Le véhicule autonome est un véhicule qui se conduira, à terme, sans aucune intervention du conducteur, quelle que soit la situation de conduite. Ce véhicule comprend une nouvelle fonction, nommée fonction AD, pour Autonomous Driving, en charge de la conduite autonome. Cette fonction peut se trouver dans des états différents (Active, Disponible par exemple) selon l'évolution des conditions environnementales. Le changement de ses états est géré par une fonction de Supervision, nommée Supervision AD. Le principal objet de ces travaux consiste à garantir que la fonction AD se trouve constamment dans un état sûr. Ceci revient à s'assurer que la Supervision AD respecte l'ensemble des exigences fonctionnelles et de sûreté qui spécifient son comportement. Ces deux types d'exigences sont émis par deux métiers distincts : l'Architecte Métier Système (AMS) et le pilote Sûreté de Fonctionnement (SdF). Ces deux disciplines d'ingénierie, bien qu'elles contribuent à la conception d'une même fonction, se distinguent en de nombreux points : objectifs, contraintes, planning, outils... Dans notre cas d'étude, ces différences s'illustrent par les exigences considérées : les exigences fonctionnelles sont allouées à la fonction AD globale, tandis que les exigences de sûreté spécifient le comportement de sous-fonctions locales redondantes assurant une continuité de service en cas de défaillance. La mise en cohérence de ces deux perspectives métier au plus tôt dans le cycle de conception et dans un contexte industriel, est la problématique centrale traitée. Les enjeux de SdF soulevés par le véhicule autonome rendent ce problème primordial pour les constructeurs automobiles. Afin de répondre à ces préoccupations, nous avons proposé une démarche outillée et collaborative de conception sûre de la Supervision AD. Cette démarche est intégrée dans les processus normatifs en vigueur (normes ISO 15288 et ISO 26262) ainsi que dans les processus de conception internes chez Renault. Elle est fondée sur la vérification formelle par model checking, la composition parallèle d'automates finis et l'expertise métier. Cette démarche prône l'utilisation d'un même formalisme (l'automate à états finis) par les deux métiers pour mener à bien des activités partageant un objectif de modélisation commun : la vérification d'exigences de comportement en phase amont de conception. Une méthode pour traduire les exigences en propriétés formelles et construire les modèles d'état a été déployée. Il en résulte une consolidation progressive des exigences traitées, initialement rédigées en langage naturel. Les potentielles ambigüités, incohérences et incomplétudes sont exhibées et traitées. / The Autonomous Vehicle is meant to drive itself, without any driver intervention, whatever the driving situation. This vehicle includes a new function, called AD, for Autonomous Driving, function. This function can be in different states (Available, Active for example) according to environmental conditions evolution. This states change is managed by a supervision function, named AD Supervision. The main goal of my works consists in guaranteeing that AD function remains always in a safe state. In other words, the AD Supervision must always respect all the functional and safety requirements that specify its behavior. These two requirements types are produced by two different professions: the System Architect (SA) and the Safety Engineer (SE). These two fields contribute to the design of the same function but distinguish at several aspects: objectives, constraints, planning, tools… In our case study, these differences are illustrated by considered requirements: the functional requirements are allocated to global AD function, while the safety requirements specify the behavior of local redundant sub-functions ensuring a continuous service in case of failure. The consistency of the two perspectives as early as possible in the design phase and in an industrial context, is the central problematic addressed. The safety issues due to Autonomous Vehicle make this topic essential for the automotive manufacturers. To meet these concerns, we proposed a tooled and collaborative approach for safe design of AD Supervision. This approach is integrated in the normative processes (standards ISO 26262 and ISO 15288) as well as in the internal design processes at Renault. It is based on formal verification by model checking, parallel composition of finite sate automata and technical expertise. This approach advocates the utilization of a same formalism (state automata) by the two professions to perform activities sharing a common goal: behavior requirements verification in preliminary design phase. A method to translate requirements into formal properties and to build state models has been deployed. The result is a progressive consolidation of treated requirements, initially expressed in free natural language. The potential ambiguities, inconsistencies and incompleteness are exhibited and treated. Two main contributions are in this way illustrated: highlighting of several formal credible (i.e. validated by expertise) specifications from informal requirements; and precise definition of technical expertise role (milestones, planning). However, this reinforcement – in silos – of the two profession viewpoints does not guarantee that they are mutually consistent. Thus, we proposed a convergence method, relying on expertise and on parallel composition of state automata, for the comparison of local and global views.

The purpose of this study is to map different understandings of the formalization of the informal financial sector in the developing world. Utilizing a qualitative approach and interview methodology, this study focuses on the case of South Africa and maps different perceptions about the formalization process by operators in the informal economic sector, which are in turn contrasted with the perceptions of experts and policymakers in the field. The issue at hand is a deeper understanding of how and why different groups perceive formalization in different ways. Some of the main findings of this study confirm that there are different understandings of formalization that can be found amongst different groups in South Africa, that the overall positive understanding of formalization efforts are greater than the negative ones, and that formalization efforts are formulated more inclusive than informal operators believe they are. The theoretical contribution of this study is to state that moral arguments play a bigger role in individuals economical decision-making processes than the economy itself shapes individuals' moral behavior. In addition, the findings are of relevance for the design and implementation of financial inclusion policies in the developing world.

Les micro-entreprises domestiques constituent une part importante, si ce n'est dominante, de toutes les économies en développement. C’est aussi le cas au Vietnam où le poids du secteur informel diminue peu malgré une croissance économique rapide. Les quatre chapitres de ce travail posent quatre questions fondamentales pour informer les politiques publiques. Leur originalité est d'adopter le point de vue des entreprises informelles elles-mêmes. Quels bénéfices y a-t-il à rejoindre le secteur formel (chapitre 1)? Quelle est la vulnérabilité de ces unités de production, dont le budget est souvent confondu avec celui du ménages, aux chocs de santé (chapitre 2) ? L’assurance santé permet-elle de réduire efficacement cette vulnérabilité (chapitre 3) ? Enfin, quelle est l’importance du mode de gestion de ces micro-entreprises (chapitre 4) ? Tous les chapitres s’appuient en premier lieu sur des données d’enquêtes quantitatives, de première ou seconde main. L’approche quantitative est complétée par des enquêtes qualitatives. Les résultats dressent le portrait d’un secteur dynamique, dont la persistance ne peut être ignorée, et suggèrent des mécanismes pour améliorer la productivité de ces entreprises qui opèrent dans des conditions largement précaires. / This PhD dissertation is built around four main chapters. Their topic shall sound familiar to policy makers, and to all empirical economists working on microenterprises, as they quesion the common mottos to deal with the informal sector: “formalize them”, “protect them”, and “train them”. Little of these recommendations rely on actual evidence, in particular regarding their effects for the firms themselves. Chapter one starts by questioning the relevance of formalization: what exactly do these production units have to gain from registration? The second chapter investigates the vulnerability of microenterprises to health problems: how much do they suffer from the consequences of health shocks within the household? The third chapter deals with the complementary question of the protection mechanisms, and questions the mitigating potential of health insurance. The fourth chapter finally deals with their managerial capital: do the business skills that are considered standard among larger firms have any meaning for informal micro enterprises?

Sports organizations formed a significant part of the non-profit sector, not only in the Czech Republic. They are being overlooked of the academic world, however they offer interesting insights on organizational change. Overall, we can observe many forms of sports non-profit organizations in civil society, which differ in degree of proffesionalization, degree of formalization and the values they hold. This case study reveals the problems of local non-profit sports organization, which is undergoing a gradual change. This change is related to the development of the organization, after gradual change of values and objectives, the organization must now adapt corresponding structure. This study contains the recommendations specifically for this organization, however they can be used by other entities as well.

In previous work, we have investigated privacy-preserving publishing of Description Logic (DL) ontologies in a setting where the knowledge about individuals to be published is an EL instance store, and both the privacy policy and the possible background knowledge of an attacker are represented by concepts of the DL EL. We have introduced the notions of compliance of a concept with a policy and of safety of a concept for a policy, and have shown how, in the context mentioned above, optimal compliant (safe) generalizations of a given EL concept can be computed. In the present paper, we consider a modified setting where we assume that the background knowledge of the attacker is given by a DL different from the one in which the knowledge to be published and the safety policies are formulated. In particular, we investigate the situations where the attacker’s knowledge is given by an FL0 or an FLE concept. In both cases, we show how optimal safe generalizations can be computed. Whereas the complexity of this computation is the same (ExpTime) as in our previous results for the case of FL0, it turns out to be actually lower (polynomial) for the more expressive DL FLE.

High-value, lootable natural resources drive, finance and sustain armed conflicts around the world. At the same time, these resources are crucial for livelihoods through artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in the very same contexts. Yet, little is known regarding how these resources should be managed in the wake of conflict to contribute to peacebuilding and prevent conflict recurrence. Drawing on the environmental peacebuilding and informal economies literature, this study argues that ASM formalization improves the quality and sustainability of livelihoods by empowering ASM communities. Using the method of structured focused comparison, the hypothesis is tested on two mining municipalities in Antioquia, Colombia. Data was gathered through interviews and secondary sources. The main finding is that while ASM formalization under certain conditions can contributeto sustainable livelihoods, this is only partly through community empowerment. Furthermore, the practice remains inaccessible to most artisanal and small-scale miners and can make them dependent on the goodwill of large-scale multinational mining companies. Thereby it ends up marginalizing many of the people it is meant to benefit.

<p>This thesis gives a partial answer to the question: “Can type systems detect modeling errors in scientific computing, particularly for inverse problems derived from physical models?” by considering, in detail, the major aspects of inverse problems in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). We define a type-system that can capture all correctness properties for MRI inverse problems, including many properties that are not captured with current type-systems, e.g., frames of reference. We implemented a type-system in the Haskell language that can capture the errors arising in translating a mathe- matical model into a linear or nonlinear system, or alternatively into an objective function. Most models are (or can be approximated by) linear transformations, and we demonstrate the feasibility of capturing their correctness at the type level using what is arguably the most difficult case, the (discrete) Fourier transformation (DFT). By this, we mean that we are able to catch, at compile time, all known errors in ap- plying the DFT. The first part of this thesis describes the Haskell implementation of vector size, physical units, frame of reference, and so on required in the mathemat- ical modelling of inverse problems without regularization. To practically solve most inverse problems, especially those including noisy data or ill-conditioned systems, one must use regularization. The second part of this thesis addresses the question of defining new regularizers and identifying existing regularizers the correctness of which (in our estimation) can be formally verified at the type level. We describe such Bayesian regularization schemes based on probability theory, and describe a novel simple regularizer of this type. We leave as future work the formalization of such regularizers.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Las MYPES son impulsadoras del crecimiento económico en el país y a su vez generadoras de empleo, pero existe un conocimiento mínimo en la aplicación de las leyes o normas, es importante señalar este desconocimiento ante temas tributarios, pues establece un problema de formalidad para las MYPES y que los dueños o gerentes, no conocen. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de la Ley N° 28015 en las MYPES del sector Comercial del Distrito de la Victoria 2021, en este caso se aplicó un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo aplicada y nivel descriptivo, el diseño de la investigación es no experimental, debido a que la información recolectada ya existe en los contribuyentes del distrito la Victoria, la población está conformada por 128 MYPES, donde la técnica utilizada fue la encuesta, aplicada a las 52 MYPES que arrojó la muestra, luego de la aplicación de la fórmula. Por tanto, esta investigación busca el análisis de la Ley y la conveniencia que tiene el contribuyente al acogerse para conocer sus beneficios en las MYPES; mediante la recopilación de información se logró entender que los contribuyentes no aprovechan estos beneficios que trae la Ley N° 28015 pero aun así se encuentran formalizados. / The MYPES are driven by economic growth in the country and in turn generate employment, but there is minimal knowledge in the application of laws or regulations, it is important to point out the ignorance regarding tax issues since it establishes a problem, since the MYPES have benefits that their owners or managers do not know about. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the effects of Law No. 28015 on the MYPES of the Commercial sector of the District of Victoria 2021, in this case a quantitative approach was applied, of applied type and descriptive level, the design of the investigation is not experimental, because the investigation will be obtained from existing information from the taxpayers of the La Victoria district, the population is made up of 128 MYPES, where the technique used was the survey, applied to 52 MYPES that yielded the sample, then from the application of the formula. Therefore, this research seeks the analysis of the Law and how much it is convenient to contribute to know about these benefits of application in MYPES; Through the collection of information, it was improved to understand that taxpayers do not take advantage of these benefits that Law No. 28015 brings, but even so they are formalized.

El presente artículo jurídico comprende como objetivo el argumentar la inclusión de unipersonalidad en las Sociedades por Acciones Cerrada Simplificada para fomentar la formalización de los micro, pequeños y medianos empresarios, debido a que la informalidad es un problema que sigue en crecimiento en nuestra sociedad, lo que ha originado que el estado peruano implemente diferentes métodos para reducir sus índices en crecimiento de informalidad; razón por lo cual en ésta investigación utilizando la metodología mixta que reúne al método cualitativo y cuantitativo, sirviéndose de la técnica de la observación, el análisis documental y de los instrumentos como la guía de observación y la guía de análisis documental, los cuales han sido utilizados para poder argumentar la importancia de incluir la unipersonalidad en este modelo empresarial. Respecto a los resultados podemos determinar que sí existe esa necesidad de incluir la unipersonalidad en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico a través de la Sociedades por Acciones Cerradas Simplificada con la finalidad de fomentar la formalización de los micro, pequeños y medianos empresarios. / The objective of this legal article is to argue for the inclusion of sole proprietorship in Simplified Closed Share Companies to promote the formalization of micro, small and medium-sized entrepreneurs, because informality is a problem that continues to grow in our society and State. has tried to implement different methods to reduce its growth rates, which is why using the mixed methodology that brings together the qualitative and quantitative method, using the technique of observation, documentary analysis and instruments such as the observation guide and the documentary analysis guide, are used to argue the importance to include unipersonality in this business model. Regarding the results, we can determine that there is a need to include sole proprietorship in our legal system through Simplified Closed Share Companies with the purpose of promoting the formalization of micro, small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.

La investigación se realizó en el Distrito de Morrope, debido a que es una zona que con el pasar del tiempo se ha notado la presencia y el aumento de negocios informales, pues muchos se vieron obligados a emprender un negocio a causa de la pandemia, por ello se desea que se formalicen para ampliar la base tributaria. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general diseñar estrategias tributarias mediante el NRUS para la formalización de dichos negocios, priorizando que conozcan y tengan como primera opción tributar en dicho régimen. La investigación es de enfoque cualitativo, de tipo aplicada, nivel descriptivo, diseño no experimental y transversal. La técnica de recolección de datos fue una encuesta en donde se pudo diagnosticar su situación tributaria actual y su perspectiva de tributar en este régimen. Además, una entrevista para conocer la opinión de expertos respecto a la legislación tributaria peruana. Se obtuvo como resultado, que la gran mayoría de los negocios del Distrito de Morrope son informales y desconocen el proceso de formalización, sin embargo, después de presentarles los beneficios del NRUS, mostraron una iniciativa de tributar en este régimen. Se concluye que el diseño de estrategias ayudará en buena parte a promover la formalización de estos negocios, para mejorar la recaudación por parte de la SUNAT contribuyendo al desarrollo del país. / The research was carried out in the Morrope District, because it is an area that, with the passage of time, has seen the presence and increase of informal businesses, as many were forced to start a business due to the pandemic, due to It is desired that they be formalized to expand the tax base. The general objective of this research was to design tax strategies through the NRUS for the formalization of said businesses, prioritizing that they know and have the first option to pay taxes in said regime. The research has a qualitative approach, applied type, descriptive level, non-experimental and transversal design. The data collection technique was a survey where it was possible to diagnose their current tax situation and their perspective of paying taxes in this regime. In addition, an interview to learn the opinion of experts regarding Peruvian tax legislation. The result was that the vast majority of businesses in the Morrope District are informal and are unaware of the formalization process; however, after being presented with the benefits of the NRUS, they showed an initiative to pay taxes under this regime. It is concluded that the design of strategies will largely help to promote the formalization of these businesses, to improve collection by SUNAT, contributing to the development of the country.