This dissertation delves into the complexities and nuances of the contemporary French author J.M.G. Le Clézio, one of the most respected and prolific writers of his era. Specifically, it investigates the phenomenon of a “privileged moment” or a “moment privilégié” in his works. This literary concept is most often associated with Marcel Proust. In this study, the intricacies as well as the limitations and paradoxes of three distinct types of privileged moments in Le Clézio’s writings are methodically explored. Privileged moments related to nature, musicality, and sexuality are systematically probed during the course of this investigation. The introduction provides an operational definition for the expression “privileged moment,” and briefly outlines some of the main ideas discussed in the various chapters which follow. Although several literary scholars use this term, a precise definition of this word or even a clear explanation of what it encompasses does not seem to exist. Chapter one explores manifestations of privileged moments in the writings of earlier French writers. Specifically, it analyses intense instants of euphoria in Proust’s A la Recherche du Temps Perdu, Sartre’s La Nausée, and Camus’s Noces. Chapter two investigates the undeniable literary transformation that occurs in Le Clézio’s works beginning with the publication of Mondo in 1978. Specifically, this section examines the existentialist nature of some of Le Clézio’s early writings and explores how his powerful experiences with the Embreras and Waunanas in Panama, with the indigenous cultures in Mexico, etc. drastically altered him and his writings. Chapter three investigates the inexplicable instants of euphoria which abound when Le Clézio’s characters commune with nature in Mondo, Désert, Le Chercheur d’Or, and Pawana. Chapter four explores privileged moments related to music in the short story “La Roue d’Eau,” as well as in the novels Etoile Errante, Désert, Le Chercheur d’Or, and Le Poisson d’Or. Chapter five systematically investigates moments of sexual ecstasy shared with an Other in Désert, Le Chercheur d’Or, and La Quarantaine. Whereas the other mysterious moments of euphoria are solitary instants, these erotic encounters constitute a different type of experience, which will also obligate us to reflect upon various ethical issues.

Les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication #NTIC# sont devenues l'un des piliers de la société contemporaine. Des compétences nouvelles sont devenues nécessaires afin que les élèves puissent se déplacer aisément d’un contexte virtuel à l’autre. Préparer les jeunes à affronter les défis de la société du savoir au XXIe siècle implique, de la part de tous adultes responsables, une considération objective du potentiel des usages de ces outils dans différents cadres sociétaux. Ainsi, la présente étude porte sur l’impact des littératies technologiques sur l’estime de soi chez deux adolescents franco-ontariens. Les changements apportés par l’avènement des NTIC à la façon dont les jeunes consomment et produisent des textes #au sens large# ont déclenché des transformations au niveau de l’enseignement et de l’apprentissage #Williams, 2008#. Celles-ci ont entraîné un déplacement paradigmatique dans le concept de littératie, reflété dans les nouvelles perspectives théoriques générées par les experts en littératie : les études sur les nouvelles littératies #ÉNL# #Barton, Hamilton et Ivanič, 2002; Gee, 1990; Kim, 2003; Street, 1984, 2003 cités par Masny, Maltais, Vézina et Dionne, 2007#, les multi-littératies #Cope et Kalantzis, 2000; Kress, 2000 cités par Mills, 2010#, et la théorie des littératies multiples #TLM# de Masny #2005#. Par la présente étude de cas multiples, je vise à analyser comment deux adolescents immigrants franco-ontariens s’investissent dans les littératies technologiques et quel est l’effet de cet investissement sur leur estime de soi. Le cadre conceptuel sur lequel cette recherche est fondée est la théorie des littératies multiples de Masny #2005# et le modèle d’autoévaluation de l’estime de soi de Harter #1990# qui complète, à mes yeux, celui de Masny #2005#. Selon les résultats de cette étude, les deux adolescents semblent s’investir dans les littératies technologiques à des fins d’apprentissage, de communication, de divertissement et d’exploration identitaire. Bien que chaque participant pratique une lecture différente des NTIC, chez les deux adolescents, l’investissement dans les littératies technologiques transforme leur lecture du mot, du monde et du soi par le biais du rapport qui s’établit entre leurs apprentissages et leur construction identitaire. En conformité avec les constats de l’étude de Harter #1990#, cette lecture rehausse leur estime de soi dans la mesure où le domaine spécifique d’autoévaluation #succès scolaire, acceptation sociale, apparence physique, etc.# est valorisé par l’adolescent.

A look into representations of the Orient in the work of Montesquieu and Gide. On lit pour connaître des autres mondes ; quelque chose qui est au même temps loin et tout près de la vie ordinaire. Il y a des épopées qui nous emportent aux endroits inconnus et des romans qui révèlent les petits moments de pathos caché sous l’événement les plus quotidiens. Pour moi, la littérature française servit comme la meilleure moyenne de comprise ce beau lange et histoire intellectuelle. Toutefois, l’histoire de la littérature française s’enrichit par les influences prononce du monde oriental. Par exemple, la longueur de A la recherche du temps perdu était partialement inspirée par Les mille et une nuits. Proust s’imagine comme une incarnation de Shéhérazade- quelqu’un condamné (o peut-être béni) a raccoutré pour survit. Chez Proust, le goût oriental est secondaire « à une vérité qui ne nous demande pas nos préférences et nous défend d'y songer. » Proust prend l’essence thématique de l’épopée Persane pour le réinventer avec des personnages et moments plus ordinaires. Au lieu de les grands héros et batailles de Les mille et un nuits, Proust trouve le fabuleux dans un petite tasse de te et le faible Swann.

Abstract The purpose of this practicum project was to facilitate access to mental health services and those health services that address issues causing emotional distress for new Francophone non English-speaking arrivals in the City of Winnipeg. The objectives were 1) to uncover Francophone mental health and specialized health resources in the city of Winnipeg, 2) to identify barriers, attitudes, and access issues pertaining to Francophone services, 3) to develop a directory of Francophone resources and links for health care professionals and other essential providers, and 4) to develop recommendations for future study and consideration. The project was implemented through telephone interviewing of 24 administrators and direct providers in 19 agencies that provided mental health and specialized health services, as well as refugee and immigration agencies. The study used qualitative methods and a semi-structured survey interview design. Via analysis of the results, the project presents an argument that language barriers are indeed preventing access to care for Francophone immigrants, refugees and international students in the City of Winnipeg. This was widely stated by participants from key organizations that work with this aggregate population on an occasional to a frequent basis. It is also evident that, with use of Bachrach’s Continuity of Care Dimensions/Principles, continuity of care for this population is equally compromised because of language barriers, lack of culturally sensitive providers, and lack of Francophone providers. / October 2005

Des études antérieures ont démontré que les contraintes prosodiques influencent les premières productions des enfants et en particulier, leurs productions des déterminants. Une recherche de Tremblay et Demuth (2007) démontre que, pour une langue avec un pied iambique comme le français (faible/fort), les premiers déterminants sont rendus licites par le patron accentuel du mot qui suit. Après avoir analysé les productions spontanées de deux enfants francophones de leur 17e à leur 29e mois, les auteurs proposent que les premiers déterminants sont des clitiques internes au pied prosodique, c'est-à-dire omis avec les mots bi-et trisyllabiques; les déterminants produits par la suite sont des clitiques internes au mot prosodique et finalement, les clitiques s'attachent directement au syntagme phonologique. Cette recherche de Tremblay et Demuth soulève la question suivante: Qu'arrive-t-il lorsqu'un adjectif est placé entre le déterminant et le nom? Comment cela affecte-t-il la production du déterminant? Dans la présente étude, nous tentons de répondre à cette question en étudiant la production du déterminant lors d'une tâche de répétition de 54 phrases. Nous avons demandé à 9 enfants québécois francophones âgés entre 22 et 31 mois de répéter des phrases de 4 ou 5 mots de la forme « Pronom V SN ». La forme du SN variait en fonction de trois conditions: déterminant + nom monosyllabique, déterminant + adjectif + nom monosyllabique, déterminant + nom bisyllabique. Notre hypothèse était que les déterminants qui ne peuvent s'insérer dans un pied prosodique iambique sont omis. Les deux premières conditions avaient pour objectif de répliquer les résultats obtenus par Tremblay et Demuth. Dans la condition avec un nom monosyllabique, nous avions prédit que le déterminant devrait être produit puisqu'il peut être syllabifié avec le nom. Dans la condition bisyllabique et dans la condition monosyllabique avec adjectif, les déterminants devraient être omis puisque les enfants, selon notre hypothèse, sont restreints au pied prosodique. Le taux d'omission du déterminant devrait être le même pour la condition bisyllabique et pour la condition avec adjectif. Tel qu'attendu, les résultats ont démontré qu'il y avait plus d'omissions du déterminant dans la condition avec un mot monosyllabique que dans les deux autres conditions, mais, contrairement à ce que nous avions prédit, il y a eu plus d'omissions du déterminant dans la condition avec un adjectif que dans la condition avec un nom bisyllabique. Ces résultats s'expliquent par le fait que les enfants ne sont pas limités à la production du pied iambique et ils s'expliquent également par une évolution dans les étapes d'acquisition des différents niveaux de la structure prosodique. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Acquisition, Prosodie, Phonologie, Enfant.

Diss.--Wien, 2002. / Bibliogr. p. 246-268.

This study of the Negro in the novels of Rene Maran, Frances most prominent contemporary Negro author, is one of several being made at Atlanta University on the Negro in French literature. This attempt to-show how a Negro, the only one ever to receive the Prix Goncourt, portrays his African brothers, is the first American study of Rene Maran's novels. It is hoped that it will be a modest contribution to an almost unexplored field in French literature and that other students of France and her culture will be inspired to make a more extensive study of Rene Maran and his works. The first chapter is devoted to the life of Rene Maran and a discussion of his style and most important works. The second chapter presents the physical characteristics of the Negro as portrayed by Rene' Maran. Emphasis is placed on physical appearance, tribal marks, dress, disease and odors which seem to be especially characteristic of the Negro. The third chapter is devoted to the social characteristics of the Negro with emphasis on home life, food, religion, feasts, and governments. The last chapter will present a summary of the findings of this study. The appendix includes short synopses of each of the novels with Negro characters, and a latter from Monsieur Maran to the writer. aIt is to be regretted that such a small amount of material has been written on Rene Maran. Because of his modesty he has written even less about himself. Biographical material consists principally of Leon Bocquet's "Preface" to le Petit Roi de Chimerie, a fairy story by Rene Maran; le Coeur serre, an autobiography written as a novel; several articles which have appeared in periodicals and the forementioned letter from Monsieur Maran. First editions of all novels, with exception of Le Livre de la brousse, were used. As the latter was unavailable, the second edition (1937) was used. Rene Maran's most important novels on Africa, Batouala, Djouma, Chien de brousse, Le Journal sans date end le Livre de la brousse have been studied. The novelettes Bokorro and Bassarragba have also been used as references but the longer novels have constituted our major interest. Le Petit Roi de Chimerie , though it contains no Negro characters, was quoted because of one excellent example of Rene Maran's style. Less stress has been placed on Le Journal sans date because only one of its characters is a Negro. The writer sincerely appreciates the kindness and help of Rene Maran, whose letter was a source of constant encouragement.

Because it is generally known that Andre Gide is one of France's most influential contemporary writers, there is no need to justify a study based on his works. Desirous of obtaining the opinion of an influential white author concerning Negroid people and learning his activities in their behalf, the writer of this thesis undertook the study, Andre Gide end the Negro. The value of such a study to the American Negro lies primarily in (1) a better acquaintance with and appreciation for one whose interest in darker people has resulted in a tangible contribution; (2) a knowledge of the condition of a people, who, though distant in territory, are kindred in race, and (3) a challenge for scholastic accomplishment. The method of procedure was a careful analysis of Voyage au Congo and Retour du Tchad supplemented by collateral readings. To secure information concerning Mr. Gide's official investigation in 1938 of the natives' educational facilities in Senegal, a letter was sent him. Despite the anxiety which must be his because of the present war in which his country is involved, the eminent author found time to respond. His reply is quoted on page thirty-one of this study. Grateful acknowledgment is hereby given both Mr. Gide for his amicable letter and Professor Cook, who made such a contact possible. The various factors for the evolution of Gide's interest in Negroid people are shown in Chapter I. Chapter II contains a discussion of the colonial abuses existing in French Equatorial Africa exposed by Gide and his efforts to eradicate these. Through Chapter III one learns the author's personal impression of the morale and intelligence of Negroid people. In Chapter IV an interpretation of Gide's literary art in Voyage au Gang and Retour du Tchad is presented. The results are summarized in the conclusion.

Starting with a contextual characterization of the concepts of “women”, and “traditions”, this dissertation examines the position of women facing African traditions, particularly through some of their practical manifestations: excision, polygamy and levirate. This dissertation focuses on the description of the ontological, social and cultural bases of these traditional practices in order to reflect on their links to ancestral believes. This study explores how social representations are reflected in a corpus of five novels and three films, chosen in connection with their pertinence to the subject. In this respect, the ideological and philosophical position of the authors regarding those ancestral practices is analyzed. In such a respect, it is important to mention Fatou Keita in Rebelle, Mariama Barry in La Petite Peule, Mariama Bâ in Une si longue lettre, Habibatou Traoré in Sidagamie, Dieudonné Nkounkou in Le lévirat, on the one hand, Sembène Ousmane in Moolaadé and Xala, Cheick Oumar Sissoko in Finzan, on the other hand. My analysis explores the attitudes of female heroines who revolt against their oppressive patriarchal environments and it reveals the necessity of questioning those behaviors and habits of mind that perpetuate the subjugation of women in the name of tradition. I also review perceptions of ancestral practices in West Africa, first by women themselves and then by society as a whole. This study brings to light some of the most traditional and egregious abuses against women that are rooted in West African ancestral traditions, particularly against those women living in rural areas. I consider, for example, the various systems of mystification that allow the oppression of women to persist today in the name of tradition. While this study points out the urgent need to overcome certain negative aspects of West African traditions, it also acknowledges the benefit of valorizing positive elements of traditional life and cultural experience, even more than we already do presently.

Objectives: This research explored the experiences of francophones and Acadians who received primary healthcare in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Approach: Semi-structured interviews were completed with 15 self-identified francophones or Acadians. Participants provided feedback on the preliminary phenomenological analysis and final results were determined based on the analysis and participant feedback. Results: Language, culture and community were central in participants’ experiences but despite the high importance placed on receiving French language health care services, participants often had to compromise and access services in English. Other influences included the strategies they developed to utilise English services and their perception of health care professionals’ sensitivity for their linguistic barriers and needs. Conclusion: Though it was not always easy or straightforward participants in the study were able to utilise health services but not always in French. Creating situations that may require them to relinquish their language and, to some extent, their cultural identity.