Cette thèse porte sur les relations entre le Système Communautaire d'Échange de Quotas d'Émission (SCEQE) et les marchés de l'énergie. Une attention particulière est donnée au changement de combustible, le principal moyen de réduire les émissions de CO2 à court-terme dans le SCEQE. Cela consiste à substituer des centrales gaz aux centrales charbon dans la production d'électricité en dehors des heures de pointes. Ainsi, les centrales charbon fonctionnent sur de plus courtes périodes, ce qui permet de réduire les émissions de CO2. Le Chapitre 1 décrit différentes approches expliquant les relations entre les marchés de l'énergie et du CO2. Une revue de littérature est ensuite présentée. Nous donnons une description détaillée du processus de changement de combustible. En particulier, l'influence de l'efficacité des centrales est analysée. Le Chapitre 2 fournit une étude théorique de l'impact des différences d'efficacité parmi les centrales gaz pour le changement de combustible. Le principal résultat montre que la sensibilité du prix du CO2 vis-à-vis du prix du gaz dépend du niveau des émissions de CO2.Le Chapitre 3 examine les interactions entre les prix de l'électricité, du charbon, du gaz et du CO2 dans une étude empirique. Les résultats montrent une qu'il existe une relation significative entre le gaz et le CO2 à l'équilibre de long-terme. Le Chapitre 4 étudie le processus de découverte des informations qui influencent laformation des prix du gaz et du CO2. La forte relation entre le gaz et le CO2 indique que leurs prix sont affectés par les mêmes informations. Nous montrons dans une étude empirique que le marché du CO2 domine le processus de découverte de ces informations. / This thesis investigates relationships between the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) and energy markets. A special focus is given to fuel switching, the main shortterm abatement measure within the EU ETS. This consists in substituting Combined Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGTs) for hard-coal plants in off-peak power generation. Thereby coal plants run for shorter periods, which allows power producers to reduce their CO2 emissions. In Chapter 1, we outline different approaches explaining relationships between carbon and energy markets. We also review the literature relating to these issues. Next, we further describe the fuel switching process and, in particular, we analyze the influence of energy and environmental efficiency of thermal power plants (coal and gas) on fuel switching. In Chapter 2, we provide a theoretical analysis that shows how differences in the efficiency of CCGTs can rule interactions between gas and carbon prices. The main result shows that the allowance price becomes more sensitive to the gas price when the level of CO2 emissions increases. In Chapter 3, we examine interactions between carbon, coal, gas and electricity prices in an empirical study. Among the main results, we find that there is a significant link between carbon and gas prices in the long-run equilibrium.In Chapter 4, we analyze the cross-market price discovery process between gas and CO2 markets. We identified in previous chapters that there is a robust significant link between gas and CO2 markets. They are linked commodities, and their prices are affected by the same information. In an empirical analysis, we find that the carbon market is the leader in cross-market price discovery process.

M.Phil. / This research aims to establish and evaluate the main factors that influence the fuel industry in South Africa. The South African fuel industry, is influenced by different business, economical and logistical factors, which all contribute to a changing fuel environment as well as a changing fuel prices that vary on a monthly basis, as calculated by the Department of Mineral and Energy Affairs(DMEA). These factors including crude oil procurement, petroleum industry, synthetic fuel industry and geographical locations, are fundamentally important, and explained in more detail in the chapters to follow. Oil as main supply source to the fuel industry, plays a vital role to South Africa as industrial developing country. The crude oil imported from the eastern countries is refined into petroleum and alternative fuels, necessary to the economy. The oil price thus influences the petroleum price, which in turn influences the cost of food and accessories. This research will for this reason also focus on aspects such as the actual importation of crude oil, petroleum price structure, price zones, synfuels and alternative fuels, and the affect these aspects have on the fuel industry.

Indonesia’s energy demand has been growing rapidly driven by increasing population, urbanization, and rapid economic growth. With increasing energy demand, the emissions associated with the energy sector continue to increase. With the gradual increase in demand and dominant share of fossil fuels in the energy mix, implementing the energy efficiency measures is crucial for Indonesia to achieve its energy and climate goals. From the policy perspective, National Energy plan of Indonesia aims to achieve higher levels of energy efficiency to reduce the overall energy intensity. Indonesia also has commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and achieve SDG targets. This report reviews the current status of energy demand and energy efficiency in Indonesia and evaluates the potential of implementing energy efficiency measures and fuel switching options to achieve future low carbon energy future. Long term energy model of Indonesia is modelled using the open-source modelling tool OSeMOSYS. Different scenarios have been developed to investigate the outcome of implementing energy efficiency and fuel switching measures in the Residential, Commercial, and Transportation sectors. The results are presented in terms of reduction in total final energy use, greenhouse gas emissions, and local air pollution. Cost-Benefit analysis of the applied measures present their financial feasibility. With the deployment of efficient appliances, up to 30% electricity savings can be achieved in the residential and commercial sector. Vehicle electrification can contribute towards reduction in annual energy use by 48% by the end of modelling period. Measures in the residential and commercial sector directly contribute towards emission reductions. Vehicle electrification does not show proportionate reduction in emissions compared to energy use reduction due to high carbon intensity of the electricity grid. However, significant reduction in local air pollutants can be achieved. Cost benefit analysis shows that deployment of efficient appliances is financially feasible with maximum 2 years of payback period. On the other hand, successful deployment of electric vehicles will require tangible support from government due to its high price premium compared to conventional vehicles. Energy efficiency measures and fuel switching also contribute substantially to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7.3. In conclusion, this study presents a set of technically and economically feasible energy system development options for Indonesia. From the modelling perspective, this study identifies ways to implement demand side management measures in the energy supply modelling system OSeMOSYS. / Indonesiens energibehov har ökat snabbt drivet av ökande befolkning, urbanisering och snabbekonomisk tillväxt. Med ökande energibehov fortsätter utsläppen i energisektorn att öka. Medden gradvisa ökningen i efterfrågan och den dominerande andelen fossila bränslen ienergimixen är genomförandet av energieffektivitetsåtgärderna avgörande för att Indonesienska uppnå sina energi- och klimatmål. Ur politiskt perspektiv syftar Indonesiens nationella energiplan till att uppnå högre nivåer av energieffektivitet för att minska den totala energiintensiteten. Indonesien har också åtaganden att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser och uppnå SDG-mål. Denna rapport granskar den aktuella statusen för efterfrågan på energi och energieffektivitet i Indonesien och utvärderar potentialen för att genomföra energieffektivitetsåtgärder och alternativ för bränsleomkoppling för att uppnå framtida energiförbrukning med låg koldioxid. Indonesiens långsiktiga energimodell modelleras med hjälp av open-sourcemodelleringsverktyget OSeMOSYS. Olika scenarier har utvecklats för att undersöka resultatet av genomförande av energieffektivitet och bränsleomkopplingsåtgärder inom bostads-, kommersiellt och transportsektorn. Resultaten presenteras i termer av minskning av den totalaslutliga energiförbrukningen, växthusgasutsläpp och lokal luftföroreningar. Kostnadsnyttoanalys av de tillämpade åtgärderna utgör deras ekonomiska genomförbarhet. Med användning av effektiva apparater kan upp till 30% elbesparing uppnås i bostads- och affärssektorn. Fordonselektrifiering kan bidra till minskning av den årliga energiförbrukningen med 48% i slutet av modelleringsperioden. Åtgärder inom bostads- och kommersiell sektor bidrar direkt till utsläppsminskningar. Fordonselektrifiering visar inte proportionell minskning av utsläpp jämfört med energiförbrukningen på grund av hög kolintensitet i elnätet. Emellertid kan en betydande minskning av lokala luftföroreningar uppnås. Kostnads för delningsanalys visar att distribution av effektiva apparater är ekonomiskt möjlig med maximalt 2 års återbetalningsperiod. Å andra sidan kommer framgångsrik distribution av elfordon att kräva konkret stöd från regeringen på grund av dess höga prispremie jämfört med konventionella fordon. Energi effektivitetsåtgärder och bränsleomkoppling bidrar också väsentligt till att uppnå mål för hållbar utveckling 7.3. Sammanfattningsvis presenterar denna studie en uppsättning tekniska och ekonomiskt genomförbara energisystemutvecklingsalternativ för Indonesien. Från modelleringsperspektivet identifierar denna studie sätt att implementera hanteringsåtgärder på efterfrågesidan i modelleringssystemet för energiförsörjning OSeMOSYS.

Dans le but de faire face aux défis interdépendants en termes d’épuisement des ressources énergétiques, de dégradation environnementale et des préoccupations de santé publique dans le contexte chinois en réponse au développement durable, nous nous concentrons sur l'étude des politiques en matière d’énergie, d’environnement et de santé en Chine. Dans le chapitre 1, nous donnons un aperçu des politiques chinoises en matière d’énergie, d’environnement et de santé au cours des 20 dernières années afin de connaître les orientations politiques futures auxquelles le gouvernement n'a pas donné une attention suffisante. Dans les trois chapitres suivants, nous proposons une série d'études empiriques afin de tirer quelques implications politiques utiles. Dans le chapitre 2, nous étudions l'impact de l'urbanisation, de l'adaptation de la structure industrielle, du prix de l'énergie et de l'exportation sur les intensités énergétiques agrégés et désagrégés des provinces. Dans le chapitre 3, nous étudions les facteurs qui expliquent la transition énergétique vers des combustibles propres des ménages ruraux. Dans le chapitre 4, nous examinons les effets conjoints des risques environnementaux, du revenu individuel, des politiques de santé sur l'état de santé des adultes chinois. En particulier, nos résultats empiriques suggèrent d’intégrer le développement urbain dans la stratégie d'économies d'énergie; de considérer des substitutions/complémentarités complexes parmi les sources d'énergie et entre l'énergie et l’alimentation pour les ménages ruraux; d’aligner les politiques environnementales, énergétiques et alimentaires avec les politiques de santé. / With the purpose of coping with the intertwined challenges of energy depletion, environmental degradation and public health concerns in the Chinese-specific context in response to sustainable development, we focus on investigating China’s energy, environment and health policies. In chapter 1, we provide an overview of China’s energy, environment and health policies over the past 20 years in order to know about the future policy directions to which the government has not given a sufficient attention. In the following three chapters, we provide a series of empirical studies so as to derive some useful policy implications. In chapter 2, we investigate the impact of urbanization, industrial structure adjustment, energy price and export on provincial aggregate and disaggregate energy intensities. In chapter 3, we study the factors explaining the switches from dirty to clean fuel sources in rural households. In chapter 4, we examine the joint effects of environmental hazards, individual income and health policies on the health status of Chinese adults. Our empirical findings particularly suggest integrating urban development into the strategy of energy saving; considering the complex substitutions/complementarities among energy sources and between energy and food for rural households; aligning the environment, energy and food policies with health policies.