全球的經營環境詭譎多變，對企業而言「變」是唯一的不變。在競爭環境中，大者恆大，資源集中在強勢企業身上，而弱勢企業只能以手邊僅有的資源去面對困境。過去的隨創(bricolage)文獻多半是分析資源匱乏時，如何重新拼湊而找到創新方案，以扭轉局勢。可是我們卻忽略，在獲取、拼湊或重組資源時，弱勢企業正遭遇重重的制約，使得資源拼湊的過程面臨各種障礙。當企業身處動盪的環境中，如何以不足的資源翻轉局勢，是劣勢創新的新課題。本研究將由人力資源的情境中去分析這個新課題。人力資源的重點是找人才、留人才、用人才，讓企業能於競爭中存活，或幸運勝出。在太平盛世時，企業會祭出各種誘因去吸引人才；可是在亂世時，強勢競爭對手各出奇招，以重金禮聘英雄，弱勢企業的誘因就不再誘人。此時，弱勢企業應如何突圍。本研究分析一家位於深圳的互聯網新創公司，在遭遇到「搶人才」的環境中，如何憑藉著有限的資源而發展出一套組織作為因應。在學術貢獻上，本案例分析企業解除人才制約的作為，跳脫誘因設計的理論，思考如何由制度的設計去產生延攬人才的激勵因子。同時，理解隨創過程中，資源拼湊之前弱勢者是如何有嶄新的角度去解讀制約，思考出化阻力為助力的解決方案，設計出回應制約的組織作為。在實務貢獻上，本研究提出在身處動盪環境之際，如何以不足的資源設計出創新的人才管理機制，由選才、育才和評量等層面去設計留才的機制。這些作為不但能做為人力資源管理的參考，其因應制約的方式更可為各類型身處劣勢的企業提供創新的思路。 / Nowadays, the global business environment becomes more and more complex and changeful. For business, ‘change’ is the fact of constant. In the competition environment, the big ones get bigger. Most resources are centralized in a few of powerful enterprises, and vulnerable others can only use less resource at hand to face the difficulty. In the past, bricolage literatures were mostly talking about how to break through dilemma and reverse the status under limited resources. However, we overlook those weak enterprises which encounter constraints when trying to obtain, integrate, or reorganize resources. That makes them confront various barriers when getting piece of resources. When the enterprise is in a turbulent situation, how to turn the tables with limited resources is a new topic. This study would analyze this new theme through the context of human resources. The key point of human resources is to find the talents, retain the talents, and assign the talents, so to make enterprises survive or lucky win from the competition. In the times of peace and order, the enterprises resort kinds of incentives to attract the talents. However, in the troubled times, strong competitors would leave no stone unturned, pay high for hiring hero. Therefore, weak enterprises’ incentives are no longer attractive. At this point, how vulnerable enterprises break through? This study analyzes how a new Internet company in Shenzhen they rely on the limited resources to develop an organization action in the "headhunting” environment. In the academic contribution, this case analysis of how the enterprise remove human resource conduct limitation, get rid of the incentive design theory, and then thinking about how to encourage the talents through the system programming. Meanwhile, to understand in the process of implement create, before piece of resources putting together, how the weak explain the constraints with a new perspective, thinking of the solution by transforming obstacles into benefits, and designed an organized behavior to respond the constraints. In the practical contribution, this study presents how to design an innovative human resource management via selecting, training, and assess employees with insufficient resources when in the turbulent environment. Not only can be the reference of human resources management, these ideas can also bring the innovative thoughts for all types of disadvantaged enterprises

Bien que le gouvernement cambodgien s’efforce d’augmenter sa production d’électricité pour répondre à sa demande en énergie, il reste toujours dépendant de réseau électrique existant ou de l’extension du réseau dont le coût d’investissement initial est élevé. La solution temporelle consiste à employer un système de production d'énergie distribué qui présente un coût de cycle de vie inférieur et introduit une diversité de technologies pour répondre aux applications. Minimiser les impacts environnementaux représente un objectif majeur du développement durable, compte tenu de l'épuisement des ressources et des capacités d'adaptation limitées de l'environnement. Les ressources en énergies renouvelables ont été bien comprises comme les solutions pour alimenter le développement rural et réduire les impacts environnementaux de la production d’énergie. Suivant les progrès technologiques et de la demande croissante des consommateurs, de grande quantité de déchets électriques et électroniques ont entraîné de graves conséquences pour l’environnement. Les stratégies actuelles reposent principalement sur les techniques classiques de collecte et de traitement des déchets. Ce travail de thèse proposait une solution de réutilisation des composants électroniques dans un système d'énergie renouvelable hybride isolé pour la solution d'électrification pour la zone rurale. Une configuration choisie pour le système proposé est un système de génération hybride solaire-hydroélectrique, car les ressources solaires et hydrauliques sont abondantes dans les zones rurales du Cambodge. Les composants qui sont réutilisés dans la solution comprennent des blocs d’alimentation d’un PC (PSU) pour la partie solaire, des alimentations sans interruption (UPS) et des machines asynchrone triphasées pour la partie hydraulique. Les batteries automobiles usagées sont utilisées pour le stockage d’énergie. Ce travail de thèse aborde dans une première partie l’évaluation des impacts environnementaux de la solution de réutilisation proposée. Cette étude repose sur la méthodologie de l’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) qui compare les impacts du cycle de vie de la solution proposée à ceux d’une solution conventionnelle. La deuxième partie de ce travail traite des aspects technologiques de la solution de réutilisation, à la fois en théorie et en expérimentation. La première partie de cet aspect concerne la reconversion des blocs d’alimentations usagées. Le bloc d'alimentation, qui contient généralement l'un des quelques types de convertisseurs DC-DC isolés, est réutilisé comme contrôleur de charge, qui est le composant principal du système de générateur photovoltaïque. La dernière partie de cette thèse décrit une nouvelle configuration de générateur basé sur des moteurs asynchrone triphasés. Le générateur monophasé proposé basé sur une machine triphasée est une version modifiée d'une topologie à base de l’onduleur où deux enroulements sont alimentés séparément par sources d'excitation, et l'autre enroulement est connecté à la charge. Une nouvelle modélisation est proposée. Les résultats de simulation sont comparés aux résultats expérimentaux en alimentation sinus. La comparaison met en évidence une supériorité de la nouvelle configuration par rapport à l'ancienne en termes de rendement et de minimisation de pulsations de couple / While the Cambodia’s government is making effort to increase electricity production for its energy demand, it still remains dependent on the existing or the expansion of the centralized grid lines which have high initial investment cost. The temporally solution is to employ a distributed energy generation system which has lower life cycle cost and provides a diversity of technologies to meet the desired applications. Minimizing environmental impacts represents a major objective of sustainable development considering resources depletion and the limited capabilities of the environment to adapt. The potential of renewable energy resources has been well understood as the solutions to power rural development and to reduce the environmental impacts of energy generation. Due to advance in technologies and increasing consumer demands, there has been a vast amount of electrical and electronic waste which introduces severe impacts on the environment. The current strategies mainly rely on conventional waste collection and processing techniques for material recovery. This thesis proposed a solution of reusing discarded components in an isolated hybrid renewable energy system as the solution for electrification of rural Cambodia. This is frugal innovation, local solution with local materials for and with local people. A suitable configuration for the proposed system is a solar-hydro hybrid generation system since solar and water resources are plentiful in rural Cambodia. The components that are reused in the solution after being discarded include computer power supply units (PSUs) for the solar part, uninterruptable power supply units (UPSs) and three phase induction machines for the electrohydro part. Used auto-mobile batteries will be used for the system storage. The thesis presents in the first part the evaluation of the environmental impacts of the proposed reuse solution for rural electrification. The study of the environmental impacts is based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology which compares the life cycle impacts of the proposed solution to that of a conventional solution. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis is achieved in order to evaluate the impacts of uncertainties of the environmental impacts. The second part of this work deals with the technological aspects of the reuse solution in both theory and experimentation. The first part of this aspect is focused on the repurposing of used computer power supply units (PSUs), through limited modifications of the circuits in order to increase its range of operation. The PSU which usually contains one of a few types of isolated DC-DC converters is repurposed as charge controller with MPPT control in a cheap micro-controller with very good results. The last part of this thesis studies a new configuration of generators based on re-used three-phase induction motors. The proposed single-phase generator is based on a three-phase machine in a modified version of the coupling and with a rather uncommon supply. Modelling is highly investigated. An inverterassisted topology where two windings will be supplied separately by two inverters for excitation and the remaining winding is connected to load. A new modeling of the generator has been studied. The results of simulation were compared to experimental test results in open loop study. These results have demonstrated the advantages of the new configuration in comparison to the previously proposed inverter-assisted topology in term of efficiency and minimization of torqueripple

Patrick and Felicia are a couple who run a farm. Every day they harvest their crops and sell them at the local market. This is the family's everyday life and today's income goes to all the family'sexpenses such as food, water, and transport to the market. At the end of the day, the family's totalbudget results in plus or minus zero. The crop that was not sold must be thrown away because itrots during the night. If the family had a refrigerator, they would have been able to store the cropsand extend their life of it, which in turn gives them the opportunity to also sell the crops the nextday and earn more money. The crux of the family is that the cheapest refrigerator on the marketis far too expensive to buy and operate due to electricity costs. The cooler of MittiCool Clay is acooler made of clay that costs around 1000 SEK and does not need electricity. Instead, it uses thenatural laws of thermodynamics to cool the contents making it free to operate.This is an example of a scenario where a product can create value for a family living in a resourceconstrainedenvironment (RCE). The product can offer a possible way to be able to save moneyand eventually be able to afford schooling for their child, a savings capital for crises and healthcareThis thesis uses a human-centred design process to create a solution for this target group. Thechallenge for these particular people in this project is the low access to clean water.Through a need-finding process that resulted in 10 insights that served as a guide in the project.In three workshops and with a contoured idea generation process with residents and designteachers, a variety of ideas could be developed. The ideas were put together and became concepts.The concept was evaluated through an evaluation matrix based on the needs of the users, thetechnical possibility, and the potential financial sustainability. At the end of the evaluationprocess, one concept remained Life Cube. The concept is a franchise, product and a service thatenables residents to clean their grey cat through an off-grid "cube" to drinkable quality. Theconcept also provides an opportunity for a prospective cube owner to run his own business andoffer this service.Four billion people live at the bottom of the socio-economic pyramid and can be potentialcustomers. The feasibility study showed that there are very few products in this market today andthat the number of potential customers is large. Creating a so-called ‘frugal innovation’, combinedwith the fact that it is financially sustainable with very small funds, is complex. This requires thatthe innovator works locally with the user's specific needs and usually with local resources and thatthe local economic and physical infrastructure is considered.The conclusion is that one can use human-centred design to create products and services for peopleliving in a resource-constrained environment. The basis of the process is based on people's needs,economic situation, infrastructure, institutions, resource availability, which are essential factorsto consider for the solution desired by the user, technically viable and financially sustainable. Asecond conclusion is that the difficulties of product development towards this target group requireresources and knowledge that are not usually required in product development contexts towardsthe market that belonged to the top of the socio-economic pyramid, which can complicate theproduct development. / Patrick och Felicia är ett par som driver en odling. Varje dag skördar de sina grödor och säljer påden lokala marknaden. Det här är familjens vardag och dagens inkomst går åt till alla familjensutgifter som mat, vatten och transport till marknaden. I slutet av dagen så resulterar familjenstotalbudget i plus minus noll. Skörden som inte blev såld måste slängas för att den ruttnar ändåunder natten. Hade familjen haft ett kylskåp hade dom kunat förvara grödorna och förlängtlivstiden på den, som i sin tur ger dom möjligheten att även sälja grödorna dagen efter och tjänamer pengar. Kruxet för famlijen är att den billigaste kylen på marknaden är alldeles för dyr attköpa och driva på grund av elkostnaderna. Kylen av MittiCool Clay är en kyl gjord i lera somkostar runt 1000 SEK och istället använder termodynamikens naturlagar för att kyla innehållet,vilket gör att den inte kostar något att driva.Detta är ett exempel på ett scenario där en product kan skapa värde för en familj som lever i enresursbegränsad miljö (RBM). Produkten kan erbjuda en möjlig väg för att kunna spara pengaroch så småning om kunna ha råd med en skolgång till sitt barn, ett sparkapital för krissituationeroch sjukvård. Detta examensarbete använder en människocentrerad design process för attskapa en lösning mot denna målgrupp, alltså människor som lever i en resurs begränsad miljö.Utmaningen för just dessa personer i detta projekt är den låga tillgången till rent vatten.Genom en behovsidentifieringsprocess som resulterade i 10 stycken insikter som fungeradesom en guide i projektet. I tre workshops och med en konteurnelig idegenereringsprocess medlokala invånare och designlärare kunde en mängd ideer tas fram. Ideerna sammanfogades ochblev till koncept. Koncepten utvärderades genom en utvärderingsmatris som grundades påanvädnarnas behov, den tekniska möjligheten och den potentiellt finansiella hållbarheten. I slutetav utvärderingsprocessen återstod ett concept, Life Cube. Konceptet är en franchise, produkt ochen tjänst som möjligör för lokalbon att rena sitt gråvatten genom en off-grid “kub” till drickbarkvalité. Konceptet ger även möjlighet för en blivande kub-ägare att driva sin egen verksamhet ocherbjuda denna tjänst.Förstudien visade att det finns väldigt få produkter mot denna marknad idag och att antaletpotentiella kunder är stort. Fyra miljarder människor lever i botten av den socioekonomiskapyramiden och kan vara potentiella kunder. Att skapa en så kallat ‘frugal innovation’, ikombination med att den är finansiellt hållbar med väldigt små medel är komplext. Det kräver attinnovatören arbetar lokalt med användarens specifika behov och oftast med lokala resurser, samtatt den lokala ekonomiska och fysiska infrastrukturen tas i beaktning.Slutsattsen är att man kan använda människocentrerad design för att skapa produkter ochtjänster för människor som lever i en resursbegränsad miljö. Processens grund baseras påmänniskornas behov, ekonomsika situation, infrastruktur, institutioner, resurstillgängligheten,vilket är essensiella faktorer att ta hänsyn till för att lösningen ska vara önskvärd av användaren,teknisk möjlig och finansiellt hållbar. En andra slutsats är svårigheterna med att produktutvecklamot denna målgrupp kräver resurser och kunskap som vanligtvis inte krävs i produktutvecklingssammanhang mot marknaden som tillhör toppen av den socioekonomiska pyramiden, vilketkan försvåra utvecklingsarbetet.