Forests extend on about 4 billion hectares on the planet Earth, which makes up approximately one third of the total land area and is probably one of the most important environmental elements on the planet.In the Czech Republic forests cover about 33.7% of its land area.Out of Sweden's total land area, which is 41.3 million hectares, there is 23 million hectares of forest land. That is more than half of its total area. Creation of clear-cut areas, loss of the forests natural evolution information, waste majority of artificial forest, storm or fires are just some of the indicators of unsatisfactory conditions of forests. Therefore there is a strong importance for forest protection by means of legal regulation - International, European and especially national law, to be capable of leaving this heritage in a good condition for future generations. In this work I will focus on the comparison of forestry law in the Czech Republic and Sweden - from formal and also material point of view.

<p>In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of its aims was to raise the consideration for preservation of biodiversity. Since this happened over 15 years ago there is now an interest in analyzing if the law has been effective in its purpose. In this study methods suitable for analysis are being investigated. The study contents a pilot study of methods for five parameters that can validate if the law has been followed. The fieldstudy were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden in a managed forest and where last clearcut was done after 1994. The work consisted of measuring the parameters in the field and to compare them with data from before 1994. The benefits of the parameters and the current and previous Forestry Act and their differences are discussed in the report. The parameters examined were the distribution of tree species, standing dead wood, smaller areas saved for preservation, big trees and trees with cavities/cavernous trees. All of these plus a few other variables favourable for the diversity of species in the forest are dealt with in the 30 § in the Forestry Act of 1994. The study implied that the variables reported to be favourable for biodiversity, and possible to investigate within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. The results should however be interpreted with care since the study is small and the reference values sometimes were missing or covering larger areas than the field data.</p>

According to the Swedish Forestry Act, environmental protection is required within forest operations regardless of forest ownership. This thesis examines the extent to which regulations issued by the National Board of Forestry are implemented in clearcuttings. Different factors contributing to the outcome of environmental protection are analyzed both from a top-down and a bottom-up perspec­tive. Empirically, the study combines field investigation of clearcuts, interviews with implementing actors, and evaluation of written prescriptions and advice on environ­mental protection. The Swedish forest-environmental legislation and implementation process is also compared to that of the U.S. and, especially, to the state of Cali­fornia . Conflicting goals within the Forestry Act and vague environmental guidelines leave the implementing agency officers with great discretion. Steering attempts by the Forestry Agency are in terms of friendly advice and information. No breaches of the regulations were taken to court during 1980-1986 although this is formally possible. There is an average compliance of approximately fifty per cent of the required environmental measures. Aesthetic values are taken into account to a greater extent than pure floristic and faunistic ones. Economic considerations and harvest technology contribute to a low degree of environmental protection. Forest machines are inadequately suited for protecting single, environmentally valuable trees and they frequently cause deep tracks. Inadequate environmental knowledge and insufficient pre-harvest environmental planning also affect environ­mental performance negatively. Generally, economic considerations contribute to the low priority to environ­mental protection given by the implementing actors compared to timber production. Economic inducements counteract environmental protection. It is generally rare that environmentalists and other public interests affected by forest operations are consulted. Environmentalists however influence indirectly through political pressure to legislate, participation in the consultation process before legislation is enacted, and mass-media attention. / digitalisering@umu

In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of its aims was to raise the consideration for preservation of biodiversity. Since this happened over 15 years ago there is now an interest in analyzing if the law has been effective in its purpose. In this study methods suitable for analysis are being investigated. The study contents a pilot study of methods for five parameters that can validate if the law has been followed. The fieldstudy were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden in a managed forest and where last clearcut was done after 1994. The work consisted of measuring the parameters in the field and to compare them with data from before 1994. The benefits of the parameters and the current and previous Forestry Act and their differences are discussed in the report. The parameters examined were the distribution of tree species, standing dead wood, smaller areas saved for preservation, big trees and trees with cavities/cavernous trees. All of these plus a few other variables favourable for the diversity of species in the forest are dealt with in the 30 § in the Forestry Act of 1994. The study implied that the variables reported to be favourable for biodiversity, and possible to investigate within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. The results should however be interpreted with care since the study is small and the reference values sometimes were missing or covering larger areas than the field data.

<p>In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of the aims of the law is to raise consideration forpreservation of biodiversity. Since the new law got accepted and some time has passed, there now lie someinterest in examining whether the law has been effective towards its purpose. Methods suitable for analysishave been examined during this study. The content of this pilot study is based around five parameters whichcan be used to validate the effects of the new law. The field study were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden ina managed forest where last clearcut was performed after 1994. The work consisted of measuring theparameters specified and comparing the results to reference data from before 1994. The parameters benefit tothe preservation of biodiversity is discussed in the report aswell as the differences between the Forestry Actfrom 1994 and the previous one. The parameters examined in this study were standing dead wood, treespecies, thick big trees, trees with cavities/cavernous trees and smaller areas saved for preservation. All ofthese plus a few other variables are being considered in the 30 § of the Forestry Act of 1994. The reportimplied that the variables had a positive effect on the preservation of biodiversity, and possible to beinvestigated within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. Due to the size of the forest beingsmall and reference data for some parameters missing or covering larger areas, one must be careful wheninterpreting the results.In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of the aims of the law is to raise consideration forpreservation of biodiversity. Since the new law got accepted and some time has passed, there now lie someinterest in examining whether the law has been effective towards its purpose. Methods suitable for analysishave been examined during this study. The content of this pilot study is based around five parameters whichcan be used to validate the effects of the new law. The field study were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden ina managed forest where last clearcut was performed after 1994. The work consisted of measuring theparameters specified and comparing the results to reference data from before 1994. The parameters benefit tothe preservation of biodiversity is discussed in the report aswell as the differences between the Forestry Actfrom 1994 and the previous one. The parameters examined in this study were standing dead wood, treespecies, thick big trees, trees with cavities/cavernous trees and smaller areas saved for preservation. All ofthese plus a few other variables are being considered in the 30 § of the Forestry Act of 1994. The reportimplied that the variables had a positive effect on the preservation of biodiversity, and possible to beinvestigated within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. Due to the size of the forest beingsmall and reference data for some parameters missing or covering larger areas, one must be careful wheninterpreting the results.</p>

In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of the aims of the law is to raise consideration forpreservation of biodiversity. Since the new law got accepted and some time has passed, there now lie someinterest in examining whether the law has been effective towards its purpose. Methods suitable for analysishave been examined during this study. The content of this pilot study is based around five parameters whichcan be used to validate the effects of the new law. The field study were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden ina managed forest where last clearcut was performed after 1994. The work consisted of measuring theparameters specified and comparing the results to reference data from before 1994. The parameters benefit tothe preservation of biodiversity is discussed in the report aswell as the differences between the Forestry Actfrom 1994 and the previous one. The parameters examined in this study were standing dead wood, treespecies, thick big trees, trees with cavities/cavernous trees and smaller areas saved for preservation. All ofthese plus a few other variables are being considered in the 30 § of the Forestry Act of 1994. The reportimplied that the variables had a positive effect on the preservation of biodiversity, and possible to beinvestigated within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. Due to the size of the forest beingsmall and reference data for some parameters missing or covering larger areas, one must be careful wheninterpreting the results.In 1994 a new Forestry Act was accepted in Sweden. One of the aims of the law is to raise consideration forpreservation of biodiversity. Since the new law got accepted and some time has passed, there now lie someinterest in examining whether the law has been effective towards its purpose. Methods suitable for analysishave been examined during this study. The content of this pilot study is based around five parameters whichcan be used to validate the effects of the new law. The field study were executed in Orsa, Dalarna, Sweden ina managed forest where last clearcut was performed after 1994. The work consisted of measuring theparameters specified and comparing the results to reference data from before 1994. The parameters benefit tothe preservation of biodiversity is discussed in the report aswell as the differences between the Forestry Actfrom 1994 and the previous one. The parameters examined in this study were standing dead wood, treespecies, thick big trees, trees with cavities/cavernous trees and smaller areas saved for preservation. All ofthese plus a few other variables are being considered in the 30 § of the Forestry Act of 1994. The reportimplied that the variables had a positive effect on the preservation of biodiversity, and possible to beinvestigated within the restrictions of this study, seemed to have increased. Due to the size of the forest beingsmall and reference data for some parameters missing or covering larger areas, one must be careful wheninterpreting the results.

The purpose of the study has been to investigate how well guidelines are observed in practice and also to see how the agents experience these and what they see for deficiencies and opportunities for improvement. This study is based on two studies. 34 items where guidance for rejuvenation harvesting took place were checked in the field. 104 representatives were asked to answer a questionnaire in which the questions focused on problems related to nature considerations and opportunities for improvement regarding the guidelines. The results show that the guidelines have been followed to a great extent and that the agents feel that they have benefited from the guidelines. The deficiencies in the guidelines were perceived to be too long and compact texts and that considerations described in the text were not highlighted in the map. Failure to observe the objects may, in the agents 'opinion, be partly due to the forest owners' opinions differing from the suggestions in the guidelines.

In 2021, the European Union (EU) released the New EU Forest Strategy for 2030 to improve the welfare of forests within the EU. This caused a conflict between the EU and some of its Member States. The Swedish Government criticised the strategy for being too intrusive to countries' national affairs and their right to autonomy over their forest resources. In addition, Sweden has been criticised by the EU for its clear-cutting forest management strategies to be unsustainable. At the same time, the deadline to align with national agreements like the Paris Agreement, the 2030 Agenda and the European Green Deal is approaching. By 2050, the EU should be a carbon-neutral continent. Forests play an important role in climate change mitigation and in the sustainability agenda of both the EU and Sweden, although both parties seem to disagree on the other’s forest politics. This thesis investigates how sustainability in forests is formulated by the European Union (EU) and Sweden. Through quantitative content analysis and qualitative content analysis, the forest policy and strategy documents of the EU and Sweden are analysed to identify the sustainability content, its differences, and its similarities. The analysed documents that are selected to illustrate the sustainability content in the EU are the New EU Forest Strategy for 2030, Staff Working Document on the 3 Billion Tree Planting Pledge for 2030 and Guidelines for Defining, Mapping, Monitoring and Strictly Protecting EU Primary and Old -Growth Forests. The analysed documents that are selected to illustrate Swedish Forest Policy are Skogsvårdslagstiftningen and Sveriges Nationella Skogsprogram. The findings showed that both the EU and Sweden strive to reach international commitments on climate change and sustainability in their forest politics. However, the sustainability content in the EU emphasises protecting, restoring, and increasing the forest areas within the EU to achieve the goals. The sustainability content in Sweden views forests as an economic resource that can contribute to the sustainability transition of Swedish society. The conclusion is that bo th approaches of the EU and Sweden align with previous research on forest and climate change but strive for sustainability from different perspectives.

<p>Detta arbete har undersökt skillnaderna mellan den nuvarande skogsvårdslagen och den föregående. Undersökningen har bestått av två delar, där ena delen är en litteraturstudie av lagarna och den andra är en fältstudie av metoder för att mäta naturhänsynsförändring. Som komplement till fältstudien har en litteraturstudie av undersökningsparametranas naturvårdsnytta. Litteraturstudien av lagarna gick till på följande sätt, inledningen av båda lagarna och hänsynsparagraferna har lästs och jämförts. Fältstudie har gjorts efter metoder som har arbetats fram och sedan testats i fält. De undersökningsområden som har testats är stående död ved med undergruppen konstgjorda högstubbar, grova träd, hänsynsytor, trädslagsfördelning och boträd. Testningen skedde i trakterna kring Orsa i Dalarnas län. Resultatet blev att hälften av undersökningsområdena skulle kunna användas i en större studie efter några modifikationer. Andra hälften av undersökningsområdena kan det inte på grund av att referensdata saknas. Lagstudien visade att den största skillnaden mellan de båda lagarna ligger i att i den nuvarande har man jämställt miljömålet med produktionsmålet. Det finns även en attitydförändring till en större öppenhet mot naturvård i den nya lagen.</p> / <p>This work has examined the difference between the new forestry actand the previous one. The research has been divided in two parts, one is a literature study of the law and the other is a field study of methods for measuring the change in consideration of nature. As compliment too the field study a literature study of the research parameters nature conservation benefits. The examine of the laws were done in this way, the introduction of the laws and the nature conservation paragraphs were read and compared. For the field study methods have been worked out and tested in the field. The research parameters that have been tested are standing dead wood with subgroup man made snags, thick trees, consideration of nature areas, distribution of tree species and nesting trees. The field testing were made in the neighboring forest of the city Orsa in the administrative province of Dalarna.The results of the field methods are that half of the methods have a possible use in a larger study with some modifications. The other half are missing references data to be useful.The biggest differences between the laws are that in new law the goals for production and environment care are equal. There is also an change in attitude towards greater consideration of nature.</p>

Detta arbete har undersökt skillnaderna mellan den nuvarande skogsvårdslagen och den föregående. Undersökningen har bestått av två delar, där ena delen är en litteraturstudie av lagarna och den andra är en fältstudie av metoder för att mäta naturhänsynsförändring. Som komplement till fältstudien har en litteraturstudie av undersökningsparametranas naturvårdsnytta. Litteraturstudien av lagarna gick till på följande sätt, inledningen av båda lagarna och hänsynsparagraferna har lästs och jämförts. Fältstudie har gjorts efter metoder som har arbetats fram och sedan testats i fält. De undersökningsområden som har testats är stående död ved med undergruppen konstgjorda högstubbar, grova träd, hänsynsytor, trädslagsfördelning och boträd. Testningen skedde i trakterna kring Orsa i Dalarnas län. Resultatet blev att hälften av undersökningsområdena skulle kunna användas i en större studie efter några modifikationer. Andra hälften av undersökningsområdena kan det inte på grund av att referensdata saknas. Lagstudien visade att den största skillnaden mellan de båda lagarna ligger i att i den nuvarande har man jämställt miljömålet med produktionsmålet. Det finns även en attitydförändring till en större öppenhet mot naturvård i den nya lagen. / This work has examined the difference between the new forestry actand the previous one. The research has been divided in two parts, one is a literature study of the law and the other is a field study of methods for measuring the change in consideration of nature. As compliment too the field study a literature study of the research parameters nature conservation benefits. The examine of the laws were done in this way, the introduction of the laws and the nature conservation paragraphs were read and compared. For the field study methods have been worked out and tested in the field. The research parameters that have been tested are standing dead wood with subgroup man made snags, thick trees, consideration of nature areas, distribution of tree species and nesting trees. The field testing were made in the neighboring forest of the city Orsa in the administrative province of Dalarna.The results of the field methods are that half of the methods have a possible use in a larger study with some modifications. The other half are missing references data to be useful.The biggest differences between the laws are that in new law the goals for production and environment care are equal. There is also an change in attitude towards greater consideration of nature.