[From Introduction]. The name of John Fairbairn is remembered with honour in South Africa for the part he played in the achievement of a freer press in the Cape Colony, in the campaign to prevent Britain from establishing a convict station on Cape soil, and in the movement which resulted in the establishment of a form of representative government in the Cape in 1853. More controversial is his share, as the editor of the first modern newspaper in the Colony, in a campaign to secure just treatment for the natives both inside and outside of the Colony. It is with his treatment of the conflicts, both small and great, between the Colony and the AmaXhosa tribes on its Eastern Frontier that this study is concerned.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis Trajectory and political action of Antônio de Souza Netto was developed in the Research Line Integration, Politics and Frontier , in the History Master s Degree in the Graduate School Program at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, supported by CAPES/DS. The purpose of this master thesis was to investigate the trajectory and political action of the General Farroupilha Antônio de Souza Netto, mainly in the period after the Farroupilha Revolution (1835 1845). The general who proclaimed the Riograndense Republic was included in other conflicts in the La Plata Region and who served in these conflicts in accordance with the interests of the Empire. However, a part of the historiography argued in recente years that the Empire was forced to interfere in the region, in favor of the Brazilians who lived on the frontier of Rio Grande do Sul or beyond, to avoid a new attempt to separate the Province. In this sense, we demonstrate the political trajectory of Netto, a brazilian militar who lived in Uruguay. We seek to investigate the arguments used by the General to convince the Empire to answer the the demands of the Brazilians living in the Frontier. We did this work based in the political history and using as sources the newspapers, correspondences, Empire ministries reports, militar documentation, bibliographic, among others. The result of this research and crosschecking revealed an individual who has established strong relationships with various sectors of Imperial policy, with friends in the Parish and Court , solid built friendships and publicly defended. In this sense, we identified that the war, the land and the frontier are the foundation of his power and influence in the politics in the Empire in mid-nineteenth century, more precisely between the years 1845 to 1866, the year when the General Netto dies in the Paraguay War. / A presente dissertação Trajetória e Atuação Política de Antônio de Souza Netto foi desenvolvida na Linha de Pesquisa Integração, Política e Fronteira , no Curso de Mestrado em História do Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, com auxílio de Bolsa CAPES/DS. O objetivo da dissertação foi investigar a trajetória e a atuação política do General Farroupilha Antônio de Souza Netto, principalmente no período posterior à Revolução Farroupilha (1835-1845). O general que proclamou a República Riograndense esteve incluído em diversos outros conflitos no contexto platino e atuou nesses conflitos em consonância com os interesses do Império. Entretanto, uma parte da historiografia argumentou, nos últimos anos, que o Império foi obrigado a intervir na região, em favor dos brasileiros residentes na fronteira do Rio Grande do Sul ou além dela, para evitar uma nova tentativa de separação da Província. Nesse sentido, buscamos demonstrar a trajetória política de Netto, um militar brasileiro residente no Uruguai. Procuramos investigar quais os argumentos que o General utiliza para convencer o Império a atender as demandas dos brasileiros residentes na zona da fronteira. Fizemos isso trabalhando com base na história política e utilizando-nos de fontes como periódicos, correspondências, relatórios de ministérios do Império, documentações militares, bibliográficas, entre outros. O resultado dessa pesquisa e cruzamento de dados acabou revelando um indivíduo que estabeleceu fortes relações com diversos setores da política Imperial, tendo amigos na Paróquia e na Corte , amizades solidamente construídas e publicamente defendidas. Nesse sentido, identificamos que a guerra, a terra e a zona de fronteira são as bases de seu poder e sua influência na política no Império em meados do Século XIX, mais precisamente entre os anos de 1845 até 1866, ano em que o General Netto morre na guerra do Paraguai.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This paper proposes using the complementarity of text and writing an ethnographic photoethnographic do some reading about the displacement of the subjects in the urban towns of Uruguaiana (BRA) and Paso de los Libres (ARG), Deliverance (BRA) and Rivera (URU). When people move on space planning, move with them cultural and material goods, ways of thinking and seeing the world. These guys crossing the bridge or take the line with them all their references to the world allowing that culture can be seen as a make, which can be produced and reproduced. In these various shifts for a diversity of views on the border, so try to understand how individuals who live in or are just passing through it, move in this space, how they relate from territorial marks, discussing the concepts of anthropological place and no place proposed by Marc Augé (1994). To present and describe the seizures made from the resort to fieldwork as photoethnographic founding of this research methodology, and this study included in discussions of audiovisual anthropology. / Este trabalho se propõe por meio da complementaridade entre texto etnográfico escrito e uma fotoetnografia realizar uma leitura sobre os deslocamentos dos sujeitos no espaço urbano, nas cidades de Uruguaiana (BRA) e Paso de Los Libres (ARG), Livramento (BRA) e Rivera (URU). Ao se moverem pessoas sobre o espaço territorial, se movem com elas bens culturais e materiais, modos de pensar e ver o mundo. Esses sujeitos que atravessam a ponte ou a linha levam com eles todas as suas referências de mundo permitindo que a cultura possa ser vista enquanto um fazer, possível de ser produzido e reproduzido. Nestes diferentes deslocamentos há uma diversidade de olhares sobre a fronteira, por isso procuro entender como os sujeitos que moram na região ou que estão somente de passagem por ela, se movem neste espaço, como se relacionam a partir dos marcos territoriais, discutindo os conceitos de lugar antropológico e não-lugar propostos por Marc Augé (1994). Para apresentar e descrever as apreensões realizadas a partir do trabalho de campo recorro à fotoetnografia como metodologia fundante desta pesquisa, estando este estudo inserido nas discussões da antropologia audiovisual.

This paper surveys four distinct approaches to frontier estimation of multi-output (and simultaneously multi-input) technologies, when nothing but noisy quantity data are available. Parametrized distributions for inefficiency and noise are necessary for identification of inefficiency, when only cross-sectional data are available. In other respects suitable techniques may differ widely, as is shown. A final technique presented rigorously exploits the possibilities from panel-data by dropping parametrization of distributions as well as functional forms. It is illustrated how this last technique can be coupled with the others to provide a state-of-the-art estimation procedure for this setting. (author's abstract) / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Economics / Dennis L. Weisman / This empirical dissertation consists of three essays on mergers and regulation in the U.S. telecommunications industry. An abstract for each of the three essays follows. Essay 1: This study has attempted to measure the productivity growth associated with 25 incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) over the period 1996-2005 using a Malmquist productivity index. The average efficiency scores for our sample companies have not changed significantly between 1996 and 2005, which indicates that the average ILECs shows no measurable improvement in terms of optimizing their input-output combinations over time. We find some empirical evidence of a positive merger effect, although this effect diminishes over time. In addition, we find that non-merged firms underperform in terms of average productivity growth. Essay 2: This study analyzes the merger effects for 25 ILECs over the period 1996-2005 using stochastic frontier analysis with a time-varying inefficiency model. In addition, we conduct a comparison of indices between the stochastic frontier analysis and the Malmquist index method. The empirical results indicate that the sample of telecommunications firms has experienced deterioration in average productivity growth following the mergers. In addition, both approaches suggest that firms that do not merge underperform in terms of average productivity growth. Essay 3: This essay investigates whether the substitution of price cap regulation (PCR), along with other regulatory regimes, for traditional rate of return regulation (RRR) has had a measurable effect on productivity growth in the U.S. telecommunications industry. A stochastic frontier approach, which differs from previous studies, is employed to compute efficiency change, technological progress, and productivity growth for 25 LECs over the period 1988-1998. By examining the relationship between the change in productivity growth and regulatory regime variables, while controlling for other effects, we find that PCR and other regulatory regimes have a positive effect on productivity growth. However, only PCR has a significant and positive effect in both contemporaneous and lagged model specifications.

This work makes no pretence at being a comprehensive account of the War of Ngcayecibi and its context in Cape and Imperial History. It omits all but passing reference to Imperial Policy, Frere's Federation plans, the Constitutional Crisis and the dismissal of the Molteno Ministry, all of which have been more than adequately covered elsewhere. Rather it concentrates on a study of the war in terms of black/white relations. The responses of the blacks to white pressures on their land and traditional society are examined, particularly those of Sarhili and the Gcaleka, for Sarhili, the gentlemanly but tragic Paramount Chief of the Xhosa, is the central figure in the canvas of black Ciskeian and Transkeian leaders of the time, and the War of Ngcayecibi is very much a Xhosa war. I have tried to avoid a conventional account of the military operations of the war, sketching only the broad outlines of military operations and concentrating on the strategies adopted by black and white forces, and the reasons for which various black chiefdoms or segments thereof participated in the war. Orthography. The matter of orthography is a tricky one, for Xhosa orthography has been recently overhauled and is not yet finalised. I have attempted with the aid of Mr Sidney Zotwana of the Institute of Social and Economic Research at Rhodes University to adopt the most acceptable forms of Xhosa names. I have dropped the use of all prefixes since I felt their use would have been pedantic in what, after a11, is an English language thesis and since there is no chance of confusion between historical figures like Gcaleka and the amaGcaleka people. Sources. The documents printed in Cape an~ Imperial Blue-Books, especially the Cape Blue-Books, on Native Affairs for the years 1874-1884, and the correspondence in the Native Affairs Archive in the Government Archives in Cape Town, proved to be the most valuable official and semi-official sources. The Merriman and Molteno Papers in the South African Library in Cape Town were the most useful private papers consulted, though odd items in the Cory Library, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, proved of use. The rash of memoirs published after the war were, with exceptions, singularly unilluminating. Most prominent amongst the exceptions was West W. Fynn: The'77 War ••• (East London, 1911), an account of the war written by the Clerk of the Resident to Sarhili. Although Fynn has a grudge against treatment he received from the Colonial Government at the time, and is not above dramatising his role, he was in an unparalle11ed position to observe the events leading up to the war and records much valuable information. The voluminous notebooks in Cory Library of the late Dr A.W. Burton, an amateur Border historian who had researched the war, were interesting but difficult to use because of an almost total lack of footnoting or reference to sources. J.R. Soga's two works, The South Eastern Bantu (Johannesburg, 1930) and The Ama-Xosa: Life and Customs (Lovedale, 1931) are well known and proved useful but, as will be seen, have to be treated with care. Of more modern works, J. Peires: "A History of the Xhosa c.1700-1835" if (unp. M.A. thesis, Rhodes University, 1976) proved invaluable as a background to Xhosa society and earlier Xhosa history. The works of Christopher Saunders, who has written much on topics related to the war, were indispensable. C.J. Schoeman: "Die Negende Grensbotsing" (unp. M.A. thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 1976), the one general study of the war thus far written, covers military operations at great length and is a work very much in the mould of traditional Afrikaner Frontier Historiography.

In the investigation of the Diary and its validity as evidence, the origin and structure of the treaty System, and the functioning of the treaties, in both their original form and subsequent modification, has been examined, with special reference to Stretch and the Gaika tribes.

Bien que différentes communautés ne partagent pas nécessairement les mêmes enjeux et destinées, il est néanmoins possible de relever des parentés imaginaires entre des littératures issues de cultures distinctes, comme le propose François Paré dans La distance habitée. Il en va ainsi des productions littéraires de lʼAbitibi et du Nord de lʼOntario, deux régions qui doivent en bonne partie leur existence à lʼindustrie minière. La prégnance des mines a un impact certain sur ces deux corpus, mais sans les réduire à des littératures strictement minières. Dans les œuvres à lʼétude, la mine est dotée dʼune force structurante qui lui confère une valeur chronotopique, dʼaprès le sens que lui donne Bakhtine. Nous avons recours à la typologie des mines industrielle et mythique élaborée par Christof Weiand et Kurt Rinnger, que nous rapprochons de chronotopes de lʼimaginaire minier européen. Ceux-ci, emblématiques dʼœuvres minières comme Germinal dʼÉmile Zola et Henri dʼOfterdingen de Novalis, opèrent également dans les littératures abitibienne et franco-ontarienne. À ces chronotopes sʼajoutent ceux de lʼAmérique du Nord, qui sont à notre avis les deux grandes forces structurantes des mines littéraires canadiennes : le Nord et la frontier. Enfin, le chronotope minier agit aussi sur les personnages qui sʼapparentent davantage à un « personnel », pour reprendre les mots de Philippe Hamon, car ils sont réduits à leur fonction, quʼils soient des initiés de la mine (les hommes blancs prospecteurs et mineurs) ou encore des exclus (les femmes blanches et les Autochtones). Notre analyse du chronotope minier dans les œuvres littéraires abitibiennes et franco-ontariennes permet dʼaffirmer que ces récits forment un genre en soi, délimité par un certain nombre de possibles formels, thématiques et idéologiques.

This thesis will focus on the creation of a portfolio. The first part of this paper describes how to get the efficient frontier of a portfolio. The thesis explains things such as the diversification and international diversification of the portfolio. It also explains how the investor can use it for his profit. In the second part of this paper, these methods are tested and evaluated in the condition of today's globalized world.

Traditional histories of the Texas frontier overlook a crucial component: efforts to defend Texas against Indians would have been far less successful without the contributions of Indian allies. The government of Texas tended to use smaller, nomadic bands such as the Lipan Apaches and Tonkawas as military allies. Immigrant Indian tribes such as the Shawnee and Delaware were employed primarily as scouts and interpreters. Texas, as a result of the terms of her annexation, retained a more control over Indian policy than other states. Texas also had a larger unsettled frontier region than other states. This necessitated the use of Indian allies in fighting and negotiating with hostile Indians, as well as scouting for Ranger and Army expeditions.