The last decade has seen an exodus of South African nurses migrating to "greener pastures". As a result of this migration, the South African Healthcare Service has been drained of one of its most essential resources – nurses. Subsequently, the crippling flight of nurses has thrown the nursing profession into a state of crisis. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is one of the more popular destinations for South African nurses, the main reason being the attractive financial rewards. One agency reports that they send an average of thirty nurses a month to various hospitals within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia is an Islamic country. Due to the uniqueness of the enforcement of the Islamic faith and the Saudi culture, many restrictions are imposed, particularly on women. The challenges and problems facing the South African nurses were, therefore, unique compared to elsewhere in the world. This research study had a primary and a secondary objective: The primary objective of this study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of South African nurses related to living and working in Saudi Arabia; The secondary objective of this study was to develop orientation guidelines to support South African nurses working and living in Saudi Arabia. The researcher utilized a qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design based on a phenomenological approach to inquiry, in an attempt to answer the question: "What are the professional and personal experiences of the South African registered nurses working and living in Saudi Arabia?" Eleven registered nurses were selected to participate by means of purposive sampling. These nurses had been living in Saudi Arabia between three and six months. Consent was obtained from participants and the ethics committee of both the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. The central theme emanating from the study was recognized as being 'Cultural Diversity'. The sub-themes identified related to the registered nurses’: - Religious/spiritual adaptation - Environmental adaptation - Emotional/psychological adaptation - Professional adaptation Based on the identified themes, guidelines were formulated to assist South African registered nurses when migrating to Saudi Arabia. Utilization of these should assist the South African registered nurse in assimilating into both the cultural and working environment. However, in reality, the outcome showed that no one can be prepared fully for what awaits them in Saudi Arabia.

Economical and educational problems are caused by the reversed effect of the Employment Equity Act and Affirmative Action. One such problem is called “brain drain” (Lundy, 2006), The general aim of the research was to determine whether affirmative action caused final year students of the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University to consider overseas employment. A literature study was conducted before the empirical objectives were reached. The empirical study was of a quantitative descriptive and inferential nature. A cross-sectional survey design was used to achieve the empirical objectives. A self- administered survey package was handed out to final year students within the various disciplines at their various classes. One hypothesis was tested. The results indicated that support was found for the hypothesis. The findings are discussed in relation to the data gathered. The implications of the research and the limitations of the study are outlined in the Results chapter.

Orientador: Daniela Magalhães Prates / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T09:11:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lima_HumbertoeSilvaRibeirode_D.pdf: 1802532 bytes, checksum: 2ae86df8a28af60e2ca89a62fce41bc1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A dependência econômica é um conceito desenvolvido com a contribuição de vários autores, sobretudo entre os anos 1940 e 1970. Esse conceito tem como mérito chamar a atenção para a relação centro-periferia, isto é, a relação hierárquica presente na Economia Internacional. Entretanto, a partir dos anos 1980, a utilização da abordagem da dependência perde força tanto na ciência quanto na política econômica. A hipótese defendida nesta Tese é que esse declínio deve-se não à perda de validade das preocupações e diagnósticos dessa abordagem mas sim à mudança da forma hegemônica de valorização do capital. Defende-se, portanto, que, há cerca de 30 anos, o capitalismo entra em uma nova etapa, caracterizada pela posição central ocupada pelo capital financeiro, o que condiciona mudanças fundamentais no comportamento e motivações dos agentes econômicos. Assim, sustenta-se que o núcleo da abordagem centro-periferia mantém-se válido, sendo necessário porém concatenar esse núcleo geral com a forma específica da dependência sob égide do capitalismo liderado pelas finanças. Esta Tese inova ao fazer esse relacionamento entre a questão centro-periferia e a dinâmica do capitalismo financeirizado, tendo como base dessa relação a hierarquia monetária, construída a partir de uma perspectiva marxista, e a ascensão da esfera financeira na determinação da moderna dependência / Abstract: The economic dependency is a concept developed by many authors, mainly between 1940 and 1970. This concept has as merit to appoint the core-periphery relation, namely, the hierarchy relation present at International Economy. However, from 1980s, the use of dependency approach has decreased in economic science and policy. The hypothesis defended in this Thesis is that this disuse is caused not by the losing validity of this approach cautions and diagnostics but by the change in the hegemonic form of capital valorization. So, it argues that, about 30 years ago, the capitalism has entered in a new phase, which is characterized by the central position occupied by financial capital, that conducts fundamental changes in the economic agents behaviors and motivations. Therefore, it claims that the heart of core-periphery approach remains valid but it needs connecting these general concepts with the specific form of the dependency under the egis of finance-led capitalism. This Thesis innovates by doing this relation between the core-periphery approach and the financialized capitalism dynamics using the monetary hierarchy concept, developed from a Marxist view, and the rise of finance sphere as the basis in the determination of modern dependency / Doutorado / Politica Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

This study works with Rotary Youth Exchange to investigate the role of predeparture intercultural training in preparing students to study abroad so that they 5 positively integrate their experience to become interculturally competent people. The Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) along with an intercultural background survey were administered to each student during the first one to four months of his or her exchange to measure his or her intercultural competency development and to learn li about the student's intercultural background. Developing explicit evidence for the role of intercultural training through this study proved unsuccessful because of the students' Jack of knowledge about the subject. However, through analysis of students' answers to decipher the quality of training received and comparing that information to the students' IES scores, the vital role of intercultural training in predeparture orientation is implied.

Retirement is a complex undertaking that is influenced by many factors. The variables influence the retirement experience either alone or in combination. Because the factors are intertwined, it is sometimes difficult to determine which are the most significant. The complex nature of retirement often leads to people being under prepared for the challenges they are likely to confront. Despite the importance of the retirement enterprise, there has been little research on the subject among black retirees in South Africa. This is especially true when it comes to the case of retired migrant workers. The purpose of the present study is to explore the experience of life satisfaction during retirement and adjustment to retirement of migrant workers when they return back to their communities of origin in the Eastern Cape Region, South Africa. Research participants for the study were retired persons (N=54) who were selected through snowball sampling method. The data for the study was collected using a Biographical Questionnaire, the Life Satisfaction Index-A, Adjustment Scale and Open-ended Interview Questions. Retired non-migrant workers were also included in the study in order to determine whether there are differences on these measures compared to retired migrant workers. The results of the study indicated that: retired migrant workers had significantly lower levels of life satisfaction and encountered more adjustment problems in retirement than retired non-migrant workers; retired migrant workers had less choice in their decision to retire than retired non-migrant workers; retired migrant workers did not participate in sufficient financial planning for their retirement; and financial situation significantly affects adjustment to retirement and life satisfaction during retirement. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

The purpose of this study was to investigate how a group of Chinese business students understood the nature and the purpose of the instruction techniques they were exposed to in Britain, and the attitudes the students, Chinese lecturers in China and British lecturers in Britain held towards seminar discussions. The study also investigated how and to what extent students’ prior learning experiences predisposed them to certain attitudes towards seminar discussions. The student participants in this study undertook Part I of their degree programme at a Chinese university for two years before transferring to Britain to study for one year, graduating with a British Bachelors Degree in International Business. Data was gathered from classroom observations, follow-up and exploratory interviews, and a questionnaire survey to discover more about the students’ learning experiences in Part I in China, and from classroom observations, audio-recordings, and follow-up and exploratory interviews to investigate the same group of students’ learning experiences in Part II in Britain. A ranking task and interviews were used to identify the preferences of Chinese students, British lecturers, and Chinese lecturers from China in terms of specific group discussion methods. The study identified three discussion methods used by students in British seminars: these have been termed ‘spiral’, ‘exploratory’ and ‘individual’ methods. The Chinese students tended to use the ‘spiral’ method, repeatedly bringing the discussion back to the question provided by the seminar tutor, whereas the non-Chinese students tended to use the ‘exploratory’ method, reformulating each other’s opinions and building on them by bringing in new information. When discussing within Chinese-only groups, the Chinese students used the ‘individual’ method whereby a group leader took responsibility for the outcomes of the discussion and the other members did not build upon each other’s contributions. Chinese and non-Chinese students sometimes misunderstood each others’ intentions, but were not likely to notice that miscommunication had occurred. The ranking task and the follow-up interviews revealed that the British lecturers preferred the ‘exploratory’ discussion method, whereas Chinese lecturers from China and Chinese students preferred the ‘spiral’ method. The British lecturers were found to adopt a constructivist approach to group discussion tasks, seeing them as a means by which students could obtain professional experience. They treated Business and Management knowledge as divergent and ‘soft’. Chinese lecturers and students, on the other hand, were found to perceive group discussion as a kind of assessment and were keen to find ‘correct’ answers to case study problems, treating Business and Management as convergent and hard disciplines which offered judgements on good practice. The Chinese lecturers in Part I of the programme organised group discussion so that students could exchange answers and check their accuracy, and, perhaps because of this, in Part I the students learnt in an exam-oriented way, strategically dividing up their tasks and working individually on their own task portions in order to find an acceptable answer as quickly as possible. These students were found to continue to employ these strategies during group work after they had transferred to the British component of their degree programme. The study has made a theoretical contribution to knowledge concerning the cultural influences on students’ classroom interactional practices. The findings from the study have implications for the teaching of intercultural business communication, and the enhancement of students’ learning experiences in international business programmes, in business English programmes in China, and whilst learning within groups.

On t.p.: Master of Arts (International Studies) / Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to examine the chances that South Africa's President Thabo Mbeki has in changing the unbalanced relations between the powerful countries of the North and the marginalised developing world. In doing so, it investigates how the leaders of Northern countries received the New Africa Initiative which was launched by a group of African heads of states, including Mbeki, at the G-8 summit in Genoa in July 2001. Unlike preceding works, this study takes a systemic perspective. The power relations in international affairs are pointed out with specific consideration of South Africa's status as an emerging middle power in the international system. Special recognition is furthermore given to the question as to whether there is currently a global re-think under way about globalisation, the ideology of neo-liberalism and the interaction with poor countries in the global political economy. The study comes to the conclusion that despite the fact that South Africa as a middle power is subordinate to the powerful countries of the North when it comes to effecting global change, and despite the outcomes of Genoa that do not indicate that an equitable global order is close, there are considerable trends and developments visible which support what Mbeki is trying to achieve. As a consequence, it is contended that his "Global Initiative" has a much better chance of being successful than the plea for a New International Economic Order in the 1970s. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om die volgende te ondersoek: die waarskynlikheid dat Suid-Afrika se President, Thabo Mbeki, die ongebalanseerde verhoudinge tussen die magtige lande van die Noorde en die gemarginaliseerde ontwikkelende wêreld kan verander. Gevolglik word gekyk in hoe die leiers van die Noordelike lande die "New Africa Inititiative", wat in Julie 2001 by die G-8 spitsberaad in Genoa deur 'n groep staatshoofde van verskeie Afrikalande (Mbeki ingesluit) bekend gestel is, ontvang het. Anders as in vorige studies, word 'n sistematiese benadering in hierdie studie gevolg. Spesiale aandag word verder geskenk aan die vraag of daar huidiglik 'n globale heroorweging onderweg is. met petrekking tot _globalisering, die ideologie van neo-liberalisme en die hantering van arm lande binne die globale politeke ekonomie. Die studie 'kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat daar merkbare neigings en ontwikkelinge is wat Mbeki se werk ondersteun. Dit is ten spyte van die feit dat Suid-Afrika, as middelrnag, ondergeskik is aan die Noordelike lande wanneer invloede op globale veranderinge ter sprake is, en nieteenstaande die gevolge van Genoa, wat geensins aandui dat 'n regverdige globale bedeling naby is nie. Gevolglik word geargumenteer dat hierdie "Globale Inisiatief' 'n beter kans het om suksesvol te wees as die pleidooi vir 'n "Nuwe Internasionale Ekonomiese Orde" tydens die 1970s.

“Not Drowning but Waving: The American Junior Year Abroad” explores and describes study abroad amongst college students while also showing the historical roots of study abroad. This thesis seeks to understand the history and current issues in study abroad while also giving a literary description of the experiences, personal changes, and development of insight in the students who decide to study abroad. The Introduction serves both as the introduction to my project as well as an overview of the history and current issues within study abroad. It is divided into three main parts. The first section discusses the impetus for the project, the research methodology, relevant literature, and the genre of creative nonfiction. The second section covers the history of American travel and study abroad, as well as the work of the Fulbright Program. The third section is a short survey of contemporary trends within study abroad, and addresses issues of gender, race, location, and student behavior while abroad. The creative portion of this thesis describes the study abroad students’ stories, experiences, and insights during and after a semester in Europe. The first three chapters of this section—“Leaving”, “Destinations” and “Guardians at the Gate”—describe some of the initial experiences during a semester abroad. Chapter one looks at the process of traveling to a new country and adapting to new cultural norms. Chapter two describes the study abroad destinations where I did my primary research for this project. Chapter three explores some logistical issues in study abroad, namely academics, finances, and housing. Chapter four explores the challenges students face after the initial excitement of study abroad wears off, and looks at the issues of student responsibility, danger, harassment, and alcohol abuse. Chapter five describes student travel habits, which is one of the most popular elements of study abroad but also one of the more problematic. Chapter six looks at the challenge of re-entry to North America for study abroad students, and chapter seven provides a conclusion to the piece.

by Ngan Nga Wing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-236). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background --- p.1 / Context of the Study --- p.2 / Ethnic Chinese and Their Business --- p.2 / Ethnic Chinese and Homeward Investment --- p.4 / Guanxi and the Contemporary Socialist China --- p.5 / The Notion of Guanxi and Instrumental Relationships --- p.7 / Area of Study --- p.10 / Physical Environment of Fuj ian Province --- p.10 / Economic Development Since 1949 --- p.10 / "Reasons of Selecting Jinjiang, Fujian " --- p.11 / Objectives of the Study --- p.12 / A Brief of the Thesis --- p.13 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES --- p.14 / Introduction --- p.14 / Research Designs And Methods --- p.15 / Choice of the Method-Qualitative Method --- p.15 / Data Collection From Human Resources --- p.20 / Purposive and Emergent Sampling --- p.21 / Data Collection in the Field --- p.22 / In-depth Interviews --- p.23 / Group Interviews --- p.26 / Participant Observation --- p.28 / Secondary Data in the Field --- p.29 / Some Critical Reflection in the Field --- p.30 / Data Collection From Non-human Resources --- p.32 / Inductive Data Analysis --- p.33 / Categorization --- p.33 / Triangulation --- p.34 / Network Analysis --- p.35 / Case Reporting --- p.36 / Tape Recording --- p.37 / Verbatim --- p.38 / Narrative --- p.38 / Validity And The Issue Of Subjectivity --- p.39 / Summary --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- ETHNIC CHINESE AND THEIR BUSINESS CULTURE --- p.42 / Introduction --- p.42 / Economic Success of Ethnic Chinese --- p.43 / Hostile Business Environments --- p.45 / Political Environment --- p.45 / Restriction of the Scope of Economic Activities --- p.47 / Restriction on Capital Participation of Ethnic Chinese --- p.49 / Restriction of Governing Labour by Ethnic Chinese --- p.50 / Other Discriminatory Treatment Against Ethnic Chinese --- p.51 / Chinese Culture And Capitalism --- p.53 / Confucian Value System --- p.55 / Confucianism and Ethnic Chinese Entrepreneurs --- p.57 / Ethnic Chinese Business Culture --- p.59 / The Concept of Family --- p.59 / Family and Ethnic Chinese Business --- p.60 / Characteristics of Family-oriented Firms --- p.61 / Kin Groups and Association --- p.64 / Types of Kin's Groups and Association --- p.64 / Functions of the Kin's Groups and Associations --- p.66 / "Networks, Trust and Guanxi " --- p.68 / The Cultural Trait of Networks Among Ethnic Chinese --- p.68 / Trust --- p.70 / Guanxi --- p.72 / Ethnic Chinese Homeward Investment --- p.76 / Spatial Hurdles in Homeward Investment --- p.77 / Weak Legal Framework --- p.77 / Poor Quality of Bureaucrats --- p.79 / The Prevalence of Guanxi --- p.80 / How Do Ethnic Chinese Do to Overcome the Problems? --- p.81 / Summary --- p.84 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- NETWORKS AND ETHNIC FUJIANESE ENTREPRENEURS --- p.85 / Introduction --- p.85 / Networks and Investment --- p.86 / Types Of Networks --- p.88 / The Nature of Networks --- p.89 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.89 / Intra-firm Networks --- p.93 / Entrepreneurship --- p.96 / Inter-firm Networks --- p.97 / Kinship --- p.97 / Friendship --- p.99 / Friendship is More Important than Kinship --- p.101 / Motivations of Cultivating Networks --- p.104 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.104 / Weak Legal Framework --- p.105 / Flimsy Bureaucratic System --- p.107 / Greater Autonomy of Local Authority --- p.107 / Intra-firm Networks and Inter-firm Networks --- p.110 / Ancestral Ties and Emotional Linkages --- p.110 / Personal Trust and Reciprocal Obligation --- p.112 / Cultural Affinity --- p.113 / Complex Sentiment --- p.114 / Mechanisms of Network Building --- p.115 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.115 / Power rather than Monetary Relationships --- p.115 / Proprietary Rights --- p.116 / Social and Political Legitimacy --- p.117 / Intra-firm Networks --- p.118 / Utilitarianistic Familism --- p.118 / Entrepreneurial Familism --- p.121 / Inter-firm Networks --- p.122 / Blood Relationship of Kinship --- p.123 / The Role of Intermediary --- p.124 / Reciprocity and Obligations of Friends --- p.126 / Benefits of Building Networks --- p.127 / Extra-firm Networks --- p.127 / Access to Profit --- p.129 / Access to Protection --- p.130 / Intra-firm Networks --- p.132 / Reliable Management --- p.133 / Fast Decision Making --- p.134 / Personal Achievement --- p.134 / Inter-firm Networks --- p.136 / Obtaining Information --- p.136 / Minimizing Risk --- p.137 / Mutual Exchange --- p.138 / Summary --- p.139 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- ENTREPRENEURS AND GUANXI --- p.141 / Introduction --- p.141 / Dimensions of Personal Relations --- p.142 / Rural Vs Urban --- p.142 / Sentimental Relations Vs Instrumental Relationship --- p.145 / Guanxi Mentality Vs Economic Mentality --- p.147 / Reciprocity (Bao) Vs Corruption/Bribery --- p.148 / Elements of Guanxi Management --- p.150 / Sameness --- p.151 / Familiarity --- p.152 / Trust --- p.154 / Social Obligation and Reciprocity --- p.155 / The Tactics of Cultivating Guanxi --- p.157 / Gift-giving --- p.157 / Money-giving --- p.161 / Banquets --- p.163 / Achieved Familiarity by an Intermediary --- p.165 / Employment and Partnership --- p.167 / Entrepreneurs Need Certain Technical Skill --- p.172 / Awareness of Guanxi --- p.172 / Understand the Guanxi Cultivating Process --- p.173 / Impacts of Guanxi --- p.174 / "Ability to Identify, Design and Implement Guanxi Cultivation " --- p.175 / Knowledge of Management Techniques --- p.177 / Attitudes and Performance of Entrepreneurs in Guanxi Cultivating --- p.179 / Proactive --- p.179 / Reactive --- p.182 / Resistive --- p.185 / Characteristics of Firms With Successful Strategies --- p.189 / Strong Entrepreneurship --- p.189 / Strong Personal Networks --- p.191 / Good Family Networks --- p.193 / Local Professionals --- p.194 / Strong Financial Back Up --- p.195 / Summary --- p.198 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CONCLUSION AND REFLECTIONS --- p.200 / Homeward Investment by Ethnic Fujianese in Fujian: Summary of Finding --- p.200 / Reflections --- p.203 / Reflections from Informant Entrepreneurs --- p.203 / Personal Reflections --- p.209 / Contribution of the Study --- p.210 / Direction for Future Study --- p.211 / Appendix I In-depth Interviews with Ethnic Fujianese Entrepreneurs --- p.213 / Appendix II In-depth Interviews with Government Officials --- p.215 / Glossary --- p.216 / Bibliography --- p.220

Durant la période pharaonique, l’Etat égyptien pris le contrôle du Levant à deux reprises, dès la période prédynastique et au Nouvel Empire. Le premier temps d’occupation égyptienne est connu par des traces archéologiques qui plaident pour un intérêt économique. L’Egypte y installe des colonies et gère en direct ces zones où les colons présents vivent largement séparés des populations locales.Le Nouvel Empire voit apparaître de nouvelles solutions. Le Levant ne connaît plus de colonisation ; les objectifs égyptiens ont changé. L’exploitation économique de la région est désormais une conséquence de l’occupation. La présence égyptienne revêt alors une valeur stratégique. La constitution d’une zone tampon séparant l’Egypte de ses principaux compétiteurs septentrionaux devait limiter leurs propres velléités stratégiques ou économiques.C’est bien la sécurité de l’Egypte qui est en jeu et qui dicte son comportement dans cette région ; un comportement au seul profit de l’Egypte qui ne fait aucun effort visant à permettre l’intégration a posteriori de quelque manière que ce soit de cette région dans un vaste système égyptien comme c’est apparemment le cas avec la Basse Nubie et comme on pourrait l’attendre d’un empire en cours de constitution.Il apparaît que sa gestion ne vise qu’une efficacité à court terme, sensible aux évolutions extérieures. Néanmoins la fin du Nouvel Empire est une lente dégradation de sa situation au Levant, peut-être parce que les menaces à l’origine de sa présence diminuent. La dernière réaction notable de l’Egypte est de contrecarrer l’avancée des Peuples de la mer, non pour restaurer un empire perdu au Levant, mais parce qu’encore une fois ils menacent l’intégrité territoriale de l’Egypte même. / During the Pharaonic period, the Egyptian State took the control of the Levant twice, as soon as the predynastic period and in the New Kingdom. This first example of Egyptian occupation is known by archaeological traces which plead for an economic interest. Egypt settles colonies to control these zones directly where the Egyptian inhabitants live widely separated from the local populations.In the New Kingdom new solutions appear. The Levant knows no more colonisation; Egyptian goals have changed. The economic exploitation of the region is in fact a consequence of its occupation. The Egyptian presence acquires then a strategical value. The constitution of an exclusive zone of control separating Egypt from its main northern opponents was aimed at limiting their own strategical or economic ambitions.It is the security of Egypt that is in balance and dictates its behaviour in this region; a behaviour in the sole benefit of Egypt who makes no effort aiming at allowing an integration of any kind of this region in a large Egyptian system as it is obviously the case with Lower Nubia and as it would be expected from an empire whose constitution is still in progress.It appears that its management aims only at a short-term effectiveness, influenced by external evolutions. Nevertheless the end of the New Kingdom is a slow deterioration of its situation in the Levant, perhaps because threats at the beginning of its presence are decreasing. The last noteworthy reaction of Egypt is to thwart the advance of the People of the Sea, not to restore a lost eastern empire, but only because once again the territorial integrity of Egypt is threatened.