Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

This study compares same-sex friendships, cross-sex friendships and romantic relationships in young adulthood in terms of the negative effects of various conflict issues, the different conflict management strategies and relationship maintenance strategies employed in these relationships, as well as the perceived rewards and costs, the integration of the networks, and perceived overall quality. The main purpose is to investigate cross-sex friendships and discern its similarities to and differences from romantic relationships and same-sex friendships, as well as the gender differences that emerge. Data is collected by means of questionnaires, from a sample of 298 Middle East Technical University Students. Cross-sex friendships were rated as the poorest relationship in terms of quality, rewards/costs, or the frequency of maintenance behaviors and conflict occurred at very low levels in these friendships. Women employed more relationship maintenance strategies in their same- and cross-sex friendships compared to men. In addition, men preferred the dominating and women the accommodating strategies of conflict management in their same-sex friendships. It was concluded that same-sex friendships remain to be the accepted and approved form of friendship among this sample of Turkish young adults and cross-sex friendships were distant and inferior to the other two relationships. Finally, there were some differences across these relationships as to what predicted relational quality, yet in general the rewards and maintenance strategies predicted quality better than costs and conflict behaviors

Thesis (M.A.), Psychology (Experimental)--University of Central Oklahoma, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-68).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Santa Cruz, 1998. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-91).

O ambiente de trabalho é um local que pode ocasionar o surgimento de novas amizades. Os amigos, no contexto organizacional, podem fornecer apoio, compreensão e ajuda. A troca de experiência entre os envolvidos é uma rica ferramenta para possibilitar a sobrevivência no trabalho e a aprendizagem de como lidar com determinadas situações na empresa (RIORDAN e GRIFFETH, 1995). A perda de um amigo no local de trabalho, segundo Sias et. al. (2004), pode significar o fim de uma fonte de apoio e ajuda. O rompimento de um relacionamento de amizade, em uma organização, pode ocorrer por vários motivos, entre eles: as personalidades dos envolvidos no relacionamento, as expectativas conflituosas, as traições e as promoções. Nesta pesquisa, em especial, optou-se por explorar as promoções, independentemente do seu tipo, como possíveis motivos para a mudança nos relacionamentos de amizade. Portanto, buscou-se compreender, a partir da percepção dos sujeitos entrevistados, a influência da promoção profissional nas relações de amizade entre os pares investigados. A pesquisa se caracteriza por ser um estudo exploratório e, para tanto, utilizou-se da abordagem qualitativa, com uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade e análise de conteúdo. Foram examinadas seis incidências de amizade no trabalho, em quatro empresas distintas. A incidência se caracteriza por uma dupla de pessoas que trabalham na mesma organização. Essas pessoas trabalhavam juntas, sendo pares, e consideravam-se amigas, de modo que, em algum momento, somente uma delas é promovida. A partir da análise dos dados, foram identificadas 12 categorias iniciais, das quais resultaram 4 categorias intermediárias que, por fim, geraram as 2 categorias finais, sendo elas: “Amizade, será?” e “Apenas um Ambiente Agradável”. O estudo possibilitou um maior entendimento e compreensão das relações de amizade nas organizações, permitindo um maior esclarecimento sobre as relações interpessoais existentes nas empresas. A pesquisa traz o questionamento quanto à existência da relação de amizade no local de trabalho, evidenciando os possíveis motivos para a falta de consenso na caracterização deste tipo de relação. Os dados levantados revelam que a amizade no contexto empresarial está intimamente atrelada à organização. / The work environment is a place that can cause the emergence of new friendships. Friends, in the organizational context, can provide support, understanding and assistance. The exchange of experience among those involved is a rich tool to enable the survival in the workplace and learning of how to deal with certain situations in the company (RIORDAN and GRIFFETH, 1995). The lost of a friend at work, according to Sias et. al. (2004), may mean the end of a source of support and help. The breakup of a relationship between friends, in an organization, can occur for many reasons, including: the personalities of those that are involve in the relationship, the conflicting expectations, the betrayals, and the promotions. In this research, in particular, was chosen to explore the promotion, regardless of the type of it, as possible reasons for the change in relationships of a friendship. Therefore, it tries to understand from the perception of the individuals, the influence of the career development in the relations of friendship between the pairs investigated. The research is characterized by an exploratory study and for this, it was used the qualitative approach, using a semi-structured in-depth and content analysis. It was interviewed six incidences of friendship at work, in four separate companies. The incidence is characterized by a pair of people working in the same organization. They worked together, as co-workers and considered themselves as friends, at some point only one of them was promoted. From the analysis of the data, it was identified 12 initial categories of which were located 4 intermediate categories, that eventually led to the 2 final categories, namely: "Friendship, is it?" and "Just a friendly environment." The study suggests a greater knowledge and understanding of the relationship of a friendship in the organizations, allowing greater insight into the interpersonal relationships in the existing companies. The research brings questions about the existence of a relationship of friendship in the workplace, showing possible reasons for the fault of consensus on the characterization of this type of relationship. The data collected show that the friendship in the business is closely linked the organization.

O ambiente de trabalho é um local que pode ocasionar o surgimento de novas amizades. Os amigos, no contexto organizacional, podem fornecer apoio, compreensão e ajuda. A troca de experiência entre os envolvidos é uma rica ferramenta para possibilitar a sobrevivência no trabalho e a aprendizagem de como lidar com determinadas situações na empresa (RIORDAN e GRIFFETH, 1995). A perda de um amigo no local de trabalho, segundo Sias et. al. (2004), pode significar o fim de uma fonte de apoio e ajuda. O rompimento de um relacionamento de amizade, em uma organização, pode ocorrer por vários motivos, entre eles: as personalidades dos envolvidos no relacionamento, as expectativas conflituosas, as traições e as promoções. Nesta pesquisa, em especial, optou-se por explorar as promoções, independentemente do seu tipo, como possíveis motivos para a mudança nos relacionamentos de amizade. Portanto, buscou-se compreender, a partir da percepção dos sujeitos entrevistados, a influência da promoção profissional nas relações de amizade entre os pares investigados. A pesquisa se caracteriza por ser um estudo exploratório e, para tanto, utilizou-se da abordagem qualitativa, com uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade e análise de conteúdo. Foram examinadas seis incidências de amizade no trabalho, em quatro empresas distintas. A incidência se caracteriza por uma dupla de pessoas que trabalham na mesma organização. Essas pessoas trabalhavam juntas, sendo pares, e consideravam-se amigas, de modo que, em algum momento, somente uma delas é promovida. A partir da análise dos dados, foram identificadas 12 categorias iniciais, das quais resultaram 4 categorias intermediárias que, por fim, geraram as 2 categorias finais, sendo elas: “Amizade, será?” e “Apenas um Ambiente Agradável”. O estudo possibilitou um maior entendimento e compreensão das relações de amizade nas organizações, permitindo um maior esclarecimento sobre as relações interpessoais existentes nas empresas. A pesquisa traz o questionamento quanto à existência da relação de amizade no local de trabalho, evidenciando os possíveis motivos para a falta de consenso na caracterização deste tipo de relação. Os dados levantados revelam que a amizade no contexto empresarial está intimamente atrelada à organização. / The work environment is a place that can cause the emergence of new friendships. Friends, in the organizational context, can provide support, understanding and assistance. The exchange of experience among those involved is a rich tool to enable the survival in the workplace and learning of how to deal with certain situations in the company (RIORDAN and GRIFFETH, 1995). The lost of a friend at work, according to Sias et. al. (2004), may mean the end of a source of support and help. The breakup of a relationship between friends, in an organization, can occur for many reasons, including: the personalities of those that are involve in the relationship, the conflicting expectations, the betrayals, and the promotions. In this research, in particular, was chosen to explore the promotion, regardless of the type of it, as possible reasons for the change in relationships of a friendship. Therefore, it tries to understand from the perception of the individuals, the influence of the career development in the relations of friendship between the pairs investigated. The research is characterized by an exploratory study and for this, it was used the qualitative approach, using a semi-structured in-depth and content analysis. It was interviewed six incidences of friendship at work, in four separate companies. The incidence is characterized by a pair of people working in the same organization. They worked together, as co-workers and considered themselves as friends, at some point only one of them was promoted. From the analysis of the data, it was identified 12 initial categories of which were located 4 intermediate categories, that eventually led to the 2 final categories, namely: "Friendship, is it?" and "Just a friendly environment." The study suggests a greater knowledge and understanding of the relationship of a friendship in the organizations, allowing greater insight into the interpersonal relationships in the existing companies. The research brings questions about the existence of a relationship of friendship in the workplace, showing possible reasons for the fault of consensus on the characterization of this type of relationship. The data collected show that the friendship in the business is closely linked the organization.

O ambiente de trabalho é um local que pode ocasionar o surgimento de novas amizades. Os amigos, no contexto organizacional, podem fornecer apoio, compreensão e ajuda. A troca de experiência entre os envolvidos é uma rica ferramenta para possibilitar a sobrevivência no trabalho e a aprendizagem de como lidar com determinadas situações na empresa (RIORDAN e GRIFFETH, 1995). A perda de um amigo no local de trabalho, segundo Sias et. al. (2004), pode significar o fim de uma fonte de apoio e ajuda. O rompimento de um relacionamento de amizade, em uma organização, pode ocorrer por vários motivos, entre eles: as personalidades dos envolvidos no relacionamento, as expectativas conflituosas, as traições e as promoções. Nesta pesquisa, em especial, optou-se por explorar as promoções, independentemente do seu tipo, como possíveis motivos para a mudança nos relacionamentos de amizade. Portanto, buscou-se compreender, a partir da percepção dos sujeitos entrevistados, a influência da promoção profissional nas relações de amizade entre os pares investigados. A pesquisa se caracteriza por ser um estudo exploratório e, para tanto, utilizou-se da abordagem qualitativa, com uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas em profundidade e análise de conteúdo. Foram examinadas seis incidências de amizade no trabalho, em quatro empresas distintas. A incidência se caracteriza por uma dupla de pessoas que trabalham na mesma organização. Essas pessoas trabalhavam juntas, sendo pares, e consideravam-se amigas, de modo que, em algum momento, somente uma delas é promovida. A partir da análise dos dados, foram identificadas 12 categorias iniciais, das quais resultaram 4 categorias intermediárias que, por fim, geraram as 2 categorias finais, sendo elas: “Amizade, será?” e “Apenas um Ambiente Agradável”. O estudo possibilitou um maior entendimento e compreensão das relações de amizade nas organizações, permitindo um maior esclarecimento sobre as relações interpessoais existentes nas empresas. A pesquisa traz o questionamento quanto à existência da relação de amizade no local de trabalho, evidenciando os possíveis motivos para a falta de consenso na caracterização deste tipo de relação. Os dados levantados revelam que a amizade no contexto empresarial está intimamente atrelada à organização. / The work environment is a place that can cause the emergence of new friendships. Friends, in the organizational context, can provide support, understanding and assistance. The exchange of experience among those involved is a rich tool to enable the survival in the workplace and learning of how to deal with certain situations in the company (RIORDAN and GRIFFETH, 1995). The lost of a friend at work, according to Sias et. al. (2004), may mean the end of a source of support and help. The breakup of a relationship between friends, in an organization, can occur for many reasons, including: the personalities of those that are involve in the relationship, the conflicting expectations, the betrayals, and the promotions. In this research, in particular, was chosen to explore the promotion, regardless of the type of it, as possible reasons for the change in relationships of a friendship. Therefore, it tries to understand from the perception of the individuals, the influence of the career development in the relations of friendship between the pairs investigated. The research is characterized by an exploratory study and for this, it was used the qualitative approach, using a semi-structured in-depth and content analysis. It was interviewed six incidences of friendship at work, in four separate companies. The incidence is characterized by a pair of people working in the same organization. They worked together, as co-workers and considered themselves as friends, at some point only one of them was promoted. From the analysis of the data, it was identified 12 initial categories of which were located 4 intermediate categories, that eventually led to the 2 final categories, namely: "Friendship, is it?" and "Just a friendly environment." The study suggests a greater knowledge and understanding of the relationship of a friendship in the organizations, allowing greater insight into the interpersonal relationships in the existing companies. The research brings questions about the existence of a relationship of friendship in the workplace, showing possible reasons for the fault of consensus on the characterization of this type of relationship. The data collected show that the friendship in the business is closely linked the organization.

Not many children report relationships with friends that are both close and conflictual. There is a paucity of research examining the trajectory of children's relationship closeness and conflict together over time. This is unfortunate because contentious relationships are related to cardiovascular problems, at least in young adults and because the trajectories of these two aspects of children's relationship quality over time is not understood. Therefore, two longitudinal data sets with younger (mean age 7.5 years at Time 1; four data points over 2 years) and older (mean age 9.9 years at Time 1; two data points over 1 year) children were studied. In both cohorts, measures of friendship quality and peer nominations of liking/disliking as well as overt and relational (older cohort) aggression were completed. Children who reported relationships high in both closeness and conflict were generally satisfied with their friendships; they were not more likely to end their friendships than were children who reported different levels of closeness and conflict (younger cohort). Both boys' and girls' relationship closeness increased over time according to growth curve analyses. The relationships of girls who remained in the same friendship, and who therefore provided ratings on the same friend at each time point, tended to increase in closeness at a different rate over time than the relationships of girls who provided ratings on different friends (younger cohort). Children who reported relationships high in closeness and in conflict were not more aggressive over time than were children who reported different levels of relationship closeness and conflict. However, girls' closeness and overt aggression tracked each other (increased) over time (younger cohort). Girls who reported low social support and negative interactions in their friendships increased the most in overt aggression over time (older cohort). Aggressive and nonaggressive children generally reported similar friendship quality (both cohorts), but the friendship closeness of chronically aggressive boys decreased over time (younger cohort). There were negligible friendship quality differences amongst the sociometric groups. The discussion centers on friendship quality changes in children's continuing friendships, the potential dire effects of turbulent friendships and the friendships of aggressive as well as controversial children.

No description available.

This thesis explores how women experience their friendships with other women. The aim is to investigate the experience of female friendship through a feminist perspective and what meaning these relationships have for the women involved. To critically discuss the role it plays in their everyday lives, how norms and different power structures such as gender and class affect how women create and experience female friendships. Qualitative and semi-structured interviews with seven women were utilised to analyse how friendships are experienced. The women are all white, middle-class, between 25 and 68 years old and they have been interviewed individually.  The thesis applies a phenomenological perspective and focus on the lived experience of friendship throughout both the data collection and the analysis. The thesis discusses how friendship is experienced in different stages of the participants lives, using theory about temporality and life schedules. Friendships are expected to be central relationships in some stages of our lives, but then expected to be subordinate to romantic relationships at other times. This affects the temporality of friendships, forcing it to be among our most flexible relationships. Drawing on theories of class, social and cultural capital this thesis also explores how friendship relates to surrounding power structures. These become central in the women’s understanding of who they can become friends with, how the friendship is organized, as well as the temporality of friendship. The thesis also discusses how negative friendships are experienced, and how women negotiate these relationships. How the temporality of friendship also allows for ways and strategies to end friendships.