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1	Unlawful Assembly and the Fredericksburg Mayor's Court Order Books, 1821-1834 Blunkosky, Sarah K. 01 May 2009 (has links) Unlawful assembly accounts extracted from the Fredericksburg Mayor’s Court Order Books from 1821-1834, reveal rare glimpses of unsupervised, alleged illegal interactions between free and enslaved individuals, many of whom do not appear in other records. Authorities enforced laws banning free blacks and persons of mixed race from interacting with enslaved persons and whites at unlawful assemblies to keep peace in the town, to prevent sexual relationships between white women and free and enslaved black men, and to prevent alliance building between individuals. The complex connections necessary to arrange unlawful assemblies threatened the town’s safety with insurrection if these individuals developed radical ideas opposing the existing social order, the foundation of which was slavery. Akin to residents of areas where natural disasters like volcanoes always pose a risk of dangerous eruptions, those living in Fredericksburg lived their lives within the town slave society and its potential threats. In an area, state, and region where insurrections occurred, unlawful assembly, whether frequent or infrequent, mattered. Unlawful Assembly Slavery Fredericksburg History Race Gender Mayor's Court Court records slave insurrection town society town slave society Virginia debaptist debaptiste george free black american colonization society david walker law restriction Arts and Humanities History
2	Black Box Optimization Framework for Reinsurance of Large Claims Mozayyan, Sina January 2022 (has links) A framework for optimization of reinsurance strategy is proposed for an insurance company with several lines of business (LoB), maximizing the Economic Value of purchasing reinsurance. The economic value is defined as the sum of the average ceded loss, the deducted risk premium, and the reduction in the cost of capital. The framework relies on simulated large claims per LoB rather than specific distributions, which gives more degrees of freedom to the insurance company. Three models are presented, two non non-linear optimization models and a benchmark model. One non-linear optimization model is on individual LoB level and the other one is on company level with additional constraints using space bounded black box algorithms. The benchmark model is a Brute Force method using quantile discretization of potential retention levels, that helps to visualize the optimization surface. The best results are obtained by a two-stage optimization using a mixture of global and local optimization algorithms. The economic value is maximized by 30% and reinsurance premium is halved if the optimization is made at the company level, by putting more emphasis on reduction in the cost of capital and less to average ceded loss. The results indicate an over-fitting when using VaR as the risk measure, impacting reduction in the cost of capital. As an alternative, Average VaR is recommended being numerically more robust. augmented Lagrangian derivative-free black box optimization DIRECT(L) evolutionary optimization NLopt package mean-variance premium principle risk management Solvency II Probability Theory and Statistics Sannolikhetsteori och statistik

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Unlawful Assembly and the Fredericksburg Mayor's Court Order Books, 1821-1834

Black Box Optimization Framework for Reinsurance of Large Claims