Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 41045.pdf.jpg: 19735 bytes, checksum: 8982b386440c1e32af9686848e0e3c38 (MD5) 41045.pdf: 4547294 bytes, checksum: 970a4994285745a21416ed6bbfb91a6a (MD5) 41045.pdf.txt: 342901 bytes, checksum: 383d58a1ea2d69d2a23310a4cbafa28b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-22T00:00:00Z / O mercado de baixa renda no Brasil, que engloba a população das classes sócio-econômicas CDE , representa cerca de 77% dos domicílios brasileiros, com renda familiar de até R$ 2.000,00 por mês (10 salários mínimos em 2002), movimentando cerca de R$ 500 bilhões/ ano em consumo, o equivalente a 35% do consumo agregado nacional (IBGE, 2003). Na categoria de alimentos, esse segmento da população é responsável por 53% do consumo nacional, sendo que em categorias como cereais em geral, leite fresco e em pó, fraldas descartáveis e sabão em pedra são responsáveis por cerca de 80% do consumo no país (LATIN PANEL, 2004). Os pequenos varejistas são os principais responsáveis pelo atendimento a este segmento da população, já que a participação das grandes redes de auto-serviço é relativamente baixa nesse mercado. Os pequenos auto-serviços e o varejo tradicional (padarias, mercearias, empórios) respondem por cerca de 81% das vendas (LATIN PANEL, 2004) e possuem uma penetração superior a 90% no mercado de baixa renda (HILÁRIO 2006). Eles são abastecidos em sua grande maioria de forma indireta pela indústria, que se utiliza de atacadistas e distribuidores para fazerem com que seus produtos cheguem até esses consumidores de menor renda. Esses varejistas possuem características e necessidades distintas dos supermercados de maior porte, dentre as quais pode-se citar: menor capital de giro; menor poder de negociação na hora da compra, em razão de falta de escala; dificuldade de investimento em tecnologia e em treinamento de pessoal (HILÁRIO, 2006) que demandam ações diferenciadas de seus fornecedores, atacadistas e distribuidores. Por meio de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, em uma amostra de empresas que atuam no setor varejista e de distribuição, buscou-se identificar, com base no modelo de relacionamentos comprador-vendedor desenvolvido por WILSON (1995), as variáveis ativas mais importantes em cada etapa dos relacionamentos entre o pequeno varejo de baixa renda e os intermediários da indústria, e apontar as estratégias de relacionamento de maior importância na visão dos varejistas. A conclusão do estudo mostra que as estratégias de relacionamento entre atacadistas e pequenos varejistas é ainda muito focada no aspecto transacional, imperando a questão do preço, com baixo envolvimento e compromisso entre os agentes. Embora esta seja, aparentemente, a realidade dos relacionamentos entre atacadistas e pequenos varejistas, existe uma diferenciação nas estratégias de relacionamento entre distribuidores e pequenos varejistas, bem como iniciativas por parte de alguns atacadistas em desenvolverem relacionamentos baseados também em compromisso e confiança. Este parece o caminho a ser trilhado pelas empresas atacadistas e distribuidoras que pretendem criar e manter vantagens competitivas sustentáveis e desenvolver parcerias de sucesso com o pequeno varejo. / The low-income market in Brazil, characterized by the CDE socio-economic classes, represents about 77% of the Brazilian households. This parcel of the Brazilian population earns up to R$ 2.000,00 per month (10 Brazilian minimum wages in 2002), spending about R$ 500 billion per year, corresponding to 35% of the national aggregated consumption (IBGE, 2003). In the category of food products, this segment of the population is responsible for 53% of the national consumption. In other categories like general cereals, fresh and powdered milk, diapers and bar soaps, they are responsible for 80% of the consumption in the country. (Latin Panel, 2004). The small retailers are the main channel in supporting this population segment, since the participation of the bigger chains of supermarkets are relatively lower in this market. The small supermarkets and the traditional retail ( bakeries and grocery stores) respond for about 81% of sales (Latin Panel, 2004) and have a penetration above 90% in the low-income market (Hilario, 2006). They are supplied, indirectly, mostly by the industry, that uses wholesalers and distributors to make their products reach these low-income consumers. These retailers have characteristics and needs others than bigger supermarkets, among that, can be mentioned: lower operating capital; lower negotiation power at purchasing time, due to the low volumes; difficulty to invest in technology and employees training (Hilario, 2006) that demand different actions from suppliers, wholesalers, and distributors. Through a research of exploratory character, in a sample of companies that work in the retailer and wholesaler market, it searched to identify, based in the buyer-seller relationship model developed by WILSON (1995), the most important active variables in each step of the relationships between the small low-income retail and the industry intermediates and point out the most important strategies in the retailers’ sight. The conclusion of the study shows that the relationship strategies, mainly among wholesalers and small retailers, are much focused in the transactional aspect yet, ruling the price aspect, with low involvement and commitment among the agents. Although it is, apparently, the reality of the relationship among wholesalers and small retailers, there is a differentiation in the relationship strategies among distributors and small retailers, and initiatives by the wholesalers to develop relationships also based on commitment and trust. This seems the way to be tracked by the wholesalers and distributors companies that intend to create and maintain sustainable competitive advantages, and develop success partnerships with the small retail.

The aim of this thesis is to process and evaluate UZEI (MZe) data for organic agricultural produce and sales of the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic in 2011, followed by structural and geographic regional analysis, based on the graphical output (production maps, charts and sales diagrams). Analysis involved also current processing capacity and selected sales formats in the region.

Os avanços tecnológicos apontam para uma renovação da infraestrutura atual de comunicações ópticas, de modo a torná-la adequada à operação dentro dos novos paradigmas das redes, em que a elasticidade e eficiência espectrais se aliam à alta capacidade de transmissão. Sob o ponto de vista do planejamento de uma operadora de telecomunicação, é desejável que a substituição de equipamentos ocorra de forma mais gradual e que a operação da infraestrutura atual seja otimizada para acomodar a demanda por alta capacidade sem requerer a construção de uma infraestrutura completamente nova. Neste contexto, esta tese investiga estratégias de otimização combinando técnicas que utilizam múltiplas taxas de transmissão (MLR &#8211 Mixed Line Rate) e múltiplos formatos de modulação (MMF &#8211 Multiple Modulation Formats) com foco em um cenário condizente a realidade brasileira, com taxa de transmissão de 10 Gbit/s modulados com a técnica não retorna a zero (NRZ &#8211 non return to zero), migrando para taxa de 40 e/ou 100 Gbit/s. São analisados os benefícios proporcionados com o uso de redes MLR-MMF em comparação com a substituição da rede legada por apenas uma taxa (SLR &#8211 single line rate). A infraestrutura da camada física considerada é uniforme e pode transportar sinais de 10/40/100 Gbit/s, apenas os tipos de transponders são diferentes. Para analisar o desempenho da rede descrita é proposto um modelo de integração entre as ferramentas MatLab e OptiSystem. A primeira é utilizada para definir a rota e a segunda para simular a propagação do sinal óptico na fibra ao longo da rota escolhida. Os valores de taxa de erro de bit (BER &#8211 Bit Error Rate) e a relação sinal ruído óptica (OSNR &#8211 Optical Signal Noise Rate) são armazenados em um banco de dados para uso posterior. Dessa forma diversas topologias podem ser analisadas. Em uma rede real esse tipo de informação pode ser obtido por meio de técnicas de monitoramento óptico (OPM &#8211 Optical Performance Monitoring). Por esse motivo, também são investigados e testados experimentalmente dois métodos de monitoramento da OSNR: i) anulamento da polarização para obter OSNR e ii) monitor multiparâmetro baseado em modulação da polarização em baixa frequência. A partir das análises, concluiu-se que o uso de redes MLR-MMF pode ser uma alternativa para equilibrar o consumo energético e a probabilidade de bloqueio (PB). A opção por esse tipo de rede ajuda na economia energética e mantém a PB em níveis aceitáveis. Além disso, o uso de monitoramento óptico auxilia na obtenção de informações usadas para controlar e gerenciar eficientemente recursos de rede cumprindo os requisitos de qualidade de serviço. / Technological advances point out to an upgrade on the current optical communication infrastructure in order to adequate it to the new networks paradigms, where elasticity and spectral efficiency are associated to the high capacity transmission. From the perspective of a telecom operator planning, it is desirable that the equipment replacement occurs as gradually as possible and that the operation of the current infrastructure is optimized to accommodate the demand for high capacity without requiring the build-upof a completely new infrastructure. In this context, this thesis investigates optimization strategies combining MLR (mixed line rate) and MMF (multiple modulation formats) techniques focusing on a scenario similar to the Brazilian reality, with a transmission rate of 10 Gbit/s NRZ modulated, switching to a rate of 40 and/or 100 Gbit/s. The benefits provided by the use of MMF-MLR network (non return to zero)s compared to the replacing based on a legacy network by only one rate (SLR single line rate) are discussed. The infrastructure of the physical layer is considered uniform and can carry signals 10/40/100 Gbit/s, only the transponder configurations are different. To analyze the network performance we proposed an integration of MATLAB and OptiSystem tools. The first is used to define the route and the second to simulate the propagation of the optical signal in the fiber along the chosen route. The BER and OSNR values are stored in a database for later use. In this way several topologies can be analyzed. In a real network such information may be obtained by optical monitoring techniques (OPM). For this reason, two methods for monitoring OSNR are also investigated: i) the polarization nulling and ii) multiparameter monitor based on modulation of polarization at low frequency. From the analysis it was concluded that the use of MMF-MLR schemes can be an alternative to balance the energy consumption and the blocking probability (BP). The option for this type of network saves energy and helps maintaining BP within acceptable levels. Furthermore, the use of optical monitoring allows the gathering of information used to control and efficiently manage network resources meeting the requirements for quality of service.

This thesis deals with the analysis of the pricing environment of the OOH advertising media market in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part introduces the concept of marketing communication, but also touches upon advertising as such, including a description of different types of traditional mass media and their role in society. Furthermore, this thesis focuses on a specific communication channel - outdoor advertising. It presents its history, development, planning process and trends. The thesis describes the different types of formats offered on the Czech market, including innovative and alternative ones, but also presents the current problems and limitations associated with this media type. Nevertheless, advertisers are currently investing significant sums in standard OOH advertising formats and suppliers are trying to collect increasingly accurate data to increase the effectiveness of this communication channel. The supply of outdoor advertising operators in the Czech market is concentrated in a few large players. The specific demand and offer of OOH advertising suppliers is presented in the practical part of the thesis in parallel with the offer of the contacted media agencies. In this part, it is analysed and evaluated how the outdoor advertising market reacts in terms of price to the...

Diploma thesis is focused on advanced reliability analysis of structures solved by non--linear finite element analysis. Specifically, semi--probabilistic methods for determination of design value of resistance, sensitivity analysis and surrogate model created by polynomial chaos expansion are described in the diploma thesis. Described methods are applied on prestressed reinforced concrete roof girder.

This diploma thesis describes both the theoretical and practical part of the process of design and implementation of interactive computer software for the~management of~the~quality control of the~devices, assigned by SIGMA GROUP a.s., more precisely its Energo division, which is engaged in the maintenance and repair of pumping equipment. The theoretical part explains the concept of user experience, its acquisition methods, specification of~requirements and interface design methods. The next part is focused on the description of the~formats used by common text editors. Within the theoretical part is described the design of the interactive application itself. In the practical part there is a description of the main parts of the system and the conclusions from the system testing.

Das Thema – Betreuung von an Demenz erkrankten Pflegebedürftigen in der Häuslichkeit – ist in den letzten Jahren in den Fokus der Gesellschaft gerückt. Sie haben zu verschiedenen Diskursen sowohl in der Politik als auch in Teilen der Allgemeinbevölkerung angeregt (vgl. Stoppe & Stiens, 2009, S. 7). Mit Blick auf die heutigen Betreuungs- und Versorgungsstrukturen ist „mit einer Überforderung aller Beteiligten zu rechnen” (Blinkert & Klie, 2004, S. 319). Dies betrifft sowohl die pflegenden Angehörigen, als auch die professionellen Dienstleister der ambulanten Pflege. Deshalb wird sich die gesamte Gesellschaft mit dem Thema Versorgung von pflegebedürftigen Personen auseinandersetzen müssen und im Speziellen mit der Frage: Wie und durch wen soll die Betreuung in den nächsten 30 Jahren erfolgen? Insbesondere die eingeschränkten Rahmenbedingungen im ländlichen Raum stellen ein Problem dar, da weniger Unterstützungsstrukturen (Selbsthilfegruppen, Dienstleister etc.) zur Verfügung stehen (vgl. Engels & Pfeuffer, 2008, S. 171–202). Die Bevölkerung wird in Zukunft nicht umhinkommen, vermehrt ehrenamtliche Tätigkeiten zur Betreuung und Versorgung von Pflegebedürftigen und im Besonderen von Demenzkranken zu übernehmen (vgl. Stoppe & Stiens, 2009, S. 7). Damit diese Aufgabe durch die Allgemeinheit gelöst werden kann, bedarf es spezifischer Bildungs- und Informationsveranstaltungen, um zielgruppengerecht die Bevölkerung auf die Bedarfe von Personen mit Demenz vorzubereiten. [.. aus der Einleitung]

This thesis analyses the pricing environment of the OOH advertising media market in the Czech Republic. In the theoretical part, it introduces the concept of marketing and marketing communication, but also touches upon advertising as such and its role in society, which is in many cases controversial. Furthermore, this thesis focuses on a specific communication channel, namely outdoor advertising. It presents its history, development and current trends. It describes the various types of formats offered on the Czech market, including innovative and alternative ones, but also presents the current problems and limitations associated with this medium. Even so, advertisers are currently investing significant sums in standard OOH advertising formats and suppliers are trying to collect increasingly accurate data to increase the effectiveness of this communication channel. The supply of outdoor advertising operators in the Czech market is concentrated in a few large players. The specific demand and offer of OOH advertising suppliers is presented in the practical section in parallel with the offer of the media agencies contacted. In this part, it is analysed and evaluated how the outdoor advertising market reacts in terms of price to the advertising demand of advertisers. The author focuses on the main and...

Technologieunterstützte Lernformate und -ressourcen implizieren vielfältige Potenziale für die hochschulische Weiterbildung. Vorhandene technologische Infrastrukturen und didaktische Einsatzszenarien werden unterschiedlich genutzt. Der Beitrag untersucht die Einbindung und zukünftige Bedeutung von technologieunterstützten und nicht technologieunterstützten Lernformaten und -ressourcen in der Weiterbildung. Die Ergebnisse von Onlinebefragungen zeigen, dass neben den bewährten auch technologieunterstützte Lernformate und -ressourcen (Blended Learning, Online-Foren) in der hochschulischen Weiterbildung eingebunden werden. Unter Verantwortlichen an Weiterbildungszentren an Hochschulen in Deutschland und Expert*innen aus Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft besteht Konsens über die künftig höhere Relevanz von technologienbasierten, kollaborativen und kooperativen Lernformaten und -ressourcen. Dabei erfahren die nicht technologiebasierten und bisher häufg eingesetzten Lernformate und -ressourcen einen Bedeutungsrückgang.

Das Buch gibt eine Einführung in die Digitale Bildverarbeitung. Der Inhalt des Buches gliedert sich in sechs Kapitel. Im ersten Kapitel werden die wichtigsten Definitionen und Anwendungsgebiete der Digitalen Bildverarbeitung sowie wesentliche Komponenten eines digitalen Bildverarbeitungssystems erklärt. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit den Grundlagen digitaler Bilder, den Bilddatenformaten und Kompressionsverfahren. Die Grundlagen der Farbtheorie und ein kurzer Überblick über die wichtigsten Farbsysteme werden im dritten Kapitel vermittelt. Die zwei anschließenden Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit der Manipulation von Grauwerten. Der Schwerpunkt liegt hier auf den Punktoperationen und den Filtertechniken. Das letzte Kapitel behandelt die für die Lehrgebiete Photogrammetrie, Fernerkundung und Geoinformationssysteme überaus wichtigen Grundlagen der geometrischen Transformation.:Vorwort 1. Einführung in die digitale Bildverarbeitung 1.1 Definition der Bildverarbeitung 1.2 Anwendungsgebiete der Digitalen Bildverarbeitung 1.3 Komponenten eines Bildverarbeitungssystems 2. Digitale Bilder 2.1 Entstehung digitaler Bilder 2.2 Bildmatrix und Grauwerte 2.3 Digitale Bilder im Ortsbereich 2.3.1 Bildrepräsentation 2.3.2 Auflösung eines Pixels 2.3.3 Das Pixelkoordinatensystem 2.3.4 Grundsätzliche Festlegungen 2.3.5 Topologien oder Nachbarschaftsrelationen 2.3.6 Distanzen 2.4 Eigenschaften digitaler Bilder 2.4.1 Mittelwert und mittlere quadratische Abweichung 2.4.2 Varianz und Standardabweichung 2.4.3 Histogramm 2.4.4 Stochastische Einflüsse 2.5 Kompressionen und Datenformate 2.5.1 Ausgewählte Verfahren zur Bildkompression 2.5.2 Bilddatenformate 3. Farbtheorie 3.1 Was ist Farbe? 3.2 Farbsysteme 3.2.1 RGB- und CMY- Farbsystem 3.2.2 Das Farbdreieck (Maxwell’sches Dreieck) 3.2.3 Das IHS- Modell 3.2.4 Das CIE- Farbmodell 3.3 Bildwiedergabe 3.4 Farbmanipulation 4. Punktoperationen 4.1 Schwellwertoperation zur Erzeugung von Binärbildern 4.2 Arithmetische Bildoperationen 4.3 Logische oder Boolesche Kombinationen 4.4 Kontrast- und Helligkeitsänderungen 4.4.1 Kontrastübertragungsfunktionen 4.4.2 Kontrastveränderung durch Histogrammanpassungen 4.4.3 Äquidensitenherstellung 5. Filteroperationen 5.1 Lineare Filter 5.1.1 Tiefpassfilter 5.1.2 Hochpassfilter 5.1.2.5 Schärfung 5.2 Morphologische Filter 5.2.1 Medianfilter 5.2.2 Minimum- und Maximumfilter 5.2.3 Dilatation und Erosion im Binärbild 5.2.4 Opening und Closing 6. Geometrische Bildtransformationen 6.1 Koordinatentransformationen im 2D-Raum 6.2 Direkte und indirekte Transformation 6.2.1 Direkte Transformation 6.2.2 Indirekte Transformation 6.3 Resampling 6.3.1 Nächster Nachbar 6.3.2 Bilineare Interpolation 6.3.3 Interpolationen höherer Ordnung 6.3.4 Zusammenfassung der Interpolationsmethoden Quellennachweis Sachregister / The book provides an introduction into digital image processing. The content of the book is divided into six chapters. In the first chapter, the most important definitions and areas of application of digital image processing as well as essential components of a digital image processing system are explained. The second chapter deals with the basics of digital images, image data formats and compression methods. The basics of color theory and a brief overview of the most important color systems are presented in the third chapter. The following two chapters deal with the manipulation of gray values. The focus here is on point operations and filtering techniques. The last chapter deals with the fundamentals of geometric transformation, which are extremely important for the areas of photogrammetry, remote sensing and geographic information systems.:Vorwort 1. Einführung in die digitale Bildverarbeitung 1.1 Definition der Bildverarbeitung 1.2 Anwendungsgebiete der Digitalen Bildverarbeitung 1.3 Komponenten eines Bildverarbeitungssystems 2. Digitale Bilder 2.1 Entstehung digitaler Bilder 2.2 Bildmatrix und Grauwerte 2.3 Digitale Bilder im Ortsbereich 2.3.1 Bildrepräsentation 2.3.2 Auflösung eines Pixels 2.3.3 Das Pixelkoordinatensystem 2.3.4 Grundsätzliche Festlegungen 2.3.5 Topologien oder Nachbarschaftsrelationen 2.3.6 Distanzen 2.4 Eigenschaften digitaler Bilder 2.4.1 Mittelwert und mittlere quadratische Abweichung 2.4.2 Varianz und Standardabweichung 2.4.3 Histogramm 2.4.4 Stochastische Einflüsse 2.5 Kompressionen und Datenformate 2.5.1 Ausgewählte Verfahren zur Bildkompression 2.5.2 Bilddatenformate 3. Farbtheorie 3.1 Was ist Farbe? 3.2 Farbsysteme 3.2.1 RGB- und CMY- Farbsystem 3.2.2 Das Farbdreieck (Maxwell’sches Dreieck) 3.2.3 Das IHS- Modell 3.2.4 Das CIE- Farbmodell 3.3 Bildwiedergabe 3.4 Farbmanipulation 4. Punktoperationen 4.1 Schwellwertoperation zur Erzeugung von Binärbildern 4.2 Arithmetische Bildoperationen 4.3 Logische oder Boolesche Kombinationen 4.4 Kontrast- und Helligkeitsänderungen 4.4.1 Kontrastübertragungsfunktionen 4.4.2 Kontrastveränderung durch Histogrammanpassungen 4.4.3 Äquidensitenherstellung 5. Filteroperationen 5.1 Lineare Filter 5.1.1 Tiefpassfilter 5.1.2 Hochpassfilter 5.1.2.5 Schärfung 5.2 Morphologische Filter 5.2.1 Medianfilter 5.2.2 Minimum- und Maximumfilter 5.2.3 Dilatation und Erosion im Binärbild 5.2.4 Opening und Closing 6. Geometrische Bildtransformationen 6.1 Koordinatentransformationen im 2D-Raum 6.2 Direkte und indirekte Transformation 6.2.1 Direkte Transformation 6.2.2 Indirekte Transformation 6.3 Resampling 6.3.1 Nächster Nachbar 6.3.2 Bilineare Interpolation 6.3.3 Interpolationen höherer Ordnung 6.3.4 Zusammenfassung der Interpolationsmethoden Quellennachweis Sachregister