Thesis is dedicated to characteristics of marketing and communication mix, to analysis and evaluation of marketing and communication tools and processes of Czech branch of Philip Morris company and to possible advices. Thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is a theoretical one, dedicated to general marketing definitions. The second one deals with the specific of tobacco market and with extend and impacts of existing regulation. The last one describe the company this thesis is dedicated to, its tools and processes and also include the evaluation and some advices to improvement.

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In 1997 industrialized nations, the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, met in Kyoto, Japan to sign a treaty (the “Kyoto Protocol”) in terms of which industrialized nations would be required to reduce their greenhouse gas emission by at least five percent below 1990 levels by the end of the “first commitment period” 2008-2012. South Africa is not regarded as an industrialized nation, but nonetheless acceded to the Kyoto Protocol in 2002. The literature reviewed in the present research reveals that, although idealistic, the Kyoto Protocol has been problematic. Fourteen meetings of the Conference of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol between 1997 and 2011 have achieved little more than to repeatedly defer and redefine Kyoto obligations. This research was undertaken to document the existing environmental taxation policies employed in selected international jurisdictions with a view to providing a framework for environmental tax policy formation in South Africa to assist this country in meeting its “greenhouse gas” emission targets, while at the same time promoting economic growth. A doctrinal research methodology was adopted in this study as it mainly analysed and interpreted legislation and policy documents and therefore the approach was qualitative in nature. An extensive literature survey was performed to document the various environmental policies that have been legislated in the selected jurisdictions. Comparisons were drawn with proposed tax policy measures for South Africa. The literature indicates that in the selected international jurisdictions carbon taxes achieved less-than-optimal results, largely due to political and industry-competitive agendas. With South Africa planning to introduce a carbon tax, it is submitted that the implementation of a carbon tax regime in isolation will be counter-productive, given South Africa’s economic profile. On the basis of the literature reviewed, it was concluded that South Africa should consider “recycling” carbon tax revenues within the economy to fund a broad-based tax incentive regime that will stimulate the change to non-carbon energy whilst promoting growth through sustainable development

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-02-15T12:09:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Soraya A U Cavalcanti - Tese doutorado Serviço Social.pdf: 1252290 bytes, checksum: cea9de79bee82912ae7ecdea907cf614 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T12:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Soraya A U Cavalcanti - Tese doutorado Serviço Social.pdf: 1252290 bytes, checksum: cea9de79bee82912ae7ecdea907cf614 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-30 / A presente tese de doutorado teve por objetivo analisar a Política Nacional de Controle do Tabagismo frente à Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco no contexto da contrarreforma do Estado brasileiro e seus rebatimentos na oferta de tratamento para dependentes de nicotina no Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS. Mediante pesquisa documental foram analisadas 22 (vinte e duas) normativas brasileiras distribuídas nos seguintes eixos temáticos: oito normativas vinculadas a proteção à exposição à fumaça dos produtos derivados do tabaco – Lei nº 7.748/1986, Portaria nº 3.257/1988, Lei nº 9.294/1996, Decreto Presidencial nº 2.018/1996, Lei nº 10.167/2000, Lei nº 10.702/2003, Lei nº 12.546/2011 e Decreto nº 8.262/2014; quatro normativas vinculadas a regulamentação da oferta de tratamento para dependentes de nicotina no Sistema Único de Saúde – Portaria MS / GM nº 1.575/2002, Portaria MS/GM nº 1.035/2004, Portaria SAS/MS nº 442/2004 e Portaria MS/ GM nº 571/2013; cinco normativas de políticas vinculadas ao controle de tabagismo no Brasil – Portaria nº 2.439/2005, Portaria nº 687/2006; Portaria nº 1.996/2006; Lei nº 11.343/2006; e Portaria nº 874/2013; e cinco vinculadas à implantação da ConvençãoQuadro para o Controle do Tabaco no Brasil – Decreto nº 3.136/1989; Decreto Presidencial de 01 de agosto de 2003, Decreto Legislativo nº 1.012, Decreto nº 5.658, de 02 de Janeiro de 2006 e Decreto Presidencial de 16 de março de 2012. Discutimos a contrarreforma do Estado na política de saúde e seus rebatimentos na oferta de tratamento para dependentes de nicotina no Sistema Único de saúde, identificando que oferta de tratamento está aquém da demanda apresentada, a proposta de tratamento e método único ofertado, da assistência centrada na cessação não condizem com as políticas e normativas vigentes, escassez de recursos no âmbito público e o repasse a iniciativa privada, a sobrecarga dos profissionais envolvidos na oferta de tratamento atualmente centrada na atenção básica. / The present doctoral thesis was to analyze the National Policy on Tobacco Control front of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in the context of counter-reform the Brazilian state and its repercussions on the provision of treatment for nicotine dependent in unified health system - SUS. By documentary research analyzed 21 (twenty-two) Brazilian normative distributed in the following themes: Eight regulations related to protection from exposure to smoke from tobacco products - Law No. 7,748 / 1986, Decree No. 3,257 / 1988, Law No. 9.294 / 1996 Presidential Decree No. 2,018 / 1996, Law No. 10.167 / 2000, Law No. 10,702 / 2003, Law No. 12,546 / 2011 and Decree No. 8,262 / 2014; four regulations related to regulation of the provision of treatment for nicotine dependent in unified health system - SUS - Ordinance MS / GM No 1575/2002, Decree MS / GM No 1035/2004, Ordinance SAS / MS No. 442/2004 and Decree MS / GM No 571/2013; five of regulatory policies related to tobacco control in Brazil - Ordinance No. 2439/2005, Ordinance No. 687/2006; Ordinance No. 1,996/2006; Law No. 11.343 / 2006; and Ordinance No. 874/2013five related to the implementation of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Brazil - Decree No. 3,136 / 1989; Presidential Decree of August 1, 2003, Legislative Decree No. 1012, Decree No. 5658 of January 2, 2006 and Presidential Decree of 16 March 2012. We discussed the counter-reform of the state in health policy and its repercussions on the provision of treatment for nicotine dependent on the health System, identifying which treatment provision falls short of the presented demand, the proposed treatment and only offered method of focused assistance in cessation are not consistent with the policies and regulations in force, resource scarcity in the public sphere and lending to the private sector, the burden of professionals involved in treatment provision currently focused on primary care.

A comunidade internacional tem se convencido sobre a seriedade da mudança climática e a necessidade de respostas urgentes para combatê-la. No entanto, a ausência de um regime universal com metas para os principais poluidores faz com que cada país adote ações individuais de maneira descoordenada. Esse descompasso levanta preocupações sobre possíveis impactos para a competitividade e a eficácia dos esforços dos países com políticas climáticas mais ambiciosas. Com o escopo de neutralizar tais ameaças, desponta a alternativa de adoção de ajustes de carbono na fronteira para equalizar os encargos ambientais entre a indústria doméstica e as importações. Nesse contexto, a presente tese defende a criação de disciplinas internacionais para orientar o uso de ajustes de carbono em sintonia com os valores do livre comércio e da preservação do clima. Recomenda-se que as negociações internacionais sejam lideradas pelas Nações Unidas, na moldura do regime climático, porém, em estreito diálogo e cooperação com a Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC). A partir da análise de possíveis cenários, o trabalho expressa preferência por disciplinas multilaterais. Reconhece-se, contudo, méritos em arranjos intermediários, como os instrumentos setoriais. Por fim, indica-se um roteiro sobre os principais aspectos da aplicação dos ajustes de carbono que mereceriam apreciação em plano internacional. / The international community has acknowledged the need for urgent responses to address climate change. However, in the absence of a global agreement setting binding targets for all major polluters, countries pursue individual actions in an uncoordinated fashion. Such a situation raises concerns on competitiveness impacts and on the environmental effectiveness of climate policies of most countries, especially those leading the way. As a solution to level the playing field vis-à-vis international competitors, countries evaluate the use of border carbon adjustments. Against this background, this analysis supports the design of international disciplines to guide the use of border carbon adjustments in line with the goals of free trade and climate protection. It argues that the United Nations should lead those negotiations in the framework of the climate regime, in close dialogue and cooperation with the World Trade Organization (WTO). Based on an analysis of multiple scenarios, this essay favours the adoption of multilateral disciplines. It recognizes, however, advantages in alternative approaches such as sectorial agreements. Finally, it proposes a roadmap on key aspects concerning the use of border carbon adjustments that merit consideration in the international arena.

Åland har ett av världens mest omfattande nationalitetsskydd, men med snart hundra år på nacken är det inte alltid det går ihop med nyare konventioner om mänskliga rättigheter. Denna uppsats undersöker hur det åländska nationalitetsskyddet har kommenterats av Europarådets rådgivande kommitté i deras arbete med att övervaka implementeringen av ramkonventionen om skydd för nationella minoriteter. Dessa kommentarer och den åländska utvecklingen granskas i förhållande till Will Kymlickas teori om minoritetsnationalism, vilken framför att nationella minoriteter, liksom majoritetsbefolkningar, kan frångå en främlingsfientlig och exkluderande nationalism baserad på etnicitet och anta en inkluderande medborgerlig nationalism som är öppen och välkomnande gentemot invandring. För att detta ska ske menar Kymlicka att minoriteten behöver ett visst inflytande över immigrationsflöden och integrationsbestämmelser, där framför allt de senare utgör en viktig del av det åländska nationalitetsskyddet. Med hjälp av idéanalys har den åländska nationalismen analyserats, och resultaten visar att den har gått från att ha etniska inslag till att anta tydligt medborgerliga drag. Den åländska behörigheten gällande immigration och integration samt den rådgivande kommitténs övervakning har även kartlagts, vilket visar att kommittén hittills har kommit både med förslag som vid förverkligande skulle stärka det åländska nationalitetsskyddet och sådana som skulle försvaga det. / The Åland Islands enjoy one of the world’s most extensive systems of cultural and linguistic safeguards. It was, however, created almost one hundred years ago, which often makes its compliance with more recent human rights treaties complicated. This thesis examines how the Advisory Committee of the European Council has commented on the cultural and linguistic safeguards of the Åland Islands in its monitoring work regarding the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. These comments and the Ålandic developments are analysed in relation to Will Kymlicka’s theory on minority nationalism, which states that national minorities, like majority populations, can leave a xenophobic and exclusionary nationalism based on ethnicity and adapt an inclusive civic nationalism that is open and welcoming towards immigration. Kymlicka argues that this requires that the minority exercise some control over the volume of immigration and over the terms of integration, where particularly the latter form an integral part of Åland’s cultural and linguistic safeguards. Ålandic nationalism has been analysed using an analysis of ideas, and the results show that it has gone from having ethnic features to showing clear civic characteristics. The competences of the Åland Islands in the areas of immigration and integration and the monitoring of the Advisory Committee have also been examined, which shows that the Committee so far has brought forward proposals that would strengthen the Ålandic safeguards as well as proposals that would weaken them.

The first chapter of this thesis discusses the recent development of climate change law. It explores the reason as to why it is at the centre of a global debate, which is predominantly due the increasingly pronounced consequences of climatic changes on human society and the environment. Furthermore, it describes the most important requirements in tackling the issues presented by international climate change treaties. This includes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, acting as a base for the whole international climate change regime, the Kyoto Protocol as a legal tool with specified emission targets and most recently, the Paris Agreement, which serves as an independent international treaty however is still under the guidance of the framework convention. The author predicts that the Paris Agreement will determine the future direction of this legal field and therefore puts particular focus on this treaty in the first chapter of the thesis. The paper aims to uncover its weaknesses - questioning the enforceability of some of the measures that rely on the autonomy of states to implement and the lack of ambition in some of its targets. The second chapter expands on one of the key issues related to the main topic. The author emphasizes how the importance of environmentally friendly...

Magister Legum - LLM

Dans le contexte du pluralisme juridique et de l’inter-normativité croissante, la présente thèse démontre l’influence du droit international des changements climatiques sur la formation et le développement du droit de l’environnement de l’Union Européenne (UE) à travers les techniques, méthodes et règles d’intégration prévues aussi bien par le droit international que par le droit européen. Le droit européen de l’environnement comporte désormais les concepts (économie verte, développement durable, marché de carbone...) et principes (responsabilité commune mais différenciée, précaution, prévention, responsabilité, etc.) du droit international des changements climatiques. Ainsi, l’européanisation et la constitutionnalisation du droit international des changements climatiques ont eu pour conséquence son insertion dans le système juridique des Etats membres. En effet, en vertu de ses engagements internationaux en matière de lutte contre le réchauffement global, l’UE a adopté des instruments juridiquement contraignants qui impactent les systèmes juridiques nationaux et s’est engagée sur le Kyoto II. Les dynamiques, les controverses, les heurs et les malheurs de la politique et des négociations climatiques multilatérales ont suscité la mise en place d’une diplomatique climatique européenne bien structurée et d’une politique d’économie verte qui ne manquent pas de se heurter à des défis de la coopération internationale, de l’action collective internationale, de production et de consommation équitables des biens publics mondiaux, ainsi qu’à des obstacles techniques, technologiques, institutionnels, humains, économiques, financiers, souverainistes, sociaux, énergétiques, écologiques et transformationnels. Sur le fondement de l’effet obligatoire et de la force exécutoire des dispositions du droit international du climat et du droit primaire européen, le régime international climatique produit des effets juridiques à l’intérieur des Etats membres et même à l’égard des Etats tiers traitant avec l’organisation européenne. En effet, en raison de la supranationalité, de l’effet direct et de la primauté du droit européen, les règles juridiques internationales relatives à la lutte contre les changements climatiques, transposées et intégrées, ont force obligatoire dans les ordres juridiques nationaux où elles requièrent une application uniforme. Il s’ensuit que le droit de l’UE, de par son caractère supranational et ses mécanismes de contrôle et de sanction, notamment juridictionnels, est devenu l’instrument d’effectivité et d’efficacité du droit conventionnel international du climat. De ce fait, les défaillances de ce droit relatives à l’absence d’une juridiction obligatoire, au non-respect par les Etats de leurs engagements internationaux et à la faiblesse du contrôle international sont largement compensées par l’efficacité du système juridique européen et national. / In the legal pluralism and increasing inter-normativity context, this thesis demonstrates the influence of international climate change law on the formation and development of European Union (EU) environmental law through the techniques, methods and rules of integration provided for by international law as well as by European law. European environmental law now includes the concepts (green economy, sustainable development, carbon market ...) and principles (common but differentiated responsibility, precaution, prevention, responsibility, etc.) of the climate change international Law. Thus, the Europeanisation and constitutionalisation of international climate change law resulted in its insertion into the legal system of member states. Indeed, by virtue of its international commitments to combat global warming, the EU has adopted legally binding instruments that impact national legal systems and is committed to Kyoto II. The dynamics, controversies, clashes and the woes of the multilateral climate policy and negotiations have led to the establishment of a well-structured European climate diplomacy and a green economy policy that do not fail to come up against challenges of international cooperation, international collective action, global public goods equitable production and consumption, as well as technical,technological, institutional, human, economic, financial, sovereignist, social, energy, and ecological and transformational barriers.On the basis of the binding effect and enforceability of the provisions of international climate law and European primary law, the international climate regime produces legal effects within the member states and even towards third states dealing with the European organization. Indeed, because of supranationality, direct effect and the primacy of European law, the international legal rules relating to the fight against climate change, transposed and integrated, are binding in the national legal orders where they require a uniform application. As a consequence, the EU law, by virtue of its supranational character and its control and sanction mechanisms, including jurisdictional ones, has become the instrument of effectiveness and efficiency of international conventional climate law. As a result, the shortcomings of this right relating to the absence of compulsory jurisdiction, the non-compliance by States with their international commitments and the weakness of international control are largely offset by the effectiveness of the European and national legal system.