure, using the current models of expatriates’ premature withdrawal decisions, so as develop solutions to those problems. Studies of expatriate failure and effects of expatriate satisfaction on organisational performance have been conducted but most of them in the overseas countries. These studies revealed that the practice of employing expatriates is a strategic move on the part of the multinational corporation to increase the international experience and knowledge base of present and future managers. Even though studies on strategies that companies can use have been done extensively, research still shows that a large number of overseas assignments end in failure. Failure being described as the premature return to the home country, not being able to adjust in the host company or country and immediately living the company upon return from the assignment. It is for this reason that in the researcher decided to investigate what could be the reasons that cause the expatriates to return home early. The research will be of importance to South Africa firstly, as organisations that are operating globally will copy the business systems and processes practiced in developed countries, and later bring knowledge, skills and expertise that will help in boosting the economy of the country. Secondly, the organisation's Human Resource Management will develop practices to ensure the successful and effective retention of expertise. Expatriate failure will be reduced and the process of repatriating expatriates will be meaningful. Individuals assigned will not find it difficult to adjust in the parent company, and later take the skills they have learnt to another company. Thirdly, managers generally will understand the challenges that accompany expatriation, and be able to meet those challenges. The research becomes an investigative research as one tries to establish if there is concurrence or deviation with the current models. A sample is drawn from a list of international companies that have operations overseas. The researcher has tried to get responses from companies in all provinces of South Africa so that the sample can be fully representative. The questionnaire is used as it is a common instrument for observing data beyond the physical reach of the researcher. The questions were selected to address each of the factors affecting decisions to withdraw from the country of assignment. Responses from the expatriates have helped to develop a new model that encompasses all the factors that cause the expatriates to leave the assignment early as well to develop solutions to the problems. This will not only help the multinational corporations to save on costs, but will also ensure that the company and the expatriate benefit from international assignment.

The number of Japanese students who experience overseas schooling is increasing. After a few years overseas, these children accompanied by their families return to Japan. Because of serious schooling competition and exclusive social climate against foreigners and returnees, those children sometimes find it extremely difficult to readjust to the Japanese school and society. One of the reasons for this condition lie in misconceptions about the returnees and the lack of concern by school teachers in Japan. Concurrently, teachers in local schools overseas have some difficulty understanding the situation and needs of their Japanese students who temporarily stay in their schools. This thesis discusses the background of Japanese overseas schools, and reviews governmental documentations on these institutions. It investigates a case study of the Vancouver Hoshu Jugyo Kou, a supplementary Saturday school. Survey questionnaires were administered to 99 students in Grades 4 to 9 in this school, interviews were conducted with the principal, twelve mothers, a consulate from Japan, and ESL specialists of the Vancouver School Board. The HJK school report in 1986-7 has been analyzed. Study findings indicated the distinctive role of the HJK for Japanese students in Vancouver and the particularities of its locating in the Vancouver Japanese community. Some suggestions for the future development of overseas Japanese schools are examined. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to examine Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) stress and coping theory in the context of workplace stress and coping with a focus on the influence of personal and cultural resources on cognitive appraisal, coping strategies, and the well-being of Chinese who are currently employed in professional occupations overseas. The data were collected from a volunteer sample of 228 overseas Chinese professionals (128 men, 100 women, M age = 32.6). Participants completed three sets of questionnaires over a six-week period (2 weeks apart). Specific variables of interest included cultural, social, and personal resources (Chinese collective values, perceived social support and work support, and general self-efficacy), situational appraisals (perceived situational control and self-efficacy), ways of coping (Engagement, Disengagement, and Collective strategies), and changes in short-term outcomes (job satisfaction, somatic symptoms, and depression symptoms). Items that assessed collective ways of coping were developed for this study. Significant differences were found between men and women in this sample. As such, path analysis (LISREL VIII) was used to test the hypothesized relationships in the model separately for men and women. Based on a zero-order correlation matrix, the results for the initial hypothesized path models indicated a moderate fitting model for men and an inadequate fitting model for women. However, modified models revealed a good model fit for both men and women, X 2 (29, N=128)=32.72, p=.29, Q=1.13, RMSR=.05, GFI=.96, and CFI=. 98, and X 2 (29, N=100)=44.10, p=.04, Q=1.52, GFI=.93, RMSR-.07, and CFI=.92, respectively. The pattern of relationships (path coefficients) provide partial supports for the hypothesized model and Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) theoretical assumptions. The results of this study were consistent with those obtained by other researchers who found that coping resources are associated with coping strategies and short-term outcomes (e.g., Long, Kahn, & Schutz, 1992; Terry, Tonge, & Callan, 1995). For the men, personal resources of General Self-efficacy were positively related to control appraisal, Work Support predicted Collective coping, and Social Support was associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms. As expected, Disengagement coping was found to have a significant effect on depressive symptoms for the men. For the women, General Self-efficacy and Social Support were associated with perceived self-efficacy, and predicted an increase in job satisfaction and a decrease in depressive symptoms. Self-efficacy appraisal had negative effects on Disengagement coping. As hypothesized, Engagement coping was negatively associated with changes in somatic symptoms, and Disengagement coping predicted changes in both somatic and depressive symptoms. The results Of factor analysis supported the development of a Collective coping subscale. Implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This thesis deals with the career and private life of a specific group of employees of Czechoslovak airlines - cockpit crew, especially pilots - during the years 1970-1989 with a slight overlap into the 60's and 70's as the context of the work requires. This thesis is based on the method of oral history. Recordings with all the narrators were combined into integrated blocks of data, that shows how these people became pilots of Czechoslovak airlines but also how they managed to deal with everyday contact with the wide abroad, how their career progressed, how they were affected by changes in the history of Czechoslovakia and Czechoslovak airlines during the era of "Normalization". The author of this thesis tried to provide an insight into the history of pilot profession in the mentioned period based on creating a brief history of Czechoslovak airlines, archive materials concerning the trends in aviation and testimonies and interpretations of the narrators.

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As organizations are becoming more and more global, the number of employees on overseas assignments who must adjust to the cultural differences and other aspects of working and living overseas is growing. The high premature rate of return to the home country has increased the already high cost of overseas assignments. The cost of failure includes lost effectiveness on the job, time to find a replacement, discontinuity of work activities, damage to the company's reputation, and discontent on the part of the employee. As the result, it is very important that individuals on overseas assignments also be effective. The aim of this research is to identify how managers can select expatriates based on their personal characteristics and can intervene in the adjustment process to reduce the effects of adjustment difficulties on overseas effectiveness. The personal characteristics studied in this research effort are age, marital status, number of children, previous overseas assignment, and language proficiency. Adjustment difficulties are investigated in the areas of banking, housing, health care, shopping, and schooling. With help of a questionnaire, data was gathered from sixty-two Americans currently working and living in Germany. The results from a backward regression analysis indicate that respondents’ difficulty of dealing with the aforementioned adjustment areas in the first three months has a significant negative effect on their effectiveness in Germany. Although it appears that respondents’ language proficiency has a positive effect on overseas effectiveness, it may actually be a subset of their sense of preparedness at the time of arrival. The results from the regression analysis also indicate that the personal characteristics studied here cannot be used to develop a profile of expatriates who will be most effective in Germany or who will have the greatest difficulties while adjusting to life in Germany. Specific recommendations for how managers may improve the overseas effectiveness of American expatriates in Germany, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed. / Master of Science

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie studie handel oor derdekultuur-kinders in Suid-Afrika met die fokus daarop om die fenomeen aan ouers, kinders, onderwysers, sielkundiges en ander belangstellendes bekend te stel. Derdekultuur-kinders is die term wat geskep is om kinders te benoem wat vir 'n tydperk tydens hulle ontwikkelingsjare saam met hulle ouers in die buiteland deurbring en hul daar vestig, maar weer na hul vaderland terugkeer. 'n Derdekultuur word geskep indien die kinders dele van hul ouers se kultuur en dele van die kultuur van die gasheerland integreer ten einde geredelik in die gasheerland te funksioneer. Die probleem ontstaan egter wanneer hierdie kinders na hul vaderland terugkeer, aangesien hulle dan nie meer binne hul portuurgroep inpas nie. Die aantal derdekultuur-kinders in Suid-Afrikaanse konteks het sedert 1994 met rasse skrede vermeerder, aangesien al hoe meer internasionale maatskappye Suid-Afrikaners in die buiteland in diens neem en Suid-Afrikaanse ambassades in bykans elke land in die wêreld gevestig is. Die tendens om gesinne saam op die internasionale plasing te neem, veroorsaak dat kinders in verskeie lande gevestig word en in hierdie tydperk aan 'n internasionale en bevoorregte leefwyse blootgestel word. In hierdie studie word 'n literatuurstudie onderneem om die profiel van derdekultuur-kinders, hul kulturele identiteitsvorming en omgekeerde kultuurskok met hul terugkeer na hul land van oorsprong, te ondersoek. 'n Empiriese studie is onderneem om te bepaal tot watter mate die profiele en omgekeerde kultuurskok waaraan Suid-Afrikaanse derdekultuur-kinders blootgestel word, vergelyk met dié soos beskryf in die literatuurstudie. Op grond van die inligting verkry uit vraelyste en individuele onderhoudvoering, en inligting verkry uit die literatuurstudie, is riglyne vir 'n hulpprogram saamgestel waarmee ouers hulle derdekultuur-kinders tydens hulle terugkeer na Suid-Afrika kan ondersteun. Terapeute sonder internasionale ondervinding sal ook hierdie hulpprogram nuttig kan vind. Die studie bevestig dat: * die profiel van Suid-Afrikaanse derdekultuur-kinders grootliks met dié van ander lande ooreenstem; * Suid-Afrikaanse derdekultuur-kinders problematiese her-aanpassing by hul terugkeer na hul paspoortland ondervind; * ouers en terapeute bemagtig moet word om derdekultuur-kinders met hul heraanpassingsprobleme te ondersteun. / This study deals with Third Culture Kids in South Africa, focusing on introducing the phenomenon to parents, children, teachers, psychologists and other concerned parties. “Third Culture Kids” is the term used to describe children who have spent a number of their developmental years with their parents abroad, after which they return to their country of origin. A third culture is created when children integrates the culture of their parents together with the culture of the host country in order to function readily in the host community. The problem arises when the children return to their home country as they then encounter problems adapting and fitting into the local community. The number of Third Culture Kids in the South African context has increased dramatically since 1994, as international companies employed more South Africans abroad and many new South African Embassies were established all over the world. The tendency of having the family accompanying the parents to other countries results in the children residing in various countries and being exposed to an international and privileged lifestyle This study consists of a literature study of the profile and cultural identity-formation of Third Culture Kids, as well as the reverse culture shock they experience on their return to their country of origin.An empirical study is conducted to establish how South African Third Culture Kids‟ profiles compare with that of the literature and whether they are affected by reverse culture shock upon their return to South Africa. The information, gathered by means of a survey and individual interviews and from the literature study, was then used to compile guidelines for a programme with which parents would be able to assist their Third Culture Kids during the repatriation to their country of origin. Therapists without international experience would also be able to benefit from using this programme to assist Third Culture Kids. The study confirms that: the profiles of South African Third Culture Kids have commonalities with those described in the literature; South African Third Culture Kids experience problems on re-entry adapting to the culture of the country of origin; parents and therapists should be empowered to assist and support Third Culture Kids with problems relating to their return to their passport country / Educational Studies / D.Ed. (Sielkundige Opvoedkundige)