The marketing fish research in the Czech Republic is directed to the sale of the fresh water fish, which are typical for our country. The consummation of fresh water fish has a long tradition in the Czech Republic, by contrast the marine fish are of the business in the modern life, which made possible to import this raw from the seaside country. In spite of the long term of the being fish in our market its consummation has got a low level. I directed above all to the young people and their board custums considering to the fish consummation in my dissertation. More than two third of inhabitants consumms fish, that means that it is a big chance for the motivation directed to the higher consummation of the fresh water fish. The Czech people eat much more salt water fish than fresh one. The reason is the wider choise of the salt water fish in the market , its better preparation for cooking purposes and lower prices than by the fresh water fish products. There is a low or almost no choice of the fresh water fish meals in the restaurants. With the boarder fish advertisiment by chefs and education it is possible to reach the more frequent using of fresh water fish in the reastaurant´s menus, which the young generation likes.

Orientador: Cláudio de Oliveira / Banca: Lurdes Foresti de Almeida Toldedo / Banca: Orlando Moreira Filho / Banca: Fábio Porto Foresti / Banca: Guaracy Tadeu Rocha / Resumen: La determinación del numero diploide (2n), la fórmula cariotípica y el Número Fundamental (NF) para 68 especies marinas y 26 dulceacuícolas pertenecientes a 39 familias contenidas en 18 ordenes reveló que el número diploide varió entre 2n=24 en Mugil curema (Mugilidae) y 2n=60 para Pygocentrus cariba, Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characidae) y Hoplosternum littorale (Callichthyidae) con una moda de 48 cromosomas representada en 47,3% (43/91) de todas las especies estudiadas. El porcentaje de especies que posee exclusivamente 48 cromosomas acrocéntricos (a) fue de 29,67% (27/91) y el NF varió entre 33/34 en Stephanolepis setifer (Tetraodontiformes) a 110 en Pygocentrus cariba y Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characiformes). En el grupo de peces marinos, el número diploide modal fue 48 y estuvo representado en 66,6% de todas las especies estudiadas, mientras que en los peces dulceacuícolas el complemento diploide modal fue 2n=54 representado en 30% de las especies estudiadas. La mediana del número de cromosomas fue estadísticamente mayor en los peces dulceacuícolas que en los marinos. EI el range medio del NF fue superior en el grupo de peces dulceacuícolas indicando que el grade de variación cariotípica, fue mayor en peces de aguas continentales en contraste con un patrón citogenético más conservado en los peces marinos. La proporción de especies con 48 cromosomas exclusivamente acrocéntricos predominó en el 36,7% de los peces marinos mientras que en los dulceacuícolas apenas alcanzó el 7,7%. Al comparar los Perciformes (linaje compuesto principalmente por peces marinos y uno de los más derivados en la filogenia de los Actinoperygii) contra el resto de los órdenes, se verificó que en aquellos, el 61,54% de las especies analizadas exhibieron cariotipos con 48 cromosomas a. AI graficar el número diploide de cromosomas y el NF contra la ordenación filogenética propuesta... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo) / Abstract: Diploid number (2n), Karyotype formula and the fundamental number (NF) for 94 fish species, 68 marine and 26 freshwater species from 39 families contained in 18 orders revealed that the diploid number ranged between 2n = 24 in Mugil curema (Mugilidae) and 2n=60 for Pygocentrus cariba, Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characidae) and Hoplosternum littorale (Callichthyidae) with a mode of 48 chromosomes represented in 47.3% (43/92) of all studied species. The percentage of species with exclusively 48 acrocentric chromosomes was 29.67% (27/91) and the NF ranged from 33-34 in Stephanolepis setiter (Tetraodontiformes) to 110 in Pygocentrus cariba and Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characiformes). In the marine fish group the mbdal diploid number was 48 and was represented in 66.6% of all studied species, whereas in the freshwater fishes modal diploid complement was 2n=54 represented in 30% of the studied species. The median of the number of chromosomes was statistically higher in freshwater fishes than saltwater fishes. The NF was higher in the group of freshwater fishes indicating that the degree of karyotipic variation was greater in fish of inland waters in contrast with a more conserved cytogenetic pattern in the marine fishes. The proportion of species with 48 exclusively acrocentric chromosomes predominated in 36.7% of the marine fishes while it barely reached 7.7% in freshwater fishes. Comparing the Perciformes (a lineage composed mainly of marine fish and one of the most derived in the Actinoperygii phylogeny of the) against the rest of the orders, it was verified that in Perciformes 61.54% of analyzed species exhibited karyotypes with 48 chromosomes. When diploid number of chromosomes and the NF were plotted against the phylogenetic arrangement proposed by NELSON (2006) for actinopterigian fishes, both plottings revealed an inversely proportional relationship with values close to 60 in most ancestral... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-10-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:40:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nirchiot_m_dr_botib.pdf: 4765215 bytes, checksum: 3816626c8d8ca5d5c260dac1dfc0f0ef (MD5) / Diploid number (2n), Karyotype formula and the fundamental number (NF) for 94 fish species, 68 marine and 26 freshwater species from 39 families contained in 18 orders revealed that the diploid number ranged between 2n = 24 in Mugil curema (Mugilidae) and 2n=60 for Pygocentrus cariba, Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characidae) and Hoplosternum littorale (Callichthyidae) with a mode of 48 chromosomes represented in 47.3% (43/92) of all studied species. The percentage of species with exclusively 48 acrocentric chromosomes was 29.67% (27/91) and the NF ranged from 33-34 in Stephanolepis setiter (Tetraodontiformes) to 110 in Pygocentrus cariba and Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characiformes). In the marine fish group the mbdal diploid number was 48 and was represented in 66.6% of all studied species, whereas in the freshwater fishes modal diploid complement was 2n=54 represented in 30% of the studied species. The median of the number of chromosomes was statistically higher in freshwater fishes than saltwater fishes. The NF was higher in the group of freshwater fishes indicating that the degree of karyotipic variation was greater in fish of inland waters in contrast with a more conserved cytogenetic pattern in the marine fishes. The proportion of species with 48 exclusively acrocentric chromosomes predominated in 36.7% of the marine fishes while it barely reached 7.7% in freshwater fishes. Comparing the Perciformes (a lineage composed mainly of marine fish and one of the most derived in the Actinoperygii phylogeny of the) against the rest of the orders, it was verified that in Perciformes 61.54% of analyzed species exhibited karyotypes with 48 chromosomes. When diploid number of chromosomes and the NF were plotted against the phylogenetic arrangement proposed by NELSON (2006) for actinopterigian fishes, both plottings revealed an inversely proportional relationship with values close to 60 in most ancestral... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / La determinación del numero diploide (2n), la fórmula cariotípica y el Número Fundamental (NF) para 68 especies marinas y 26 dulceacuícolas pertenecientes a 39 familias contenidas en 18 ordenes reveló que el número diploide varió entre 2n=24 en Mugil curema (Mugilidae) y 2n=60 para Pygocentrus cariba, Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characidae) y Hoplosternum littorale (Callichthyidae) con una moda de 48 cromosomas representada en 47,3% (43/91) de todas las especies estudiadas. El porcentaje de especies que posee exclusivamente 48 cromosomas acrocéntricos (a) fue de 29,67% (27/91) y el NF varió entre 33/34 en Stephanolepis setifer (Tetraodontiformes) a 110 en Pygocentrus cariba y Serrasalmus rhombeus (Characiformes). En el grupo de peces marinos, el número diploide modal fue 48 y estuvo representado en 66,6% de todas las especies estudiadas, mientras que en los peces dulceacuícolas el complemento diploide modal fue 2n=54 representado en 30% de las especies estudiadas. La mediana del número de cromosomas fue estadísticamente mayor en los peces dulceacuícolas que en los marinos. EI el range medio del NF fue superior en el grupo de peces dulceacuícolas indicando que el grade de variación cariotípica, fue mayor en peces de aguas continentales en contraste con un patrón citogenético más conservado en los peces marinos. La proporción de especies con 48 cromosomas exclusivamente acrocéntricos predominó en el 36,7% de los peces marinos mientras que en los dulceacuícolas apenas alcanzó el 7,7%. Al comparar los Perciformes (linaje compuesto principalmente por peces marinos y uno de los más derivados en la filogenia de los Actinoperygii) contra el resto de los órdenes, se verificó que en aquellos, el 61,54% de las especies analizadas exhibieron cariotipos con 48 cromosomas a. AI graficar el número diploide de cromosomas y el NF contra la ordenación filogenética propuesta... (Resumen completo clicar acceso eletronico abajo)

Pela utilização de métodos bioquímicos, biofísicos, de tipagem sorológica e de visualização das proteínas totais bacterianas, isolados de surubim Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, tilápia Oreochromis niloticus e pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, foram caracterizados, identificados e sua virulência determinada. Dentre as linhagens de referência, o isolado de surubim caracterizou-se como sendo Plesiomonas shiguelloides e os demais isolados de tilápia e pacu foram identificados como Aeromonas hydrophila, todos pertencentes à família Vibrionaceae. Os isolados de tilápia e pacu caracterizaram-se como linhagens virulentas, resistentes aos antibióticos ampicilina, amoxicilina, lincomicina, novobiocina, oxacilina, penicilina, rifampicina e trimetoprim+sulfametoxazol, em ensaios de antibiograma realizados em meio YEA que evidenciaram que as linhagens isoladas de peixes são resistentes a oito das dezessete substâncias antimicrobianas testadas pelo método de difusão em disco. Essas características são compatíveis com as apresentadas pelo espécime tipo de A. hydrophila. Ambas as linhagens quando cultivadas em meio YEA compartilharam a mesma banda de aproximadamente 33,61kDa com o espécime tipo para A. hydrophila. Em meio enriquecido com glucose, a banda compartilhada entre elas teve peso molecular aproximado de 144,28kDa. Os testes de aglutinação sorológica evidenciaram nestas duas linhagens a presença de antígenos estáveis ao calor do tipo O. A técnica de dupla imunodifusão de Ouchterlony demonstrou que o antígeno preparado a partir do isolado de tilápia é a linhagem de A. hydrophila mais indicada para ser utilizada em estudos visando o desenvolvimento de uma vacina polivalente. / Bacteria isolated from surubim Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, tilapia Oreochromis niloticus e pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, were characterized and identified by biochemical, biophysical, serology, and SDS-PAGE, and their virulence observed. The strain isolated from surubim was characterized as Plesiomonas shigelloides. The other strains isolated from tilapia and pacu were Aeromonas hydrophila. The isolated A. hydrophila strains presented virulence and resistance against the follow antibacterial substances: ampicillin, amoxicillin, lincomicin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampin and trimetoprim+sulfametoxazole. Both strains when cultivated in YEA medium shared with the A. hydrophila type strain a similar protein band of 33,61kDa. In a medium supplemented with glucose, only one protein exhibiting relative molecular mass of 144.28 kDa, was shared by the type strains isolated from fish and the type strain. The serology tests revealed that all isolated strains presented heat-stable O-antigens. The Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion showed that the antigen prepared from the tilapia strain possessed surface antigens similar to A. hydrophila type strain and the strains isolated from pacu. This suggested the possibility of development and usage of a common or polyvalent vaccine for A. hydrophila among tilapia and pacu or other freshwater fish species.

Pela utilização de métodos bioquímicos, biofísicos, de tipagem sorológica e de visualização das proteínas totais bacterianas, isolados de surubim Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, tilápia Oreochromis niloticus e pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, foram caracterizados, identificados e sua virulência determinada. Dentre as linhagens de referência, o isolado de surubim caracterizou-se como sendo Plesiomonas shiguelloides e os demais isolados de tilápia e pacu foram identificados como Aeromonas hydrophila, todos pertencentes à família Vibrionaceae. Os isolados de tilápia e pacu caracterizaram-se como linhagens virulentas, resistentes aos antibióticos ampicilina, amoxicilina, lincomicina, novobiocina, oxacilina, penicilina, rifampicina e trimetoprim+sulfametoxazol, em ensaios de antibiograma realizados em meio YEA que evidenciaram que as linhagens isoladas de peixes são resistentes a oito das dezessete substâncias antimicrobianas testadas pelo método de difusão em disco. Essas características são compatíveis com as apresentadas pelo espécime tipo de A. hydrophila. Ambas as linhagens quando cultivadas em meio YEA compartilharam a mesma banda de aproximadamente 33,61kDa com o espécime tipo para A. hydrophila. Em meio enriquecido com glucose, a banda compartilhada entre elas teve peso molecular aproximado de 144,28kDa. Os testes de aglutinação sorológica evidenciaram nestas duas linhagens a presença de antígenos estáveis ao calor do tipo O. A técnica de dupla imunodifusão de Ouchterlony demonstrou que o antígeno preparado a partir do isolado de tilápia é a linhagem de A. hydrophila mais indicada para ser utilizada em estudos visando o desenvolvimento de uma vacina polivalente. / Bacteria isolated from surubim Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, tilapia Oreochromis niloticus e pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus, were characterized and identified by biochemical, biophysical, serology, and SDS-PAGE, and their virulence observed. The strain isolated from surubim was characterized as Plesiomonas shigelloides. The other strains isolated from tilapia and pacu were Aeromonas hydrophila. The isolated A. hydrophila strains presented virulence and resistance against the follow antibacterial substances: ampicillin, amoxicillin, lincomicin, novobiocin, oxacillin, penicillin, rifampin and trimetoprim+sulfametoxazole. Both strains when cultivated in YEA medium shared with the A. hydrophila type strain a similar protein band of 33,61kDa. In a medium supplemented with glucose, only one protein exhibiting relative molecular mass of 144.28 kDa, was shared by the type strains isolated from fish and the type strain. The serology tests revealed that all isolated strains presented heat-stable O-antigens. The Ouchterlony double-immunodiffusion showed that the antigen prepared from the tilapia strain possessed surface antigens similar to A. hydrophila type strain and the strains isolated from pacu. This suggested the possibility of development and usage of a common or polyvalent vaccine for A. hydrophila among tilapia and pacu or other freshwater fish species.

Tendo em vista o notável crescimento da aquicultura mundial e principalmente a brasileira, torna-se cada vez mais importante o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que favoreçam esta prática. No entanto, a intensificação da piscicultura faz aumentar as chances de ocorrência de epizootias nos sistemas de produção como resultado do maior estresse imposto aos animais (lotação, manejo, transporte etc). Este estudo determinou a eficácia na utilização de imunoestimulantes dietéticos (levamisol e vitamina E) e a farmacocinética do imunoestimulante levamisol em juvenis de surubim Pseudoplatystoma sp. O levamisol dietético não afetou as variáveis de desempenho, mas influenciou positivamente o sistema imunológico inespecífico do cachara, afetando a atividade da lisozima sérica, sendo o melhor resultado observado para a concentração de levamisol de 247 mg kg-1 de ração. No estudo com vitamina E, não foram registrados efeitos sobre as variáveis de desempenho; ainda, na dose dietética 166 mg kg-1 o acetato de DL-?-tocoferol promoveu aumento das globulinas séricas. O estudo farmacocinético revelou-se que o levamisol é eliminado do sangue do cachara em 12 horas, sendo a meia-vida de distribuição (t1/2?) de 0,10 horas, e para o intervalo de eliminação meia-vida (t1/2?) de 1,86 horas. / Continuous stress negatively influences the immune system of farmed fish, increasing diseases susceptibility. In such a context, preventive measures, such as the administration of immunostimulants, are better suited for diseases control than using drugs and chemicals as remedies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary immunostimulants (levamisole and vitamin E) as well as the pharmacokinetic study of levamisole in juvenile of Pseudoplatystoma sp. Dietary levamisole did not affect growth parameters. However, increased lysozyme activity and lysozyme concentration, the best effects were recorded for fish fed 247 mg levamisole per kg of feed. In the vitamin E assay, no differences in growth parameters were recorded. However, vitamin E levels positively influenced the innate immune system increasing serum globulins at dose of 166 mg kg-1 of DL-?-tocoferol acetate. Also, at pharmacokinetic study levamisole is shown to be completely eliminated from fish blood on a 12-h period, being the distribution half-life (t1/2?) of 0.10 hours, whilst for the elimination interval the half-life (t1/2?) was 1.86 hours.

A cadeia trófica do Pantanal foi investigada durante um ciclo hidrológico completo (1998-99) por meio da utilização do método de isótopos estáveis múltiplos (d13C e d15N), com o objetivo de identificar as fontes primárias de carbono que regem o fluxo de energia do sistema. Os produtores e consumidores primários foram amostrados em um lago marginal (baía do Castelo), representativo da planície de inundação do rio Paraguai, sendo: algas (sestônicas e epifíticas), plantas vasculares (emergentes, submersas e terrestres), invertebrados (epifíticos, planctônicos e bentônicos) e peixes detritívoros adultos. A maioria das plantas vasculares pertenceu ao grupo fisiológico de plantas C3 (d13Cmédio= -29,5‰), com espécies C4 (d13Cmédio= -12,3‰) em menor abundância. Algas e detritos presentes nas amostras de epifíton e seston foram separados para análise isotópica por gradiente de densidade por centrifugação em solução de sílica coloidal. Os valores da razão C:Clor <100 de cada fração (leve e pesada) e de cada compartimento (epifítico e sestônico), indicaram as amostras relativamente puras em algas (MOPa = alga), cuja composição isotópica variou entre -34,5 e -26,9‰ (média ± dp = -29,3 ± 1,7‰) para d13C e entre -2,1 e 6,0‰ (média= 2,1 ± 2,0‰) para d15N. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de d13C de alga e plantas C3. O sinal de d13C de alga apresentou-se mais enriquecido (D13C= apenas -8,3‰) do que o de outras áreas de inundação tropicais da América do Sul, o que poderia ser resultado de uma limitação da disponibilidade do CO2 ou assimilação de ambas as fontes de CID (CO2 e/ou HCO3-). Valores baixos e negativos de d15N indicaram fixação de N2 por Cyanobacteria e os valores mais altos se devem, provavelmente, a fontes mais enriquecidas, como NH4+. Um claro padrão sazonal, relacionado ao ciclo hidrológico e às variações na disponibilidade de fontes inorgânicas, foi observado para alga (para ambos os isótopos), mostrando valores mais empobrecidos durante o período de enchente-cheia e o oposto na fase de vazante-seca, e que se refletiu na variação dos sinais de zooplâncton e de outros consumidores primários e secundários. Surpreendentemente, os valores de d13C dos consumidores primários foram muito mais empobrecidos do que os valores de alga, variando de -43 a -20‰ para d13C e de -2 a 12‰ para d15N. Estes resultados somente poderiam ser possíveis se uma fonte de carbono mais negativa, possivelmente bactérias metanotróficas, estivessem envolvidas, o que é reforçado pelos valores observados para os chironomídeos bentônicos (d13C= de -62 a -49‰; d15N= -5,3 a -0,8‰). Assim, o balanço de evidências sugere uma combinação de ambas as fontes autotróficas (foto e quimioautotróficas) sustentando as cadeias alimentares do Pantanal do rio Paraguai, com o ramo metanotrófico da alça microbiana sendo provavelmente um elo de ligação alternativo entre CH4 e o ciclo do carbono orgânico, diretamente para os níveis metazoários superiores. / The food web of the Pantanal wetland in Brazil was investigated during a complete hydrologic cycle (1998-99) using a multiple stable isotope approach (d13C and d15N) with the goal of identifying the primary carbon sources, which drive the system energy flux. The sampling was done in a representative marginal lake (Baía do Castelo) of Paraguay River floodplain and the sampled primary producers and consumers were algae (sestonic and epiphytic), vascular plants (emergent, submersed and terrestrial), invertebrates (epiphytic, planktonic and benthic), and mature detritivorous fish. The majority of vascular plants belonged to the physiological group of C3 plants (d13Cmean= -29.5‰), besides C4 species (d13Cmean= -12.3‰) with lower abundance. Algae and detritus from epiphyton and seston samples were separated for isotopic analysis by density gradient centrifugation in a colloidal silica solution. C:Chlor <100 ratio values (from both epiphytic and sestonic samples, light and heavy fractions), indicated relatively pure algae (POMa = algae) with signatures of -34.5 to -26.9‰ (mean ± SD = -29.3 ± 1.7‰) for d13C and -2.1 to 6.0‰ (mean= 2.1 ± 2.0‰) for d15N. There was no significant difference between d13C from algae and C3 plants. The d13C of algae was more enriched (D13C= only -8.3‰) than other tropical South American floodplains and could be a result from limiting of CO2 availability or uptaking both DIC sources (CO2 and/or HCO3-). Low and negative values of d15N denoted N2-fixing by Cyanobacteria and higher values were probably related to more enriched DIN sources, as NH4+. Clear seasonal pattern, related to the hydrologic cycle and variations of inorganic sources availability, was observed for algae (for both isotopes), showing more depleted values during rising-flood period and the opposite in the falling-dry, that reflected in the mixing zooplankton signals as well in the other primary and secondary consumers. Surprisingly the d13C values of the primary consumers were much more depleted than the values of the algae, ranging from -43 to -20‰ for d13C and from -2 to 12‰ for d15N. These results would only be possible if a more depleted source of carbon, possibly methanotrophic bacteria, were also involved, which is strengthened by the values of benthic chironomidae (d13C range= -62.4 to -49.4‰; d15N= -5.3 to -0.8‰). Thus the balance of evidence suggests a combination of both autotrophic sources (photo and chemoautotrophic) in sustaining the food webs of Pantanal wetland (mainly Pantanal of Paraguay river), with the methanotrophic branch of microbial loop being probably an alternative link between CH4 and organic carbon cycle directly through metazoan levels.

Tendo em vista o notável crescimento da aquicultura mundial e principalmente a brasileira, torna-se cada vez mais importante o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que favoreçam esta prática. No entanto, a intensificação da piscicultura faz aumentar as chances de ocorrência de epizootias nos sistemas de produção como resultado do maior estresse imposto aos animais (lotação, manejo, transporte etc). Este estudo determinou a eficácia na utilização de imunoestimulantes dietéticos (levamisol e vitamina E) e a farmacocinética do imunoestimulante levamisol em juvenis de surubim Pseudoplatystoma sp. O levamisol dietético não afetou as variáveis de desempenho, mas influenciou positivamente o sistema imunológico inespecífico do cachara, afetando a atividade da lisozima sérica, sendo o melhor resultado observado para a concentração de levamisol de 247 mg kg-1 de ração. No estudo com vitamina E, não foram registrados efeitos sobre as variáveis de desempenho; ainda, na dose dietética 166 mg kg-1 o acetato de DL-?-tocoferol promoveu aumento das globulinas séricas. O estudo farmacocinético revelou-se que o levamisol é eliminado do sangue do cachara em 12 horas, sendo a meia-vida de distribuição (t1/2?) de 0,10 horas, e para o intervalo de eliminação meia-vida (t1/2?) de 1,86 horas. / Continuous stress negatively influences the immune system of farmed fish, increasing diseases susceptibility. In such a context, preventive measures, such as the administration of immunostimulants, are better suited for diseases control than using drugs and chemicals as remedies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary immunostimulants (levamisole and vitamin E) as well as the pharmacokinetic study of levamisole in juvenile of Pseudoplatystoma sp. Dietary levamisole did not affect growth parameters. However, increased lysozyme activity and lysozyme concentration, the best effects were recorded for fish fed 247 mg levamisole per kg of feed. In the vitamin E assay, no differences in growth parameters were recorded. However, vitamin E levels positively influenced the innate immune system increasing serum globulins at dose of 166 mg kg-1 of DL-?-tocoferol acetate. Also, at pharmacokinetic study levamisole is shown to be completely eliminated from fish blood on a 12-h period, being the distribution half-life (t1/2?) of 0.10 hours, whilst for the elimination interval the half-life (t1/2?) was 1.86 hours.

A cadeia trófica do Pantanal foi investigada durante um ciclo hidrológico completo (1998-99) por meio da utilização do método de isótopos estáveis múltiplos (d13C e d15N), com o objetivo de identificar as fontes primárias de carbono que regem o fluxo de energia do sistema. Os produtores e consumidores primários foram amostrados em um lago marginal (baía do Castelo), representativo da planície de inundação do rio Paraguai, sendo: algas (sestônicas e epifíticas), plantas vasculares (emergentes, submersas e terrestres), invertebrados (epifíticos, planctônicos e bentônicos) e peixes detritívoros adultos. A maioria das plantas vasculares pertenceu ao grupo fisiológico de plantas C3 (d13Cmédio= -29,5‰), com espécies C4 (d13Cmédio= -12,3‰) em menor abundância. Algas e detritos presentes nas amostras de epifíton e seston foram separados para análise isotópica por gradiente de densidade por centrifugação em solução de sílica coloidal. Os valores da razão C:Clor <100 de cada fração (leve e pesada) e de cada compartimento (epifítico e sestônico), indicaram as amostras relativamente puras em algas (MOPa = alga), cuja composição isotópica variou entre -34,5 e -26,9‰ (média ± dp = -29,3 ± 1,7‰) para d13C e entre -2,1 e 6,0‰ (média= 2,1 ± 2,0‰) para d15N. Não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de d13C de alga e plantas C3. O sinal de d13C de alga apresentou-se mais enriquecido (D13C= apenas -8,3‰) do que o de outras áreas de inundação tropicais da América do Sul, o que poderia ser resultado de uma limitação da disponibilidade do CO2 ou assimilação de ambas as fontes de CID (CO2 e/ou HCO3-). Valores baixos e negativos de d15N indicaram fixação de N2 por Cyanobacteria e os valores mais altos se devem, provavelmente, a fontes mais enriquecidas, como NH4+. Um claro padrão sazonal, relacionado ao ciclo hidrológico e às variações na disponibilidade de fontes inorgânicas, foi observado para alga (para ambos os isótopos), mostrando valores mais empobrecidos durante o período de enchente-cheia e o oposto na fase de vazante-seca, e que se refletiu na variação dos sinais de zooplâncton e de outros consumidores primários e secundários. Surpreendentemente, os valores de d13C dos consumidores primários foram muito mais empobrecidos do que os valores de alga, variando de -43 a -20‰ para d13C e de -2 a 12‰ para d15N. Estes resultados somente poderiam ser possíveis se uma fonte de carbono mais negativa, possivelmente bactérias metanotróficas, estivessem envolvidas, o que é reforçado pelos valores observados para os chironomídeos bentônicos (d13C= de -62 a -49‰; d15N= -5,3 a -0,8‰). Assim, o balanço de evidências sugere uma combinação de ambas as fontes autotróficas (foto e quimioautotróficas) sustentando as cadeias alimentares do Pantanal do rio Paraguai, com o ramo metanotrófico da alça microbiana sendo provavelmente um elo de ligação alternativo entre CH4 e o ciclo do carbono orgânico, diretamente para os níveis metazoários superiores. / The food web of the Pantanal wetland in Brazil was investigated during a complete hydrologic cycle (1998-99) using a multiple stable isotope approach (d13C and d15N) with the goal of identifying the primary carbon sources, which drive the system energy flux. The sampling was done in a representative marginal lake (Baía do Castelo) of Paraguay River floodplain and the sampled primary producers and consumers were algae (sestonic and epiphytic), vascular plants (emergent, submersed and terrestrial), invertebrates (epiphytic, planktonic and benthic), and mature detritivorous fish. The majority of vascular plants belonged to the physiological group of C3 plants (d13Cmean= -29.5‰), besides C4 species (d13Cmean= -12.3‰) with lower abundance. Algae and detritus from epiphyton and seston samples were separated for isotopic analysis by density gradient centrifugation in a colloidal silica solution. C:Chlor <100 ratio values (from both epiphytic and sestonic samples, light and heavy fractions), indicated relatively pure algae (POMa = algae) with signatures of -34.5 to -26.9‰ (mean ± SD = -29.3 ± 1.7‰) for d13C and -2.1 to 6.0‰ (mean= 2.1 ± 2.0‰) for d15N. There was no significant difference between d13C from algae and C3 plants. The d13C of algae was more enriched (D13C= only -8.3‰) than other tropical South American floodplains and could be a result from limiting of CO2 availability or uptaking both DIC sources (CO2 and/or HCO3-). Low and negative values of d15N denoted N2-fixing by Cyanobacteria and higher values were probably related to more enriched DIN sources, as NH4+. Clear seasonal pattern, related to the hydrologic cycle and variations of inorganic sources availability, was observed for algae (for both isotopes), showing more depleted values during rising-flood period and the opposite in the falling-dry, that reflected in the mixing zooplankton signals as well in the other primary and secondary consumers. Surprisingly the d13C values of the primary consumers were much more depleted than the values of the algae, ranging from -43 to -20‰ for d13C and from -2 to 12‰ for d15N. These results would only be possible if a more depleted source of carbon, possibly methanotrophic bacteria, were also involved, which is strengthened by the values of benthic chironomidae (d13C range= -62.4 to -49.4‰; d15N= -5.3 to -0.8‰). Thus the balance of evidence suggests a combination of both autotrophic sources (photo and chemoautotrophic) in sustaining the food webs of Pantanal wetland (mainly Pantanal of Paraguay river), with the methanotrophic branch of microbial loop being probably an alternative link between CH4 and organic carbon cycle directly through metazoan levels.

Die Bedingungen für die Vermarktung von Fischereierzeugnissen sind streng geregelt. Die Deutsche Fisch-Hygiene-Verordnung (VO) schreibt in den §§ 4 (1) und 6 vor, dass alle Fische unverzüglich nach dem Fang und der Tötung ausgenommen werden müssen. In diesem Punkt ist die deutsche VO strenger als das europäische Gemeinschaftsrecht (RL 91/493/EWG). Sowohl durch die in einzelnen Bundesländern unterschiedliche Auslegung des Begriffes "unverzüglich" als auch durch die in anderen EU-Ländern erlassenen Vorschriften ergibt sich eine gewisse Rechtsunsicherheit bei der Vermarktung von Ganzfischen. Im Gegensatz zu Seefischen gibt es bei Süßwasserfischen nur wenige Untersuchungen zum Vergleich der sensorischen und hygienischen Parameter von ausgenommen und unausgenommen gelagerten Fischen. Ziel der Untersuchungen war es daher, an den zwei Modellfischarten Regenbogenforelle (Oncorhynchus mykiss) und Ostsee-Zander (Sander lucioperca) gesundheitlich-hygienische als auch qualitative Gründe für bzw. gegen das Ausnehmen von Süßwasserfischen zu ermitteln. Zum einen wurde während der Lagerung bis zum Verderb wiederholt der Keimstatus der Fische bestimmt, wobei sowohl die Verderbsorganismen als auch potentiell humanpathogene Keime (Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Clostridium spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.) im Fischgewebe erfasst wurden. Zum anderen wurden fischartspezifische Frischegrad- und Kochprobenschemata entwickelt, die den Verderbsprozessen der beiden Süßwasserfischarten während der Lagerung angepasst sind und für eine Bestimmung der sensorischen Eigenschaften angewendet werden können. Darüber hinaus erfolgte bei den Zandern eine Untersuchung der Muskulatur und der Eingeweide auf einen Befall mit humapathogenen Nematoden und eine Bestimmung von flüchtigen Basenstickstoff (TVB-N) in der Filetmuskulatur. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass unausgenommene Fische, sofern eine optimale Lagerung gewährleistet ist, hygienisch unbedenklich sind und für einen Zeitraum von einigen Tagen qualitativ gleichwertig mit ausgenommenen Fischen bleiben, bevor autolytische Bauchhöhlenprozesse die Qualität des Ganzfisches beeinträchtigen. Dabei hängt der Zeitraum unter anderem von der Fischart und dem Nüchterungsgrad ab. Mikrobiologische Gründe sprechen eher gegen ein frühzeitiges Ausnehmen, da die bakterielle Belastung der Bauchhöhle durch die Schlachtung höher ausfällt als bei unausgenommen gelagerten Fischen. Demnach kann durch ein spätes Ausnehmen zwar ein schnellerer Qualitätsverlust bei Ganzfischen auftreten, aber aus hygienischer Sicht, auch im Zusammenhang mit humanpathogenen Keimen, ist eine erhöhte Gesundheitsgefährdung des Verbrauchers nicht zu erwarten. / Conditions for the marketing of fishery products are strictly regulated. In Germany, the fish hygiene regulations (§§ 4(1) and 6) demand the gutting of all fishes immediately after the catch. This regulation is more restrictive than the corresponding EU-legislation (RL 91/493/EWG). But several German counties interprete the term "immediately" differently, and most other EU-countries have more permitting regulations, thus creating legal ambiguities in the marketing of whole fishes. Unlike the situation in seafish there are only few surveys in fresh water fish comparing possible sensoric and hygienic effects of gutted and ungutted storage. The aim of this study therefore was to examine health and hygiene related as well as qualitative reasons for or against an immediate gutting of freshwater fish, using aquaculture rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and pike-perch (Sander lucioperca) from the Baltic Sea as model fish species. The bacterial load in several tissues of gutted and ungutted fish, spoilage organisms as well as potentially pathogenic bacteria (Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., Clostridium spp., Salmonella spp., Listeria spp), were determined repeatedly throughout the storage period and statistically compared. Furthermore, species-specific grading schemes for the whole fish as well as for steamed fillets were developed that allowed the assessment of spoilage and of the sensoric characteristics of gutted and ungutted fishes. In pike-perch, muscle tissue and guts were examined for pathogenic nematode larvae and the fillet content of total volatile basic nitrogen was determined. The results of this study lead to the conclusion that ungutted fish, as long as optimal storage conditions are guaranteed, bear no special hygienic risks and keep a quality comparable to gutted fish for at least some days before autolytic processes in the body cavity compromise the quality of the whole fish. The length of this storage period depends mainly on the fish species and the filling of the digestive tract. From a microbiological point of view early gutting is not advisable because the gutting process itself results in a higher bacterial contamination of the body cavity than that found in fish stored ungutted. Therefore, a later gutting may lead to a faster loss of quality in whole fish but a higher hygienic risk for the consumer, even in connection with bacteria pathogenic for humans, can not be stated.