This work is concerned with the derivation of general analytical formulae for the matrix elements, in an M representation, of effective two-nucleon interaction. The anisotropic harmonic oscillator wave equation is solved in cylindrical coordinates and the subsequent wave functions used to find the desired matrix element expressions. Since these expressions are in a form conducive to rapid machine computation this representation is well suited for spectroscopic calculations for deformed nuclei. This is illustrated by the calculation of the relative Mng energies, by means of a limited Hartree—Fock method, of several nucleonic configurations in the 2s-ld shell. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

No description available.

Mathematical model-building is one kind of mathematical thinking, which uses mathematical signs and methods to build a mathematical tool which can describe and solve practical problem. However, System Dynamic is to solve complicated non-linear dynamic problem. It uses the model-building software of diagram interface to make dynamic simulation. Behind the dynamic simulation is the calculation of a set of mathematical equation. The purpose of this research is , by the transition between Mathematics Model and System Dynamic Model, to discuss the mathematical principle of System Dynamic ,and to avoid distorting model and making the model validation harder due to the model-builder's misusing function. Using the conclusion of the transition will help validating the model and raising the reliability and the efficiency of the model. From the conclusion of this research, we find out that System Dynamic is non-linear dynamic mathematical model. Both are exchangeable. From the transition, we also find that the graph function used in the process of System Dynamic model-building is a piecewise-linear- approximate function. The numerical value setting of the graph function can influence the system action. After the transition from System Dynamic model to mathematical model, we can use some other mathematical software to draw the phase-plane-plot or phase-portrait-plot. It will analyze clearly the system action in any situation, and validate the correction of model construction.

No description available.

The hyporheic interstitial was recognized as an integral zone within the aquatic ecosystem bearing important functions for both adjacent compartments, surface and ground water, about 50 years ago. Since then, rather disciplinary works gained knowledge on the organismic community of this ecotone, its spatial extent, the role of distinct parameters such as hydrology and morphology, temporal characteristics, process dynamics, the role for stream or groundwater quality and restoration measures. However, a systematic study on the risks to the hyporheic functions was missing to date. This thesis combined existing methods in order to gather an integrated set of information allowing for the assessment of the ecotonal status. This approach was applied to investigate the functional behavior towards stressors like increasing nutrient and fine sediment input into a rather pristine environment. An interdisciplinary risk assessment and the establishment of adapted measures was called for as land-use scenarios for the studied catchment area indicated progressive onland erosion. Therefore firstly, an integrated monitoring scheme was drawn up and conducted at three sites along a river that underlay a stressor gradient such as mentioned before. Secondly, the data sets were analysed in order to evaluate the status of the hyporheic funtions at the riffles. Thirdly, a coupled surface-subsurface modelling approach was set up to further study the impact of the stressors on the ecotonal integrity. And fourthly, an interdisciplinary consideration combined with studies on the catchments sediment budget and the rivers ecological status was applied to identify measures for the restoration and protection of the aquatic ecosystem. The analysis of the data gathered with the help of the established monitoring scheme revealed that elevated nutrient or fine sediment input lead to biological or physical clogging, respectively, with consequences for the hyporheic zone functions. The surface - ground water connectivity was either lowered in summer months, when biofilm growth was highest, or permanently, as fine sediment particles infiltrated into the interstices of the riverbed sediment. Scouring did not seem to take place as high amounts of fine particles were found in the matrix after discharge events of snowmelt and summer precipitation. With respect to the biogeochemical regulation function, biofilm material appeared to provide an autochthonous carbon source boosting microbial substance turnover. The sediment underneath the physical clogged layer was cut off from carbon and oxygen rich surface water and thus was not reactive. However, the enhanced surface area provided by the fine sediment within the topmost sediment layer seemed to support microbial processing. The inclusion of the results of a study concerning the ecological status at the investigated reaches lead to the deduction that biological clogging at the present degree was not affecting habitat quality. Whereas the physical clogging had tremendeous and lasting effects on the macroinvertebrate community which carries to the conclusion that sediment management within the studied catchment is of uttermost importance. A scenario analysis reflecting distinct clogging degrees and types with a calibrated model of a studied riffle within a pristine reach proved the observed loss of hydrologic connectivity due to physical and biological clogging. Further, a treshold of oxygen consumption rates above which the reproduction of salmonid fish would be unsuccessful was identified for the settings of the middle reaches. In summer month with low discharge it seemed to be likely that this treshold might be reached. Following, a dynamic discharge may be decisive to protect the ecotonal integrity. The integration with the outcome of an investigation regarding the sediment sources within the catchment allowed for two suggestions. On the one hand, river bank restoration and protection within the middle reaches need to be prioritised, and on the other hand, the conservation of the natural vegetation at the steep slopes within the mountaineous areas need to be undertaken in order to secure the pristine aquatic environment of this area. Hyporheic zone research of the last decade was driven by testing hypotheses on the functional significance of distinct spatial and temporal configurations in the field and by new modelling approaches. However, data on the quantification of the ecological impact of clogging processes were lacking. The thesis contributed to the systemic understanding of the hyporheic zone being affected by physical and biological clogging and new field data within a degrading pristine environment were generated, accessible for further hyporheic research. The interdisciplinarity enabled comprehensive statements for the usage of an Integrated Water Resources Management plan.

Nous nous intéressons dans cette thèse aux méthodes d’estimation non paramétriques par noyaux récursifs ainsi qu’à leurs applications à la prévision. Nous introduisons dans un premier chapitre une famille d’estimateurs récursifs de la densité indexée par un paramètre ℓ ∈ [0, 1]. Leur comportement asymptotique en fonction de ℓ va nous amener à introduire des critères de comparaison basés sur les biais, variance et erreur quadratique asymptotiques. Pour ces critères, nous comparons les estimateurs entre eux et aussi comparons notre famille à l’estimateur non récursif de la densité de Parzen-Rosenblatt. Ensuite, nous définissons à partir de notre famille d’estimateurs de la densité, une famille d’estimateurs récursifs à noyau de la fonction de régression. Nous étudions ses propriétés asymptotiques en fonction du paramètre ℓ. Nous utilisons enfin les résultats obtenus sur l’estimation de la régression pour construire un prédicteur non paramétrique par noyau. Nous obtenons ainsi une famille de prédicteurs non paramétriques qui permettent de réduire considérablement le temps de calcul. Des exemples d’application sont donnés pour valider la performance de nos estimateurs / The aim of this thesis is to study methods of nonparametric estimation based on recursive kernel and their applications to forecasting. We introduce in the first chapter a family of recursive density estimators indexed by a parameter ℓ ∈ [0, 1]. We study their asymptotic behavior according to ℓ, and then we introduce criteria of comparison based on bias, variance and asymptotic quadratic error. For these criteria, we compare our estimators in terms of ℓ, and also compare our family to the non-recursive density estimator of Parzen-Rosenblatt. As for density, we define a family of recursive kernel estimators of regression function. We study its asymptotic properties according to the parameter ℓ. Finally, results of regression estimation are applied to define a family of nonparametric predictors that reduce considerably the computing time and examples of application are given to validate the performance of our methods

The hyporheic interstitial was recognized as an integral zone within the aquatic ecosystem bearing important functions for both adjacent compartments, surface and ground water, about 50 years ago. Since then, rather disciplinary works gained knowledge on the organismic community of this ecotone, its spatial extent, the role of distinct parameters such as hydrology and morphology, temporal characteristics, process dynamics, the role for stream or groundwater quality and restoration measures. However, a systematic study on the risks to the hyporheic functions was missing to date. This thesis combined existing methods in order to gather an integrated set of information allowing for the assessment of the ecotonal status. This approach was applied to investigate the functional behavior towards stressors like increasing nutrient and fine sediment input into a rather pristine environment. An interdisciplinary risk assessment and the establishment of adapted measures was called for as land-use scenarios for the studied catchment area indicated progressive onland erosion. Therefore firstly, an integrated monitoring scheme was drawn up and conducted at three sites along a river that underlay a stressor gradient such as mentioned before. Secondly, the data sets were analysed in order to evaluate the status of the hyporheic funtions at the riffles. Thirdly, a coupled surface-subsurface modelling approach was set up to further study the impact of the stressors on the ecotonal integrity. And fourthly, an interdisciplinary consideration combined with studies on the catchments sediment budget and the rivers ecological status was applied to identify measures for the restoration and protection of the aquatic ecosystem. The analysis of the data gathered with the help of the established monitoring scheme revealed that elevated nutrient or fine sediment input lead to biological or physical clogging, respectively, with consequences for the hyporheic zone functions. The surface - ground water connectivity was either lowered in summer months, when biofilm growth was highest, or permanently, as fine sediment particles infiltrated into the interstices of the riverbed sediment. Scouring did not seem to take place as high amounts of fine particles were found in the matrix after discharge events of snowmelt and summer precipitation. With respect to the biogeochemical regulation function, biofilm material appeared to provide an autochthonous carbon source boosting microbial substance turnover. The sediment underneath the physical clogged layer was cut off from carbon and oxygen rich surface water and thus was not reactive. However, the enhanced surface area provided by the fine sediment within the topmost sediment layer seemed to support microbial processing. The inclusion of the results of a study concerning the ecological status at the investigated reaches lead to the deduction that biological clogging at the present degree was not affecting habitat quality. Whereas the physical clogging had tremendeous and lasting effects on the macroinvertebrate community which carries to the conclusion that sediment management within the studied catchment is of uttermost importance. A scenario analysis reflecting distinct clogging degrees and types with a calibrated model of a studied riffle within a pristine reach proved the observed loss of hydrologic connectivity due to physical and biological clogging. Further, a treshold of oxygen consumption rates above which the reproduction of salmonid fish would be unsuccessful was identified for the settings of the middle reaches. In summer month with low discharge it seemed to be likely that this treshold might be reached. Following, a dynamic discharge may be decisive to protect the ecotonal integrity. The integration with the outcome of an investigation regarding the sediment sources within the catchment allowed for two suggestions. On the one hand, river bank restoration and protection within the middle reaches need to be prioritised, and on the other hand, the conservation of the natural vegetation at the steep slopes within the mountaineous areas need to be undertaken in order to secure the pristine aquatic environment of this area. Hyporheic zone research of the last decade was driven by testing hypotheses on the functional significance of distinct spatial and temporal configurations in the field and by new modelling approaches. However, data on the quantification of the ecological impact of clogging processes were lacking. The thesis contributed to the systemic understanding of the hyporheic zone being affected by physical and biological clogging and new field data within a degrading pristine environment were generated, accessible for further hyporheic research. The interdisciplinarity enabled comprehensive statements for the usage of an Integrated Water Resources Management plan.

Esta tese promove uma integração entre Finanças e Teoria de Informação para criação de um ambiente alternativo para a determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária sobre ação e ativo de renda fixa (bond). Uma das características deste novo ambiente de determinação de preço racional é poder continuar utilizando o cálculo newtoniano em vez do estocástico. Cria uma notação matemática precisa e completa para a Teoria da Informação e a integra com a teoria de Finanças em condições de incerteza. Integra as abordagens entrópicas de determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária de Gulko (1998 e 1998a) e de Yang (1997). Define precisamente o mundo com preço da incerteza neutralizado (risk-neutral world), o mundo martingale, o mundo informacionalmente eficiente e o mundo entrópico e suas implicações para a Ciência do Investimento e, mais especificamente, para a determinação do preço racional de ativos básicos e derivativos. Demonstra detalhadamente a fórmula do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária de Black-Scholes-Merton, melhorando a notação matemática, simplificando (eliminando a abordagem martingale) e complementando a demonstração feita por Baxter & Rennie (1998). Interrompe uma sucessão de trabalhos que estabelecem uma forma equivocada de calcular o preço da opção européia simples ordinária. Esse erro teve sua origem, muito provavelmente, numa edição de Brealey & Myers, que equivocadamente utilizou um resultado de Cox & Rubinstein (1985); esse resultado facilitava o cálculo do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária por meio de uma tabela que evita o uso direto da fórmula de Black-Scholes-Merton. Brealey & Myers (desde a quarta edição de 1991), Luehrman (nos seus dois artigos da HBR de 1998 e um caso de 1995 pela HBS) e Edleson (caso publicado em 1994 pela HBS) ensinam que o valor percentual encontrado nessa tabela deve ser multiplicado pelo preço do valor mobiliário, quando deveria ser multiplicado pelo valor presente do preço de exercício. Os resultados mais importantes desta tese para Finanças são: (i) desenvolvimento de um método alternativo, robusto e parcimonioso, baseado no princípio da máxima entropia da Teoria da Informação e do Sistema de Distribuições de Pearson para obtenção de uma única medida de probabilidade neutralizadora do preço da incerteza (risk-neutral probability), (ii) obtenção de fórmula prática para a determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária para ação, (iii) validação da fórmula de Black-Scholes-Merton para ação, (iv) obtenção de uma fórmula adequada para a determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária sobre um título de renda fixa (bond), (v) estimação da volatilidade implícita entrópica do preço do valor mobiliário e (vi) definição e estimação do valor em risco (value at risk) entrópico. Há ainda dois resultados importantes para a Teoria da Informação e Economia: (i) distinção mais precisa entre incerteza e risco e (ii) desenvolvimento da medida de ganho informacional da previsão aprimorando o resultado de Theil (1967) e Benish (1999) pela utilização do conceito de divergência de Kullback-Leibler. / This thesis integrates Finance and Information Theory in order to create an alternative environment to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option over stocks and bonds. One of the features of this new environment is to allow us to continue using the Newtonian calculus instead of the stochastic one. It creates a precise and complete mathematical notation for the Information Theory and integrates it with the Finance Theory under uncertainty conditions. It integrates Gulko’s (1998 and 1998a) and Yang’s (1997) entropic approaches to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option. It precisely defines the uncertainty-price-neutral world (risk-neutral world), the martingale world, the informationally efficient world and the entropic world and their implications to the Investment Science and, more specifically, to the calculation of the rational price of ordinary assets and derivatives. It demonstrates with details the Black-Scholes-Merton formula of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option, improves the mathematical notation, simplifies it (by eliminating the martingale approach) and completes the demonstration done by Baxter & Rennie (1998). It breaks a succession of works that established a mistaken way to calculate the price of the simple ordinary European option. This mistake had its origin, much probably, in an edition of Brealey & Myers, who erroneously used a result from Cox & Rubinstein (1985). This result facilitates the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option by using a table that avoids the direct usage of the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. Brealey & Myers (since the 1991 fourth edition), Luehrman (in his two 1998 articles in HBR and in a 1995 case in HBS) and Edleson (1994 case published in HBS) teach that the percentage value found in this table must be multiplied by the price of the asset, when in reality it should have been multiplied by the present value of the strike price. The most important results of this thesis for Finance are: (i) development of a robust and economic alternative method, based on the maximum-entropy principle of the Information Theory and on Pearson’s Distribution System, to the calculation of a unique uncertainty-price-neutral probability measure (risk-neutral probability), (ii) achievement of a practical formula to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option on stocks, (iii) validation of the Black-Scholes-Merton formula on stocks, (iv) achievement of an adequate formula to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option on bonds, (v) estimation of the implied entropic volatility of the price of an asset and (vi) definition and estimation of the entropic value-at-risk. There are still two important results to the Information Theory and to Economics: (i) a more precise distinction between uncertainty and risk and (ii) development of the forecast informational gain, an enhancement of the result of Theil (1967) and Benish (1999) by using the Kullback-Leibler divergence concept.

Esta tese promove uma integração entre Finanças e Teoria de Informação para criação de um ambiente alternativo para a determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária sobre ação e ativo de renda fixa (bond). Uma das características deste novo ambiente de determinação de preço racional é poder continuar utilizando o cálculo newtoniano em vez do estocástico. Cria uma notação matemática precisa e completa para a Teoria da Informação e a integra com a teoria de Finanças em condições de incerteza. Integra as abordagens entrópicas de determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária de Gulko (1998 e 1998a) e de Yang (1997). Define precisamente o mundo com preço da incerteza neutralizado (risk-neutral world), o mundo martingale, o mundo informacionalmente eficiente e o mundo entrópico e suas implicações para a Ciência do Investimento e, mais especificamente, para a determinação do preço racional de ativos básicos e derivativos. Demonstra detalhadamente a fórmula do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária de Black-Scholes-Merton, melhorando a notação matemática, simplificando (eliminando a abordagem martingale) e complementando a demonstração feita por Baxter & Rennie (1998). Interrompe uma sucessão de trabalhos que estabelecem uma forma equivocada de calcular o preço da opção européia simples ordinária. Esse erro teve sua origem, muito provavelmente, numa edição de Brealey & Myers, que equivocadamente utilizou um resultado de Cox & Rubinstein (1985); esse resultado facilitava o cálculo do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária por meio de uma tabela que evita o uso direto da fórmula de Black-Scholes-Merton. Brealey & Myers (desde a quarta edição de 1991), Luehrman (nos seus dois artigos da HBR de 1998 e um caso de 1995 pela HBS) e Edleson (caso publicado em 1994 pela HBS) ensinam que o valor percentual encontrado nessa tabela deve ser multiplicado pelo preço do valor mobiliário, quando deveria ser multiplicado pelo valor presente do preço de exercício. Os resultados mais importantes desta tese para Finanças são: (i) desenvolvimento de um método alternativo, robusto e parcimonioso, baseado no princípio da máxima entropia da Teoria da Informação e do Sistema de Distribuições de Pearson para obtenção de uma única medida de probabilidade neutralizadora do preço da incerteza (risk-neutral probability), (ii) obtenção de fórmula prática para a determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária para ação, (iii) validação da fórmula de Black-Scholes-Merton para ação, (iv) obtenção de uma fórmula adequada para a determinação do preço racional da opção européia simples ordinária sobre um título de renda fixa (bond), (v) estimação da volatilidade implícita entrópica do preço do valor mobiliário e (vi) definição e estimação do valor em risco (value at risk) entrópico. Há ainda dois resultados importantes para a Teoria da Informação e Economia: (i) distinção mais precisa entre incerteza e risco e (ii) desenvolvimento da medida de ganho informacional da previsão aprimorando o resultado de Theil (1967) e Benish (1999) pela utilização do conceito de divergência de Kullback-Leibler. / This thesis integrates Finance and Information Theory in order to create an alternative environment to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option over stocks and bonds. One of the features of this new environment is to allow us to continue using the Newtonian calculus instead of the stochastic one. It creates a precise and complete mathematical notation for the Information Theory and integrates it with the Finance Theory under uncertainty conditions. It integrates Gulko’s (1998 and 1998a) and Yang’s (1997) entropic approaches to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option. It precisely defines the uncertainty-price-neutral world (risk-neutral world), the martingale world, the informationally efficient world and the entropic world and their implications to the Investment Science and, more specifically, to the calculation of the rational price of ordinary assets and derivatives. It demonstrates with details the Black-Scholes-Merton formula of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option, improves the mathematical notation, simplifies it (by eliminating the martingale approach) and completes the demonstration done by Baxter & Rennie (1998). It breaks a succession of works that established a mistaken way to calculate the price of the simple ordinary European option. This mistake had its origin, much probably, in an edition of Brealey & Myers, who erroneously used a result from Cox & Rubinstein (1985). This result facilitates the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option by using a table that avoids the direct usage of the Black-Scholes-Merton formula. Brealey & Myers (since the 1991 fourth edition), Luehrman (in his two 1998 articles in HBR and in a 1995 case in HBS) and Edleson (1994 case published in HBS) teach that the percentage value found in this table must be multiplied by the price of the asset, when in reality it should have been multiplied by the present value of the strike price. The most important results of this thesis for Finance are: (i) development of a robust and economic alternative method, based on the maximum-entropy principle of the Information Theory and on Pearson’s Distribution System, to the calculation of a unique uncertainty-price-neutral probability measure (risk-neutral probability), (ii) achievement of a practical formula to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option on stocks, (iii) validation of the Black-Scholes-Merton formula on stocks, (iv) achievement of an adequate formula to the calculation of the rational price of the simple ordinary European option on bonds, (v) estimation of the implied entropic volatility of the price of an asset and (vi) definition and estimation of the entropic value-at-risk. There are still two important results to the Information Theory and to Economics: (i) a more precise distinction between uncertainty and risk and (ii) development of the forecast informational gain, an enhancement of the result of Theil (1967) and Benish (1999) by using the Kullback-Leibler divergence concept.

Im Mittelpunkt dieser kumulativ angefertigten Forschungsarbeit stehen vier prospektive Beobachtungsstudien, die die physischen und psychischen sowie sozial-emotionalen Effekte konventioneller Krebstherapien (Operation, Chemotherapie, Radiotherapie und Hormontherapie) auf Brustkrebspatientinnen in frühen Krebsstadien von der Diagnose über die Behandlung hinweg untersuchen. In der ersten Studie wird die feinmotorische Geschicklichkeit inklusive der Hand- und Fingerfunktion überprüft. Die zweite Studie beschäftigt sich mit individuellen Veränderungen physischer Leistungsfähigkeit und Aktivität, bioelektrischem Phasenwinkel, Symptomen krebsbedingter Fatigue, Angst und Depressivität sowie dem Auftreten von Risikoparametern. Im Fokus der dritten Studie stehen patientenberichtete Endpunkte der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität und der wahrgenommenen kognitiven Funktion. Ein biopsychosoziales Profil einschließlich klinischer Charakteristika, physischer Leistungsfähigkeit, Phasenwinkel, Angst, Depressivität, Fatigue-Symptomatik sowie gesundheitsbezogener Lebensqualität wird in einer vierten Studie erstellt.:In Kapitel 1 der vorliegenden kumulativen Dissertationsschrift erfolgt die Herleitung der dieser Arbeit zugrunde liegenden wissenschaftlichen Untersuchungen. In Kapitel 2 werden theoretische Grundlagen zur Brustkrebserkrankung erläutert, um dem Leser einen besseren Einblick in die Thematik zu bieten und das Verständnis der eigenen Beiträge zu fördern. Die Publikationen selbst können dem Anhang entnommen werden und stehen als Veröffentlichungen nach Peer-Review-Verfahren in internationalen Fachzeitschriften zur Verfügung. In Kapitel 3 wird das methodische Vorgehen zum Ablauf, Umsetzung und Analyse der Studien beschrieben. In Kapitel 4 werden die einzelnen Studien zur Übersicht zusammengefasst und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse präsentiert. Anschließend erfolgt die Diskussion der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse zu physischen und psychischen sowie sozial-emotionalen Effekten konventioneller Krebstherapien auf Brustkrebspatientinnen (Kapitel 5). Den Abschluss bildet eine kurze Zusammenfassung der Untersuchungen (Kapitel 6).