No description available.

This essay treats some of the problems that often arise when a translator translates texts which could be characterized as "culturally coloured" texts. Some people think that these kind of texts are not translatable. We want to show that, on the contrary, they are possible to translate into another language, even if it is not possible to translate them literally, word for word. First we present the material that our own translations are based on, and we discuss different terms relating to "untranslatable" words. Then we analyse and discuss different theories and approaches to translation, approaches that help us to find an acceptable translation of cultural words. Finally we present and analyse words that caused us problems in our efforts to translate from French into Swedish.

The aim of the thesis is to describe different aspects of the teaching profession in the French educational system. At the same time, we specify the ongoing substantial reform of the educational system that is, since 2013, changing certain parts of this profession. For this purpose, we focus firstly on the historical development during which the roots and principles of this profession were forged, since the times of the Gauls until the end of the 20th century. Moreover, we describe the current state of the French educational system in which many forms of the teaching profession appear. The following chapter concentrates on teacher education and the development of the institution that was established for that purpose, from the IUFM up to the current ESPE. Furthermore, we mention certain rights that emanate from the profession and the status of public servants. Also, we try to depict how teachers can move to a different school. Finally, the last chapter deals with some chosen current issues that are affecting the teaching profession. KEYWORDS French teachers, the teaching profession, French educational system, education reform, ESPE

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l’impact du P.I.B.I.D. (Programa Institucional de Bolsas de Iniciação à Docência), programme de formation des professeurs au Brésil, créé en 2007, sur la formation des enseignants de mathématiques.Notre problématique est double : le P.I.B.I.D. apporte-t-il une amélioration conséquente à la formation des enseignants ?, et pour les professeurs de mathématiques : est-ce que la didactique des mathématiques, telle qu’elle est enseignée dans les Instituts d’Enseignement Supérieur, est liée réellement à la pratique de classe des enseignants formés par ce programme ?L’impact de la pensée française dans la sphère éducative brésilienne est indéniable. Ce sont de grands chercheurs français qui ont dirigé la construction des curriculums de formation des enseignants brésiliens. Il est donc naturel de comparer la formation donnée par le P.I.B.I.D. avec celle donnée dans les E.S.P.E. en France. Quatre parties composent cette thèse. Dans la première nous traçons le cadre général dans lequel se place la formation des enseignants en faisant une brève comparaison des systèmes scolaires brésilien et français au Chapitre I. Dans le suivant après avoir présenté succinctement le système d’enseignement supérieur brésilien, nous faisons un historique de la formation des professeurs au Brésil depuis 1 827, puis nous présentons le PIBID, sa création et son évolution jusqu’à nos jours où il va être remplacé par le Programme de Résidence Pédagogique.Dans la deuxième partie, nous abordons un point technique essentiel pour comprendre le PIBID : le système statistique complexe utilisé au Brésil pour piloter le système éducatif et repérer les écoles ayant le plus d’élèves en difficulté afin de les encourager à participer à ce programme en accueillant des boursiers. Au chapitre III, nous décrivons le Recensement Scolaire et son organisation. Nous explicitons certains concepts statistiques comme le flux scolaire et le taux de performance. Pour trouver des comparaisons pertinentes entre le Brésil et de la France, nous portons notre attention sur le redoublement et le décrochage scolaire en France. Au chapitre IV nous approfondissons ces concepts en détaillant le fonctionnement du S.A.E.B. (Système National d’Évaluation de l’Éducation de Base) et le calcul de l’I.D.E.B. (Indice de Développement de l’Éducation de Base) qui est crucial pour le P.I.B.I.D.Dans la troisième partie au chapitre V, nous analysons les réponses aux questions que nous avons posées lors des entretiens menés auprès de 34 acteurs du P.I.B.I.D. L’intégralité des échanges traduits en français figure à l’Annexe A. V. La transcription représente plus de 3 700 tours de parole.Enfin la quatrième partie est consacrée au point central de notre réflexion sur la formation des enseignants de mathématiques au Brésil, c’est-à-dire l’apport des théories pédagogiques et didactiques à cette formation.Nous décrivons brièvement au chapitre VI, l’influence au Brésil des recherches françaises en pédagogie et en didactique des mathématiques, en prenant en considération les travaux de Gaston Bachelard et Jean Piaget pour la pédagogie et de Guy Brousseau, Gérard Vergnaud, Yves Chevallard et Michèle Artigue, Gérard Sensevy et Rémi Brissiaud pour la didactique. Dans le chapitre VII, après un bref rappel des dispositifs de formation des enseignants en France nous portons un regard personnel sur cette formation dans les E.S.P.E. à travers des comptes rendus de séances d’observation que nous a pu effectuer à Nice. Enfin concernant le P.I.B.I.D., nous concluons que c’est un programme innovant qui a apporté beaucoup de progrès dans la formation des enseignants, et nous suggérons quelques améliorations sur la nature des stages dans les écoles et en retour quelques améliorations à apporter en France dans le choix des écoles où se déroulent les stages de formation des futurs enseignants.Cette recherche est complétée par une bibliographie de 180 références. / In this thesis, we study the impact of the P.I.B.I.D. (Programa Institucional of Bolsas de Iniciação in Docência), training program of teachers in Brazil, created in 2007, on the formation of the teachers of mathematics.Our problem is twofold: does the P.I.B.I.D. provide a significant improvement in teacher training ?, and for mathematics teachers: is the didactic of mathematics, as taught in Higher Education Institutes, really linked to the class practice of teachers trained by this program?The impact of French thought in the Brazilian educational sphere is undeniable. These are great French researchers who led the construction of Brazilian teacher training curricula. It is therefore natural to compare the training given by P.I.B.I.D. with that given in the E.S.P.E. in France.Four parts compose this thesis. In the first we draw the general framework in which teacher training takes place by doing a brief comparison of the Brazilian and French school systems in Chapter I. In the following chapter, after presenting briefly the Brazilian higher education system, we write a historical of the training of teachers in Brazil since 1827, next we present the P.I.B.I.D., its creation and its evolution until our days when it will be replaced by the Pedagogical Residence Program.In the second part, we address an essential technical point to understand the P.I.B.I.D.: the complex statistical system used in Brazil to steer the education system and identify the schools with the most students in difficulty, to encourage them to participate in this program, welcoming fellows future teachers. In Chapter III, we describe the School Census and its organization. We explain some statistical concepts such as school flow and performance rate. To find relevant comparisons between Brazil and France, we turn our attention to repetition and drop out of school in France. In Chapter IV we delve deeper into these concepts by detailing the functioning of the National Basic Education Assessment System (S.A.E.B.) and the calculation of the I.D.E.B. (Basic Education Development Index) which is crucial for the P.I.B.I.D.In the third part, in Chapter V, we analyze the answers to the questions we asked in interviews with 34 stakeholders in the P.I.B.I.D. All the exchanges translated into French are given in Appendix A. V. The transcript represents more than 3,700 speaking slots.Finally, the fourth part is devoted to the central point of our reflection on the training of mathematics teachers in Brazil, that is to say the contribution of pedagogical and didactic theories to this training. We briefly describe in Chapter VI, the influence in Brazil of French researches in pedagogy and didactics of mathematics, taking into account the work of Gaston Bachelard and Jean Piaget for pedagogy and Guy Brousseau, Gérard Vergnaud, Yves Chevallard, Michèle Artigue, Gérard Sensevy and Rémi Brissiaud for didactics.In Chapter VII, after a brief review of teacher training schemes in France, we take a personal look at this training in the E.S.P.E. through reports of observation sessions that we have done in Nice.Finally, concerning the P.I.B.I.D., we conclude that it is an innovative program that has made a lot of progress in the training of teachers, and we suggest some improvements on the nature of internships in schools and in return some improvement to be made in France in the choice of schools where the training courses for future teachers take place.This research is completed by a bibliography of 180 references.

<p>This essay compares the public debate in Sweden 1992 caused by the reforms introduced by the then government giving parents a free choice of schools for their children with the current debate in France about proposals for a similar law there. The study concentrates on the positions taken by the teachers trade unions, in Sweden Lärarförbundet and Lärarnas Riksförbund (LR) and in France SGEN-CFDT. To do so it is necessary also to study the arguments given for and against the proposals by the political parties.</p><p>Some of the differences between the debates can be attributed to different circumstances. The Swedish reform was related to the opening up of possibilities to run private schools, which previously had been rare in Sweden. The French debate has no such connections. The private schools, mostly Catholic, have a very stable share of the students and no side is openly arguing for a change of any sort. Other differences depend on the French adversity to liberalism, almost always conflated with neo-liberalism which makes market-oriented arguments much less common in French public debate.</p><p>Among the trade unions the big difference is between the two Swedish organisations, LR was overall positive to the proposals while Lärarförbundet opposed them. In France SGEN-CFDT takes a position strikingly similar to Lärarförbundets in Sweden 1992 seeing free choice as undermining the idea of a school system for all. In Sweden that idea is seen as a part of the welfare state, closely connected to the Social Democratic party. In France it is seen as a republican idea, connected to an idea of citizenship.</p><p>The trade unions of the teachers in both France and Sweden are also in similar positions as their role has become merely reactive. There seems to be little room left for them to formulate policy and push the educational systems in their prefered directions.</p>

Au fil des années, la modification de la Loi sur l'instruction publique (Loi 180) a fait naître plusieurs changements au sein des organisations scolaires francophones du Québec. Ces nombreux changements et l'adoption du projet de la Loi 124 ont contribué à la complexification de la tâche des directrices et des directeurs d'établissements scolaires, en obligeant ainsi ces derniers à être toujours prêts à rendre des comptes (reddition de comptes). L'objectif principal de cette recherche est d'analyser en quoi consiste l'épuisement professionnel des directions et des directions adjointes d'établissement des commissions scolaires francophones du Québec en identifiant les principaux facteurs qui s'y rapportent. Elle évalue empiriquement l'ampleur de la problématique de l'épuisement professionnel ainsi que les facteurs que les directions et les directions adjointes d'établissement, qui ont déjà vécu un épuisement professionnel et/ou un problème de santé relié au stress, perçoivent comme étant un risque pouvant mener à l'épuisement professionnel. Dans un deuxième temps, elle établi les principaux facteurs menant à l'épuisement professionnel, ses conditions d'apparition, les situations professionnelles favorisant son émergence, ainsi que ses manifestations. En fait, elle se veut un outil de référence en matière de prévention de l'épuisement professionnel chez les directions et les directions adjointes d'établissement, tant pour le Ministère de l'éducation, du Loisir et du Sport du Québec (MELS), la Fédération des commissions scolaires du Québec, les différentes associations de directions d'établissement du Québec et les différents acteurs des commissions scolaires et des établissements scolaires du Québec / With the passing of time, the modification of the public education law (Law 180) gave birth to many changes within the French speaking scholastic organization of Quebec. These numerous changes together with the adoption of Law 124 contributed to render extremely complex the responsibilities of the directors of educational establishments by demanding them to be always accessible to provide accountability. The main object of this research is, to analyse what consist the professional 'Burn Out' related to the directorate of French scholastical commissions in Quebec by identifying the principal reasons which applies. It appraises without any doubt the scope of the problem related to the professional 'Burn Out' together with the reasons that the joint/directorate of establishments who have coped with a stress related health problem, understanding the risks associated with the professional 'Burn Out'. Secondly, it establishes the main reasons leading to professional 'Burn Out' its emerging conditional appearance, the situations at the professional level favouring its emergence together with its manifestations. In fact, it could be used as a tool of reference in matters of prevention of 'Burn Out' within the professional establishment, directorate and associate directorate, as well as the Ministry of Education, Recreation and Sport (MELS). Federation of the educational commissions of Quebec, the various associations of educational establishments and the different performers within the education system in Quebec

This essay compares the public debate in Sweden 1992 caused by the reforms introduced by the then government giving parents a free choice of schools for their children with the current debate in France about proposals for a similar law there. The study concentrates on the positions taken by the teachers trade unions, in Sweden Lärarförbundet and Lärarnas Riksförbund (LR) and in France SGEN-CFDT. To do so it is necessary also to study the arguments given for and against the proposals by the political parties. Some of the differences between the debates can be attributed to different circumstances. The Swedish reform was related to the opening up of possibilities to run private schools, which previously had been rare in Sweden. The French debate has no such connections. The private schools, mostly Catholic, have a very stable share of the students and no side is openly arguing for a change of any sort. Other differences depend on the French adversity to liberalism, almost always conflated with neo-liberalism which makes market-oriented arguments much less common in French public debate. Among the trade unions the big difference is between the two Swedish organisations, LR was overall positive to the proposals while Lärarförbundet opposed them. In France SGEN-CFDT takes a position strikingly similar to Lärarförbundets in Sweden 1992 seeing free choice as undermining the idea of a school system for all. In Sweden that idea is seen as a part of the welfare state, closely connected to the Social Democratic party. In France it is seen as a republican idea, connected to an idea of citizenship. The trade unions of the teachers in both France and Sweden are also in similar positions as their role has become merely reactive. There seems to be little room left for them to formulate policy and push the educational systems in their prefered directions.