In this thesis, I am interested in studying how African writers incorporate cinema in their works while focusing on the impact of Western and Asian films on the African public. My corpus includes writers such as Abdoulaye Sadji (Maïmouna), Ousmane Sembène (Les Bouts de bois de Dieu), Sylvain Bemba (Rêves portatifs), Tierno Monénembo (Cinéma), Henri Lopes (Le Pleurer-Rire) and Alain Mabanckou (African psycho and Verre Cassé). I use criticism by Freud, Barthes, Michel Foucault, Jean Bellemin-Noël, Christian Metz, Frantz Fanon, Achille Mbembe, Paulin Soumanou Vieyra and others to analyze, through the mechanisms of alienation, of depersonalization and corruption of the imaginary, the transmutation that cinema lovers in the African novel undergo. By « transmutation », I mean the process which leads to the expulsion of the individuality of some characters. This transformation will be manifested by an overactive imagination, by the exaltation of the most extravagant fantasies and by the violence inherent to the characters that now, in a perverse way, strive to reproduce in their social world the fictional world of movies that they have watched and which are fully disconnected from their environment. As these characters do not manage to draw the line that separates cinematic facts from their illusions, the narrative will suggest the confusion between cinema and "reality". Therefore, the loss of direction and other dealings will lead to personality disorders and criminal behaviors. / Thesis (Ph.D, French) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-23 13:33:45.297

Abstract The purpose of this practicum project was to facilitate access to mental health services and those health services that address issues causing emotional distress for new Francophone non English-speaking arrivals in the City of Winnipeg. The objectives were 1) to uncover Francophone mental health and specialized health resources in the city of Winnipeg, 2) to identify barriers, attitudes, and access issues pertaining to Francophone services, 3) to develop a directory of Francophone resources and links for health care professionals and other essential providers, and 4) to develop recommendations for future study and consideration. The project was implemented through telephone interviewing of 24 administrators and direct providers in 19 agencies that provided mental health and specialized health services, as well as refugee and immigration agencies. The study used qualitative methods and a semi-structured survey interview design. Via analysis of the results, the project presents an argument that language barriers are indeed preventing access to care for Francophone immigrants, refugees and international students in the City of Winnipeg. This was widely stated by participants from key organizations that work with this aggregate population on an occasional to a frequent basis. It is also evident that, with use of Bachrach’s Continuity of Care Dimensions/Principles, continuity of care for this population is equally compromised because of language barriers, lack of culturally sensitive providers, and lack of Francophone providers.

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Les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication #NTIC# sont devenues l'un des piliers de la société contemporaine. Des compétences nouvelles sont devenues nécessaires afin que les élèves puissent se déplacer aisément d’un contexte virtuel à l’autre. Préparer les jeunes à affronter les défis de la société du savoir au XXIe siècle implique, de la part de tous adultes responsables, une considération objective du potentiel des usages de ces outils dans différents cadres sociétaux. Ainsi, la présente étude porte sur l’impact des littératies technologiques sur l’estime de soi chez deux adolescents franco-ontariens. Les changements apportés par l’avènement des NTIC à la façon dont les jeunes consomment et produisent des textes #au sens large# ont déclenché des transformations au niveau de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage #Williams, 2008#. Celles-ci ont entraîné un déplacement paradigmatique dans le concept de littératie, reflété dans les nouvelles perspectives théoriques générées par les experts en littératie : les études sur les nouvelles littératies #ÉNL# #Barton, Hamilton et Ivanič, 2002; Gee, 1990; Kim, 2003; Street, 1984, 2003 cités par Masny, Maltais, Vézina et Dionne, 2007#, les multi-littératies #Cope et Kalantzis, 2000; Kress, 2000 cités par Mills, 2010#, et la théorie des littératies multiples #TLM# de Masny #2005#. Par la présente étude de cas multiples, je vise à analyser comment deux adolescents immigrants franco-ontariens s’investissent dans les littératies technologiques et quel est l’effet de cet investissement sur leur estime de soi. Le cadre conceptuel sur lequel cette recherche est fondée est la théorie des littératies multiples de Masny #2005# et le modèle d’autoévaluation de l’estime de soi de Harter #1990# qui complète, à mes yeux, celui de Masny #2005#. Selon les résultats de cette étude, les deux adolescents semblent s’investir dans les littératies technologiques à des fins d’apprentissage, de communication, de divertissement et d’exploration identitaire. Bien que chaque participant pratique une lecture différente des NTIC, chez les deux adolescents, l’investissement dans les littératies technologiques transforme leur lecture du mot, du monde et du soi par le biais du rapport qui s’établit entre leurs apprentissages et leur construction identitaire. En conformité avec les constats de l’étude de Harter #1990#, cette lecture rehausse leur estime de soi dans la mesure où le domaine spécifique d’autoévaluation #succès scolaire, acceptation sociale, apparence physique, etc.# est valorisé par l’adolescent.

Abstract The purpose of this practicum project was to facilitate access to mental health services and those health services that address issues causing emotional distress for new Francophone non English-speaking arrivals in the City of Winnipeg. The objectives were 1) to uncover Francophone mental health and specialized health resources in the city of Winnipeg, 2) to identify barriers, attitudes, and access issues pertaining to Francophone services, 3) to develop a directory of Francophone resources and links for health care professionals and other essential providers, and 4) to develop recommendations for future study and consideration. The project was implemented through telephone interviewing of 24 administrators and direct providers in 19 agencies that provided mental health and specialized health services, as well as refugee and immigration agencies. The study used qualitative methods and a semi-structured survey interview design. Via analysis of the results, the project presents an argument that language barriers are indeed preventing access to care for Francophone immigrants, refugees and international students in the City of Winnipeg. This was widely stated by participants from key organizations that work with this aggregate population on an occasional to a frequent basis. It is also evident that, with use of Bachrach’s Continuity of Care Dimensions/Principles, continuity of care for this population is equally compromised because of language barriers, lack of culturally sensitive providers, and lack of Francophone providers.

This thesis examines representations of identities that are specific to Francophone West Africa, as depicted in the films produced in the region since the 1990s. The films are set in the countries of Senegal, Mali and Burkina Faso, among the ethnic groups that form the diverse demographic landscape of the region, and they portray stories and characters that strongly relate these films to the local ways of belonging. While existing research in the field of African film studies focuses on how films from Francophone West Africa portray postcolonial or national identities, very little scholarly attention has been paid to the depiction of identities that are linked to the region’s ethnic cultures. This thesis demonstrates that the local ways of belonging and the practices, rituals and beliefs which these identities rely on continue to have vital significance for representation in Francophone West African cinemas. Using textual analysis as a base for its arguments, this thesis is underpinned by an interdisciplinary theoretical framework that combines extensive contextual research into various West African practices, rituals and beliefs with the philosophical works on cinema by Gilles Deleuze. A number of the concepts Deleuze defines help significantly in the understanding of time and identity in the films, and the interpretative nature of Deleuze’s work offers the opportunity to bridge the gap in film theory application in studies of Francophone African cinema. By applying this diverse theoretical approach to its investigation of the intertwining local identities, the thesis highlights the necessity of an intersectional approach to analysing identity representation in Francophone African cinemas. It is the first study of representations of ethnically-linked identities in the field of African film studies.

The deterioration of reason - defined as the faculty of thinking and its functioning in all human beings - is an essential question in Francophone Sub-Saharan literary and cinematographic fictions. This is one of many possible interpretations that can be derived from some novels and films produced during the period from 1950 to 2000 in this region. These cultural productions span an era marked in Africa by the "historical facts" of anticolonial struggles, decolonization, and (re) constructions of newly sovereign states that gained their independence from the European nations to which they had been subjected. The juxtaposition of these works leads to a critical realization: Half a century after the decolonization movements, African societies remain so dysfunctional that one is forced to ask if their inhabitants are still "normal," provided one can come to an agreement on what is normal. This speculation takes the form of a recurrent metaphor in the corpus: Africa is a continent ripped to shreds, irrevocably plunged into a dark night that has silenced reason. Taking up this metaphor, not only as a theme but also as a theoretical concern, I argue that the metaphoric uses of the night are an indication of a more critical reality, which is the intellectual journey of a population that has leapt into a state of impoverishment. I approach impoverishment both as the state of being deprived and the process leading to this deprivation, and I maintain my earlier characterization of intellectual as a synonym of reason. In this line, I describe intellectual impoverishment as the (progressive) loss of consciousness and rationality that befalls a large population of the continent. This loss is portrayed through the appearance and proliferation of various paradoxical figures that embody the "spiritual death" of the people. One portrayal of this death, the transformation of African populations into zombies, then serves to flesh out the concept of intellectual impoverishment. Thus, this dissertation investigates the socio-political processes through which critical thinking is annihilated in Sub-Saharan Africa, through an analysis of literary and cinematographic fictions by francophone authors of this region. This dissertation is written in French.

“La banalité de l’exclusion. Autopsie in vivo de quelques romans d’auteures caribéennes et subsahariennes (Condé, Mukasonga, Danticat et Miano)” examines the complex logics examines the complex logics of social exclusion and connects writings from Sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, two sites often treated separately in the domain of Francophone studies. Precisely, this dissertation addresses how exclusion unfolds in these postcolonial societies—with migration, exile, and globalization echoed in the literary texts that I read. My argument is that our understanding of social exclusion and violence in these societies still draws solely from homogenizing development theories that originate outside of them. Re-theorizing social exclusion, I show in my work how these texts portray acts of social exclusion and violence through such insidious categories as geography, origins and lineage, as well as personal history, and local traditions and practices, that contribute to the making of misfits and outcasts, and yet remain overlooked in most attempts to address social exclusion in these specific locations. In navigating these relationships between social situations and literary form, I engage with psychology, social theory, and also physiology as I resort to autophagy (from the Greek “auto” meaning self and “phagy” meaning eating), a physiological process in the body that destroys cells to analogically demonstrate that by nurturing destructive behaviors these societies jeopardize chances to reach national cohesion and therefore contribute to their own destruction. The various chapters analyze texts by women writers: French Guadeloupian Maryse Condé, Haitian-American Edwidge Danticat, Rwandan French Scholastique Mukasonga, and Cameroonian French Léonora Miano. Self-critical agents of their communities, their act of bearing witness to these disruptions from a decentered position becomes highly problematic specifically for Danticat and Miano, as their legitimacy is challenged by resisting readers from their countries of origin who see their hyphenated selves as outsiders and traitors. But, hardly discouraged, these authors demonstrate the need for a renewed social response in writing that is provocative, with a rhetoric that resists the obsolete framing of fault and responsibility as always the Other’s.