Gérer l'évolution des logiciels est une tâche complexe mais nécessaire. Tout au long de son cycle de vie, un logiciel doit subir des changements, pour corriger des erreurs, améliorer ses performances et sa qualité, étendre ses fonctionnalités ou s’adapter à son environnement. A défaut d’évoluer, un logiciel se dégrade, devient obsolète ou inadapté et est remplacé. Cependant, sans évaluation de leurs impacts et contrôle de leur réalisation, les changements peuvent être sources d’incohérences et de dysfonctionnements, donc générateurs de dégradations du logiciel. Cette thèse propose une approche améliorant la gestion de l'évolution des logiciels dans les processus de développement orientés composants. Adoptant une démarche d’ingénierie dirigée par les modèles (IDM), cette approche s’appuie sur Dedal, un langage de description d’architecture (ADL) séparant explicitement trois niveaux d’abstraction dans la définition des architectures logicielles. Ces trois niveaux (spécification, configuration et assemblage) correspondent aux trois étapes principales du développement d’une architecture (conception, implémentation, déploiement) et gardent la trace des décisions architecturales prises au fil du développement. Ces informations sont un support efficace à la gestion de l’évolution : elles permettent de déterminer le niveau d’un changement, d’analyser son impact et de planifier sa réalisation afin d’éviter la survenue d’incohérences dans la définition de l’architecture (érosion, dérive, etc.). Une gestion rigoureuse de l’évolution nécessite la formalisation, d’une part, des relations intra-niveau liant les composants au sein des modèles correspondant aux différents niveaux de définition d’une architecture et, d’autre part, des relations inter-niveaux liant les modèles décrivant une même architecture aux différents niveaux d’abstraction. Ces relations permettent la définition des propriétés de consistance et de cohérence servant à vérifier la correction d’une architecture. Le processus d’évolution est ainsi décomposé en trois phases : initier le changement de la définition de l’architecture à un niveau d’abstraction donné ; vérifier et rétablir la consistance de cette définition en induisant des changements complémentaires ; vérifier et rétablir la cohérence globale de la définition de l’architecture en propageant éventuellement les changements aux autres niveaux d’abstraction.Ces relations et propriétés sont décrites en B, un langage de modélisation formel basé sur la théorie des ensembles et la logique du premier ordre. Elles s’appliquent à des architectures définies avec un adl formel écrit en B dont le méta-modèle, aligné avec celui de Dedal, permet d’outiller la transformation de modèles entre les deux langages. Cette intégration permet de proposer un environnement de développement conjuguant les avantages des approches IDM et formelle : la conception d’architectures avec l’outillage de Dedal (modeleur graphique); la vérification des architectures et la gestion de l’évolution avec l’outillage de B (animateur, model-checker, solver). Nous proposons en particulier d’utiliser un solver B pour calculer automatiquement des plans d’évolution conformes à notre proposition et avons ainsi défini l’ensemble des règles d’évolution décrivant les opérations de modification applicables à la définition d’une architecture. Le solver recherche alors automatiquement une séquence de modifications permettant la réalisation d’un changement cible tout en préservant les propriétés de consistance et de cohérence de l’architecture. Nous avons validé la faisabilité de cette gestion de l’évolution par une implémentation mêlant optimisation et génie logiciel (search-based software engineering), intégrant notre propre solver pourvu d’heuristiques spécifiques qui améliorent significativement les temps de calcul, pour expérimenter trois scénarios d’évolution permettant de tester la réalisation d’un changement à chacun des trois niveaux d’abstraction. / Managing software evolution is a complex task. Indeed, throughout their whole lifecycle, software systems are subject to changes to extend their functionalities, correct bugs, improve performance and quality, or adapt to their environment. If not evolved, software systems degrade, become obsolete or inadequate and are replaced. While unavoidable, software changes may engender several inconsistencies and system dysfunction if not analyzed and handled carefully hence leading to software degradation and phase-out.This thesis proposes an approach to improve the evolution management activity in component-based software development processes. The solution adopts a Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) approach. It is based on Dedal, an Architecture Description Language (ADL) that explicitly separates software architecture descriptions into three abstraction levels: specification, configuration and assembly. These abstraction levels respectively correspond to the three major steps of component-based development (design, implementation and deployment) and trace architectural decisions all along development. Dedal hence efficiently supports evolution management: It enables to determine the level of change, analyze its impact and plan its execution in order to prevent architecture inconsistencies (erosion, drift, etc.). Rigorous evolution management requires the formalization, on the one hand, of intra-level relations linking components within models corresponding to different architecture abstraction levels and on the other hand, of the formalization of inter-level relations linking models describing the same architecture at different abstraction levels. These relations enable the definition of the consistency and coherence properties that prove necessary for architecture correctness analysis. The evolution process therefore consists of three steps: First, change is initiated on an architecture description at a given abstraction level; then, the consistency of the impacted description is checked out and restored by triggering additional changes; finally, the global coherence of the architecture definitions is verified and restored by propagating changes to other abstraction levels.Relations and properties are expressed in B, a set-theoretic and first-order logic language. They are applied on B formal ADL, the meta-model of which is mapped to Dedal's and helps automatic model transformations. This integration enables to implement a development environment that combines the benefits of both MDE and formal approaches: Software architecture design using Dedal tools (graphical modeler) and architecture analysis and evolution management using B tools (animator, model-checker, solver).In particular, we propose to use a B solver to automatically calculate evolution plans according to our approach. The solver explores a set of defined evolution rules that describe the change operations that can apply on architecture definitions. It automatically searches for a sequence of operations that both changes the architecture as requested and preserves architecture consistency and coherence properties. The feasibility of the evolution management approach is demonstrated through the experimentation of three evolution scenarios, each addressing a change at different abstraction level. The experimentation relies on an implementation of a search-based software engineering approach mixing software engineering and optimization and integrates our own solver with specific heuristics that significantly improve calculation time.

[pt] Tarefas de exploração de informação são reconhecidas por possuir características tais como alta complexidade, falta de conhecimento do usuário sobre o domínio da tarefa e incertezas sobre as estratégias de solução. O estado-da-arte em exploração de dados inclui uma variedade de modelos e ferramentas baseadas em diferentes paradigmas de interação, como por exemplo, busca por palavras-chave, busca facetada e orientação-a-conjuntos. Não obstante os muitos avanços das últimas décadas, a falta de uma abordagem formal do processo de exploração, juntamente com a falta de uma adoção mais pragmática do princípio de separação-de-responsabilidades no design dessas ferramentas são a causa de muitas limitações. Dentre as limitações, essa tese aborda a falta de expressividade, caracterizada por restrições na gama de estratégias de solução possíveis, e dificuldades de análise e comparação entre as ferramentas propostas. A partir desta observação, o presente trabalho propõe um modelo formal de ações e processos de exploração, uma nova abordagem para o projeto de ferramentas de exploração e uma ferramenta que generaliza o estado-da-arte em exploração de informação. As avaliações do modelo, realizadas por meio de estudos de caso, análises e comparações o estado-da-arte, corroboram a utilidade da abordagem. / [en] Information exploration processes are usually recognized by their inherent complexity, lack of knowledge and uncertainty, concerning both the domain and the solution strategies. Even though there has been much work on the development of computational systems supporting exploration tasks, such as faceted search and set-oriented interfaces, the lack of a formal understanding of the exploration process and the absence of a proper separation of concerns approach in the design phase is the cause of many expressivity issues and serious limitations. This work proposes a novel design approach of exploration tools based on a formal framework for representing exploration actions and processes. Moreover, we present a new exploration system that generalizes the majority of the state-of-the art exploration tools. The evaluation of the proposed framework is guided by case studies and comparisons with state-of-the-art tools. The results show the relevance of our approach both for the design of new exploration tools with higher expressiveness, and formal assessments and comparisons between different tools.

When practicing secure programming, it is important to understand the restrictive influence programmed entities have on the propagation of authority in a program. To precisely model authority propagation in patterns of interacting entities, we present a new formalism Knowledge Behavior Models (KBM). To describe such patterns, we present a new domain specific declarative language SCOLL (Safe Collaboration Language), which semantics are expressed by means of KBMs. To calculate the solutions for the safety problems expressed in SCOLL, we have built SCOLLAR: a model checker and solver based on constraint logic programming. SCOLLAR not only indicates whether the safety requirements are guaranteed by the restricted behavior of the relied-upon entities, but also lists the different ways in which their behavior can be restricted to guarantee the safety properties without precluding their required functionality and (re-)usability. How the tool can help programmers to build reliable components that can safely interact with partially or completely untrusted components is shown in elaborate examples.

Ce travail se situe dans le cadre de la recherche de systèmes de notation permettant de transcrire de façon symbolique l’aspect concret et sensoriel, et non seulement abstrait et structurel, des artefacts de la musique par ordinateur. Dans ce but, nous exposons tout d’abord un modèle formel complet et minimal des objets et structures audionumériques, en référence aux critères de la perception ; ce modèle est implémenté sous la forme d’un langage fonctionnel Turing-potent qui permet d’effectuer l’équivalence entre l’expression mathématique d’un signal et sa réalisation informatique. Puis, nous employons ce formalisme afin d’exprimer un ensemble de critères de synthèse sonore, ce qui donne lieu à un logiciel de synthèse dont l’expressivité est considérable. Ces outils sont organisés suivant le schéma des théories Schaefferiennes, par une décomposition catégorielle dans laquelle les paramètres correspondent à des notions morphologiques. Finalement, nous rendons compte d’une série d’expériences visant à évaluer la pertinence de ces critères dans l’audition humaine, avec le concours d’un musicologue, puis sur un ensemble de sujets, et enfin vis-à-vis d’un public aussi large que possible. Ceci nous conduit à remettre en question la méthodologie la plus adéquate pour traiter ce type de problème, qui nous rapproche des sciences humaines et sociales, et suggère une démarche de science participative. / This piece of work is situated in the context of research on notation systems enabled to transcribe symbolically the concrete and sensorial aspect, and not only the abstract and structural aspect, of computer music artefacts. In this perspective, we first expose a complete and minimal formal model for digital audio objects and structures, relatively to the criteria of perception ; this model is implemented as a Turing-potent functional language, that draws the correspondance between the mathematical expression of a signal and its computational realisation. Then, we apply this formal construction to the expression of a number of schemes for sound synthesis, producing a software synthetiser whose expressivity is consequent. These tools are organised following the lines of Schaefferian theories, through a decomposition into categories whose parameters correspond with morphological notions. Finally, we draw the conclusions of a series of experiments aiming to evaluate the relevance of those schemes in human hearing, with the assistance of a musicologist, then with a number of subjects, and eventually by associating a public that is as wide as possible. This leads us to question the methodology most appropriate to tackle this kind of problem, which brings us closer to social science, and suggests a participative science approach.

No description available.

Role-based modeling has been investigated for over 35 years as a promising paradigm to model complex, dynamic systems. Although current software systems are characterized by increasing complexity and context-dependence, all this research had almost no influence on current software development practice, still being discussed in recent literature. One reason for this is the lack of a coherent, comprehensive, readily applicable notion of roles. Researchers focused either on relational roles or context-dependent roles rather then combining both natures. Currently, there is no role-based modeling language sufficiently incorporating both the relational and context-dependent nature of roles together with the various proposed constraints. Hence, this paper formalizes a full-fledged role-based modeling language supporting both natures. To show its sufficiency and adequacy, a real world example is employed.

La compétitivité toujours plus importante et la mondialisation ont mis l'industrie manufacturière au défi de rationaliser les différentes façons de mettre sur le marché de nouveaux produits dans un délai court, avec des prix compétitifs tout en assurant des niveaux de qualité élevés. Le PDP moderne exige simultanément la collaboration de plusieurs groupes de travail qui assurent la création et l’échange d’information avec des points de vue multiples dans et à travers les frontières institutionnelles. Dans ce contexte, des problèmes d’interopérabilité sémantique ont été identifiés en raison de l'hétérogénéité des informations liées à des points de vue différents et leurs relations pour le développement de produits. Le travail présenté dans ce mémoire propose un cadre conceptuel d’interopération pour la conception et la fabrication de produits. Ce cadre est basé sur un ensemble d’ontologies clés, de base d’ingénierie et sur des approches de cartographie sémantique. Le cadre soutient les mécanismes qui permettent la conciliation sémantique en termes de partage, conversion et traduction, tout en améliorant la capacité de partage des connaissances entre les domaines hétérogènes qui doivent interopérer. La recherche a particulièrement porté sur la conception et la fabrication de produits tournants en plastique et explore les points particuliers de la malléabilité - la conception et la fabrication de moules. Un système expérimental a été proposé à l’aide de l'outil Protégé pour modéliser des ontologies de base et d’une plateforme Java intégrée à Jena pour développer l'interface avec l'utilisateur. Le concept et la mise en œuvre de cette recherche ont été testés par des expériences en utilisant des produits tournants en plastiques. Les résultats ont montré que l'information et ses relations rigoureusement définies peuvent assurer l'efficacité de la conception et la fabrication du produit dans un processus de développement de produits moderne et collaboratif / Global competitiveness has challenged manufacturing industry to rationalise different ways of bringing to the market new products in a short lead-time with competitive prices while ensuring higher quality levels. Modern PDP has required simultaneously collaborations of multiple groups, producing and exchanging information from multi-perspectives within and across institutional boundaries. However, it has been identified semantic interoperability issues in view of the information heterogeneity from multiple perspectives and their relationships across product development. This research proposes a conceptual framework of an Interoperable Product Design and Manufacturing based on a set of core ontological foundations and semantic mapping approaches. This framework has been particularly instantiated for the design and manufacturing of plastic injection moulded rotational products and has explored the particular viewpoints of moldability, mould design and manufacturing. The research approach explored particular information structures to support Design and Manufacture application. Subsequently, the relationships between these information structures have been investigated and the semantics reconciliation has been designed through mechanisms to convert, share and translate information from the multi-perspectives. An experimental system has been performed using the Protégé tool to model the core ontologies and the Java platform integrated with the Jena to develop the interface with the user. The conceptual framework proposed in this research has been tested through experiments using rotational plastic products. Therefore, this research has shown that information rigorously-defined and their well-defined relationships can ensure the effectiveness of product design and manufacturing in a modern and collaborative PDP

L'objectif du travail présenté dans cette thèse est de répondre à un verrou fondamental, qui est «comment programmer d'une manière rigoureuse et efficace des applications embarquées sur des plateformes multi-coeurs?». Cette problématique pose plusieurs défis: 1) le développement d'une approche rigoureuse basée sur les modèles pour pouvoir garantir la correction; 2) le « mariage » entre modèle physique et modèle de calcul, c'est-à-dire, l'intégration du fonctionnel et non-fonctionnel; 3) l'adaptabilité. Pour s'attaquer à ces défis, nous avons développé un flot de conception rigoureux autour du langage BIP. Ce flot de conception permet l'exploration de l'espace de conception, le traitement à diffèrent niveaux d'abstraction à la fois pour la plate-forme et l'application, la génération du code et le déploiement sur des plates-formes multi-cœurs. La méthode utilisée s'appuie sur des transformations source-vers-source des modèles BIP. Ces transformations sont correctes-par-construction. Nous illustrons ce flot de conception avec la modélisation et le déploiement de plusieurs applications sur deux plates-formes différentes. La première plate-forme considérée est MPARM, une plate-forme virtuelle, basée sur des processeurs ARM et structurée avec des clusters, où chacun contient plusieurs cœurs. Pour cette plate-forme, nous avons considérée les applications suivantes: la factorisation de Cholesky, le décodage MPEG-2, le décodage MJPEG, la Transformée de Fourier Rapide et un algorithme de demosaicing. La seconde plate-forme est P2012/STHORM, une plate-forme multi-cœur, basée sur plusieurs clusters capable d'une gestion énergétique efficace. L'application considérée sur P2012/STHORM est l'algorithme HMAX. Les résultats expérimentaux montrent l'intérêt du flot de conception, notamment l'analyse rapide des performances ainsi que la modélisation au niveau du système, la génération de code et le déploiement. / The advent of many-core platforms is nowadays challenging our capabilities for efficient and predictable design. To meet this challenge, designers need methods and tools for guaranteeing essential properties and determining tradeoffs between performance and efficient resource management. In the process of designing a mixed software/hardware system, functional constraints and also extra-functional specifications should be taken into account as an essential part for the design of embedded systems. The impact of design choices on the overall behavior of the system should also be analyzed. This implies a deep understanding of the interaction between application software and the underlying execution platform. We present a rigorous model-based design flow for building parallel applications running on top of many-core platforms. The flow is based on the BIP - Behavior, Interaction, Priority - component framework and its associated toolbox. The method allows generation of a correct-by-construction mixed hardware/software system model for manycore platforms from an application software and a mapping. It is based on source-to-source correct-by-construction transformations of BIP models. It provides full support for modeling application software and validation of its functional correctness, modeling and performance analysis of system-level models, code generation and deployment on target many-core platforms. Our design flow is illustrated through the modeling and deployment of various software applications on two different hardware platforms; MPARM and platform P2012/STHORM. MPARM is a virtual ARM-based multi-cluster manycore platform, configured by the number of clusters, the number of ARM cores per cluster, and their interconnections. On MPARM, the software applications considered are the Cholesky factorization, the MPEG-2 decoding, the MJPEG decoding, the Fast Fourier Transform and the Demosaicing algorithm. Platform 2012 (P2012/STHORM) is a power efficient manycore computing fabric, which is highly modular and based on multiple clusters capable of aggressive fine-grained power management. As a case study on P2012/STHORM, we used the HMAX algorithm. Experimental results show the merits of the design flow, notably performance analysis as well as correct-by-construction system level modeling, code generation and efficient deployment.

Role-based modeling has been investigated for over 35 years as a promising paradigm to model complex, dynamic systems. Although current software systems are characterized by increasing complexity and context-dependence, all this research had almost no influence on current software development practice, still being discussed in recent literature. One reason for this is the lack of a coherent, comprehensive, readily applicable notion of roles. Researchers focused either on relational roles or context-dependent roles rather then combining both natures. Currently, there is no role-based modeling language sufficiently incorporating both the relational and context-dependent nature of roles together with the various proposed constraints. Hence, this paper formalizes a full-fledged role-based modeling language supporting both natures. To show its sufficiency and adequacy, a real world example is employed.

The topics described in this diploma thesis belong to the area of digital systems testability analysis. Basic concepts as dependability, controllability, observability and testability are explained. Methods of raising testability and dependability of digital circuits are mentioned including the metrics which allow to evaluate testability parameters. Furthermore, the thesis describes the formal model of digital systems which introduces the implementing part of the thesis. Within this part, a program tool is demonstrated, which allows to identify the components of digital circuits and their function. The other function of the program tool is to create control circuits that check the correct function of such digital circuits.