The motivation of capitalism society keeping to make progress is basis on innovation. The text is established in extended type of Cobb-Douglas production function to discuss if the relationship of long term balance existed between R&D capital stock and gross domestic production. First, Dickey and Fuller mentioned Augmented Dickey Fuller test (ADF test) to examine if all the variables possess unit root particularity. If they do, we can test them by Johansen¡¦s Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) to make cointegration relation numbers and cointegration vectors. According them to describe the long term balance relationships between R&D capital stock and gross domestic production. Conclusion of the text , by ADF test to examine the macroeconomic variables of R&D capital stock and gross domestic production are time series. Johansen¡¦s MLE test examined there¡¦s one cointegration vector existed. Apparently the long term balance relationship existed between the R&D capital stock and the gross domestic production. And we can take the normalized cointegrating coefficients back to the Cobb-Douglas production function to recognize the R&D capital stock will be the positive function of the gross domestic production. Thus we can get in R&D expenses to make the economic growth.

<p>In the decades following the English Civil War, as the Anglophone world began transitioning to a social order structured by market and finance capitalism, the word cultivation, which earlier had referred exclusively to agricultural processes, acquired increasingly figurative meanings referring to the development of an individual's mind, faculties, and manners. This augmentation of meaning reflected the development of new conceptions of property as an essential feature of personhood that had begun to alter the definition of subjectivity. The circulation of such figurative meanings coincides with the rise of print culture, the development of a literary public sphere, and the professionalization of writing in the eighteenth century. These cultural developments suggest the relative ease with which the new conception of property expressed as literary personality coexisted alongside other forms of capital in Britain. Literary criticism of the last forty years, including the work of Raymond Williams, Clifford Siskin, Jerome Christensen, and Thomas Pfau, has accounted for the many ways in which possessing literary cultivation served the development of a middle-class economy and ideology in eighteenth-and-nineteenth century Britain. Though the figurative meaning of cultivation appears throughout American literature of the long nineteenth century, thus attesting to the concept's transatlantic migration and adaptation to the socio-political climates of the New World, no significant studies of American literature have considered the role literary cultivation itself plays in shaping American ideas of personality. My study begins to facilitate an understanding of how modern definitions of property affected and effected early American literary culture.</p><p>By placing American literature of the long nineteenth century in a transatlantic context, I show how five works by De Crevecoeur, Franklin, Equiano, Brockden Brown, and Margaret Fuller model the relationship between real and metaphorical cultivation at the level of both form and narrative content. I argue that within these works literary personality appears as a threat to the American character unless it directly facilitates the acquisition of real property. That in an American context figurative cultivation is at all times subordinated to real cultivation suggests a suspicion of intellectual development at the very foundations of American culture. I draw on new work in early American literature, eighteenth-century studies, British Romanticism, and on a tradition of Marxist critique to read American personality not as an exceptional and isolated development of the revolutionary era, but as a transatlantic migration of cultural forms and conceptions that adapt and mutate upon arriving on New World soil. To understand these migrations and mutations, I map the importation of European aesthetic concepts and literary sources within American productions. My readings make sense of the contradictions within the anti-literary American ideology often articulated in the content of works, whose forms nevertheless reveal a comprehensive engagement with literary history. Doing so allows me to demonstrate the complex ways in which early American authors depicted literary cultivation as either a means of acquiring real property or as a moral redress against the self interest of a speculative economic culture.</p> / Dissertation

This study analyses the way that legal positivists from HLA Hart onwards have responded to Lon L Fuller&rsquo;s challenge to positivism from the idea of the rule of law. The main thesis is that Hart and contemporary legal positivists working in the Hartian tradition have yet to adequately respond to Fuller&rsquo;s Challenge. I argue that the reason for this is the approach they take to dealing with Fuller&rsquo;s principles of the rule of law, which either (i) proceeds on the basis of the positivist perspective without engaging with Fuller&rsquo;s wider anti-positivist arguments, or else (ii) accepts Fuller&rsquo;s claim that the rule of law is part of our concept of law but does not acknowledge any effect of this on what determines legal validity (the content of legal norms). In both cases, I argue that tensions and problems result from a lack of engagement with Fuller&rsquo;s anti-positivism. On the one hand, positivists have failed to show why their account of the nature of law better reflects our understanding of law than Fuller&rsquo;s. On the other, the concessions that positivists have made to Fuller&rsquo;s arguments are often detached from other elements in their theories, raising the question of whether the positivist response to Fuller is coherent. In addition, by closely analysing the major positivist accounts of the rule of law, this study challenges a number of orthodox interpretations that confuse our understanding of the positivist response to Fuller. I show that most positivists accept that there is something morally valuable about a legal system&rsquo;s conformity to the principles of the rule of law, and that there is always some kind of at least minimal conformity to those principles in any legal system. By noticing what concessions positivists have made to Fuller&rsquo;s understanding of the rule of law, I aim to both (i) shift the debate to the remaining disputes with the Hartian positivists, particularly on issues such as the &lsquo;derivative approach&rsquo; and the &lsquo;validity Social thesis&rsquo;, and (ii) identify areas of fruitful engagement with Fuller, such as the question of judges&rsquo; moral obligations to law.

This study analyses the way that legal positivists from HLA Hart onwards have responded to Lon L Fuller&rsquo;s challenge to positivism from the idea of the rule of law. The main thesis is that Hart and contemporary legal positivists working in the Hartian tradition have yet to adequately respond to Fuller&rsquo;s Challenge. I argue that the reason for this is the approach they take to dealing with Fuller&rsquo;s principles of the rule of law, which either (i) proceeds on the basis of the positivist perspective without engaging with Fuller&rsquo;s wider anti-positivist arguments, or else (ii) accepts Fuller&rsquo;s claim that the rule of law is part of our concept of law but does not acknowledge any effect of this on what determines legal validity (the content of legal norms). In both cases, I argue that tensions and problems result from a lack of engagement with Fuller&rsquo;s anti-positivism. On the one hand, positivists have failed to show why their account of the nature of law better reflects our understanding of law than Fuller&rsquo;s. On the other, the concessions that positivists have made to Fuller&rsquo;s arguments are often detached from other elements in their theories, raising the question of whether the positivist response to Fuller is coherent. In addition, by closely analysing the major positivist accounts of the rule of law, this study challenges a number of orthodox interpretations that confuse our understanding of the positivist response to Fuller. I show that most positivists accept that there is something morally valuable about a legal system&rsquo;s conformity to the principles of the rule of law, and that there is always some kind of at least minimal conformity to those principles in any legal system. By noticing what concessions positivists have made to Fuller&rsquo;s understanding of the rule of law, I aim to both (i) shift the debate to the remaining disputes with the Hartian positivists, particularly on issues such as the &lsquo;derivative approach&rsquo; and the &lsquo;validity Social thesis&rsquo;, and (ii) identify areas of fruitful engagement with Fuller, such as the question of judges&rsquo; moral obligations to law.

Thesis (Ph.D.(Church history and Church Polity))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Zugl.: Leipzig, Univ., Diss., 2009

Thesis (Th. M.)--Regent College, Vancouver, BC, 2007. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 135-157).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:03:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo622_1.pdf: 870449 bytes, checksum: 76110de8baadc7763ba367932fb15aba (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Séries temporais de contagem têm chamado a atenção pela importância em aplicações nas diversas áreas de conhecimento. Os processos estocásticos usuais assumem que as marginais são contínuas e, em geral, não são adequados para modelar séries de contagem. Portanto, surge a necessidade de investigar metodologias apropriadas para séries temporais com distribuições marginais discretas. Em particular, o estudo da presença de raízes unitárias e o comportamento sazonal do processo de valores inteiros motivam uma vertente de pesquisa de grande interesse para aplicações práticas e são os principais objetivos desta pesquisa. Nesse contexto, apresentamos o teste de Dikey & Fuller (1979) e verificamos o comportamento do teste, através de ensaios de Monte Carlo, em processos autorregressivos de valores inteiros de ordem um, quando o processo apresenta raiz unitária. Os pontos críticos empíricos da estatística de teste do teste de Dickey-Fuller, para vários valores do percentil &#945;, são calculados quando o teste é utilizado em processos INAR(1) com erros Poisson, para diversos valores do parâmetro &#955;. Comparações entre a utilização do teste de Dickey-Fuller em processos com marginais contínuas e discretas também são abordadas. No que tange à sazonalidade em processos de contagem, é proposto um modelo de valores inteiros com estrutura sazonal baseado no modelo de Al-Osh & Alzaid (1987). As principais propriedades do modelo proposto são derivadas, tais como os momentos, a função de autocovariância e a função de autocorrelação. Ensaios de Monte Carlo são realizados para comparar os vícios e erros quadráticos médios de três estimadores para os parâmetros do modelo proposto. Como motivação do uso da metodologia sugerida, a série do índice da qualidade do ar da cidade de Cariacica-ES foi analisada

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