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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Metabolization of the glycation compounds 3-deoxyglucosone and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural by Saccharomyces yeasts

Kertsch, Anna-Lena, Brysch-Herzberg, Michael, Hellwig, Michael, Henle, Thomas 26 February 2024 (has links)
The Maillard reaction products (MRPs) 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which are formed during the thermal processing and storage of food, come into contact with technologically used yeasts during the fermentation of beer and wine. In order for the yeast cells to work efficiently, handling of the stress-inducing carbonyl compounds is essential. In the present study, the utilization of 3-DG and HMF by 13 Saccharomyces yeast strains (7 brewer’s yeast strains, 1 wine yeast strain, 6 yeast strains isolated from natural habitats) was investigated. All yeast strains studied were able to metabolize 3-DG and HMF. 3-DG is mainly reduced to 3-deoxyfructose (3-DF) and HMF is completely converted to 2,5-bishydroxymethylfuran (BHMF) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA). The ratio of conversion of HMF to BHMF and FFCA was found to be yeast strain-specific and no differences in the HMF stress tolerance of the yeast strains and species were observed. After incubation with 3-DG, varying amounts of intra- and extracellular 3-DF were found, pointing to a faster transport of 3-DG into the cells in the case of brewer’s yeast strains. Furthermore, the brewer’s yeast strains showed a significantly higher 3-DG stress resistance than the investigated yeast strains isolated from natural habitats. Thus, it can be shown for the first time that Saccharomyces yeast strains differ in their interaction of 3-DG induced carbonyl stress.
52

Conformal Thermal Models for Optimal Loading and Elapsed Life Estimation of Power Transformers

Pradhan, Manoj Kumar 08 1900 (has links)
Power and Generator Transformers are important and expensive elements of a power system. Inadvertent failure of Power Transformers would cause long interruption in power supply with consequent loss of reliability and revenue to the supply utilities. The mineral oil impregnated paper, OIP, is an insulation of choice in large power transformers in view of its excellent dielectric and other properties, besides being relatively inexpensive. During the normal working regime of the transformer, the insulation thereof is subjected to various stresses, the more important among them are, electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical. Each of these stresses, appearing singly, or in combination, would lead to a time variant deterioration in the properties of insulation, called Ageing. This normal and inevitable process of degradation in the several essential properties of the insulation is irreversible, is a non-Markov physico-chemical reaction kinetic process. The speed or the rapidity of insulation deterioration is a very strong function of the magnitude of the stresses and the duration over which they acted. This is further compounded, if the stresses are in synergy. During the processes of ageing, some, or all the vital properties undergo subtle changes, more often, not in step with the duration of time over which the damage has been accumulated. Often, these changes are non monotonic, thus presenting a random or a chaotic picture and understanding the processes leading to eventual failure becomes difficult. But, there is some order in this chaos, in that, the time average of the changes over short intervals of time, seems to indicate some degree of predictability. The status of insulation at any given point in time is assessed by measuring such of those properties as are sensitive to the amount of ageing and comparing it with earlier measurements. This procedure, called the Diagnostic or nondestructive Testing, has been in vogue for some time now. Of the many parameters used as sensitive indices of the dynamics of insulation degradation, temporal changes in temperatures at different locations in the body of the transformer, more precisely, the winding hot spots (HST) and top oil temperature (TOT) are believed to give a fairly accurate indication of the rate of degradation. Further, an accurate estimation of the temperatures would enable to determine the loading limit (loadability) of power transformer. To estimate the temperature rise reasonably accurately, one has to resort to classical mathematical techniques involving formulation and solution of boundary value problem of heat conduction under carefully prescribed boundary conditions. Several complications are encountered in the development of the governing equations for the emergent heat transfer problems. The more important among them are, the inhomogeneous composition of the insulation structure and of the conductor, divergent flow patterns of the oil phase and inordinately varying thermal properties of conductor and insulation. Validation and reconfirmation of the findings of the thermal models can be made using state of the art methods, such as, Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). Over the years, different criteria have been prescribed for the prediction of terminal or end of life (EOL) of equipment from the standpoint of its insulation. But, thus far, no straightforward and unequivocal criterion is forth coming. Calculation of elapsed life in line with the existing methodology, given by IEEE, IEC, introduces unacceptable degrees of uncertainty. It is needless to say that, any conformal procedure proposed in the accurate prediction of EOL, has to be based on a technically feasible and economically viable consideration. A systematic study for understanding the dynamical nature of ageing in transformers in actual service is precluded for reasons very well known. Laboratory experiments on prototypes or pro-rated units fabricated based on similarity studies, are performed under controlled conditions and at accelerated stress levels to reduce experimental time. The results thereof can then be judiciously extrapolated to normal operating conditions and for full size equipment. The terms of reference of the present work are as follows; 1. Computation of TOT and HST Theoretical model based on Boundary Value Problem of Heat Conduction Application of AI Techniques 2. Experimental Investigation for estimating the Elapsed Life of transformers Based on the experimental investigation a semi-empirical expression has been developed to estimate the loss of life of power and station transformer by analyzing gas content and furfural dissolved in oil without performing off-line and destructive tests.
53

Étude de la formation de polluants lors de la combustion de carburants oxygénés / Study of the formation of pollutants during the combustion of oxygenated fuels

Tran, Luc Sy 10 December 2013 (has links)
L'épuisement des réserves pétrolières et l'augmentation de la concentration du gaz à effet de serre CO2 sont les deux principaux problèmes connus liés à l'utilisation des carburants fossiles. Les biocarburants apparaissent comme un des moyens permettant à la fois une diminution de la dépendance au pétrole et une réduction de l'impact néfaste des moteurs automobiles sur l'environnement. Les biocarburants sont en effet considérés comme une source d'énergie renouvelable. L'objectif de cette thèse était de développer et valider les modèles cinétiques de combustion des composés oxygénés de biocarburants : l'éthanol, les biocarburants de deuxième-génération des familles du furane (furane, 2-méthylfurane, 2,5-diméthylfurane), du tétrahydrofurane (tétrahydrofurane, 2-méthyltétrahydrofurane) et le tétrahydropyrane, en utilisant les nouvelles données obtenues en flamme laminaire pré-mélangée à basse pression. De 20 à 60 produits ont été quantifiés par chromatographie en phase gazeuse et identifiés par couplage avec la spectrométrie de masse. Les résultats obtenus ont ensuite été utilisés pour analyser les voies de consommation des réactifs et de formation des produits, surtout pour les polluants, dans le but de mieux comprendre la chimie de la combustion de ces biocarburants. Ce rapport comprend 5 chapitres et une conclusion. Le premier chapitre présente une revue bibliographique des travaux antérieurs sur l'oxydation de l'éthanol et des éthers cycliques. Dans le second chapitre, le dispositif expérimental est décrit, en détaillant en particulier les nouveaux développements. Enfin les chapitres 3, 4, 5 présentent les résultats de l'étude de la combustion des composés étudiés / The decrease of petroleum reserves and the increase of concentration of greenhouse gas CO2 are the two major known problems related to the use of fossil fuels. Bio-fuels appear as a means allowing a decrease of the dependence on fossil fuels and a reduction of the harmful impact of engine on the environment. Bio fuels are considered as a source of renewable energy. The aim of this thesis was to develop and validate experimentally the high temperature kinetic models for the combustion of oxygenated compounds of bio-fuels: ethanol, second-generation bio-fuels of families of furan (furan, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran), of tetrahydrofuran (tetrahydrofuran, 2 methyltetrahydrofuran), and tetrahydropyran, using new data obtained in laminar premixed low-pressure flame. About 20-60 products were quantified by gas chromatography and identified using mass spectrometry. The results obtained were then used to analyze the consumption pathways of fuels and the formation pathways of products, especially for pollutants, in order to better understand the combustion chemistry of these bio-fuels. This thesis report includes 5 chapters and a conclusion. The first chapter presents a review of the major works already published in the literature for the oxidation of ethanol and cyclic ethers. In the second chapter, the experimental setup of laminar premixed flame with the analytical techniques is described, detailing in particular new developments. Eventually, chapters 3, 4, 5 present the experimental and modeling results of the study of the combustion chemistry of the compounds studied
54

Evaluation of Synergistic, Additive and Antagonistic Effects During Combined Pressure-thermal Treatment on Selected Liquid Food Constituents by Reaction Kinetic Approach

Dhakal, Santosh January 2016 (has links)
No description available.
55

Oberflächenfunktionalisierung von Poly(dimethyl)siloxan

Ullmann, Robert 12 December 2012 (has links)
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Synthese und Charakterisierung eines thermisch-kontrollierten und eines photochemisch-kontrollierten reversiblen Polymersystems vorgestellt. Weiterhin werden Poly(dimethyl)siloxan-Oberflächen mit Amino-, Isocyanat-, Furan-, Maleimid- und Cumarin-Gruppen funktionalisiert. Hierbei werden sowohl bekannte als auch neuartige Wege der Oberflächenmodifizierung vergleichend untersucht und bewertet. Ausgehend von den hergestellten Cumarin-funktionalisierten Poly(dimethyl)siloxan-Oberflächen wird eine Anbindung des synthetisierten photochemisch-kontrollierten reversiblen Polymersystems an diese Oberflächen untersucht. Des Weiteren wird die Anbindung des synthetisierten thermisch kontrollierten reversiblen Polymersystems sowohl an den hergestellten Maleimid- als auch an den Furan-funktionalisierten Poly(dimethyl)siloxan-Oberflächen analysiert. Basierend auf den vorgestellten Cumarin-Funktionalisierungen werden photoaktive Oberflächen beschrieben und mittels ATR-IR-spektroskopischer und UV/Vis-spektroskopischer Methoden analysiert.:Inhaltsverzeichnis 6 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 10 Kapitel I Einleitung und Zielstellung 13 I.I Poly(dimethyl)siloxan 13 I.II Funktionalisierung von Oberflächen 15 I.III Reversible Polymere an Oberflächen 18 I.IV Photoaktive Oberflächen 20 Kapitel II Sauerstoffplasma-Modifizierung 21 II.I Vorbetrachtung 21 II.I. a) Plasmen – Definition und Charakterisierung 21 II.I. b) Technisch angewandte Plasmaprozesse 24 II.II Hintergrund und Motivation Sauerstoffplasma-modifizierter PDMS-Oberflächen 27 II.II. a) ATR-IR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung von Sauerstoffplasma-modifizierten PDMS-Oberflächen 28 II.II. b) Rasterkraftmikroskopische Charakterisierung von Sauerstoffplasma-modifizierten PDMS-Oberflächen 34 II.II. c) Untersuchungen zum Quellverhalten von PDMS 35 II.III Zusammenfassung 38 II.IV Experimenteller Teil 39 II.IV. a) Herstellung von Substraten aus Poly(dimethyl)siloxan 39 II.IV. b) Sauerstoffplasma-Modifikation von Poly(dimethyl)siloxan 39 Kapitel III Amino-funktionalisierte Oberflächen 40 III.I Hintergrund und Motivation Amino-funktionalisierter Oberflächen 40 III.I. a) Amino-Funktionalisierung mittels 3 Aminopropyltriethoxysilan (APTES) 41 III.I. b) Amino-Funktionalisierung nach Balachander & Sukenik 43 III.I. c) Amino-Funktionalisierung mittels Phenylendiisocyanat (PDI) 45 III.II Kontaktwinkelanalyse von unterschiedlichen Amino-Beschichtungen 48 III.III Zusammenfassung 49 III.IV Experimenteller Teil 50 III.IV. a) Amino-Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten mittels APTES 50 III.IV. b) Amino-Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten nach Balachander & Sukenik 50 III.IV. c) Amino-Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten mittels PDI 51 Kapitel IV Maleimid-funktionalisierte Oberflächen 52 IV.I Hintergrund und Motivation Maleimid-funktionalisierter Oberflächen 52 IV.II Synthese Maleimid-funktionalisierter PDMS-Oberflächen 53 IV.II. a) Syntheseroute via Maleinsäureanhydrid (MSA-Route) 53 IV.II. b) Trichlorosilyl-funktionalisierte Maleimid-Derivate 56 IV.III Experimenteller Teil 59 IV.III. a) Synthese eines furangeschützten Maleimids 59 IV.III. b) Synthese eines furangeschützten Undec-10-enyl-1-maleimids (13) 59 IV.III. c) Synthese eines furangeschützten 11-Trichlorosilyl-undecyl-1-maleimids (14) 60 IV.III. d) Maleimid-Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten mittels MSA 61 IV.III. e) Maleimid-Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten mittels trichlorosilyl-funktionalisierter Maleimid-Derivate 62 Kapitel V Furan-funktionalisierte Oberflächen 63 V.I Hintergrund und Motivation Furan-funktionalisierter Oberflächen 63 V.II Herstellung Furan-funktionalisierter PDMS-Oberflächen 65 V.II. a) Trichlorosilyl-funktionalisierte Furan-Derivate an Hydroxyl-Oberflächen 65 V.II. b) Furfural an Amino-Oberflächen 67 V.II. c) Furfurylalkohol an Isocyanat-Oberflächen 69 V.III Zusammenfassung 71 V.IV Experimenteller Teil 72 V.IV. a) Synthese von Undec-10-enyl-furan-2-carboxylat (15) vgl. 72 V.IV. b) Synthese von 11-(Trichlorosilyl)undecyl- furan-2-carboxylat (16) vgl. 72 V.IV. c) Furan-Funktionalisierung mittels 11 (Trichlorosilyl)undecyl furan 2 carboxylat (16) 73 V.IV. d) Furan-Funktionalisierung mittels Furfural nach 74 V.IV. e) Furan-Funktionalisierung mittels Furfurylalkohol vgl. 74 Kapitel VI Reversible Polymere 75 VI.I Hintergrund und Motivation reversibler Polymere 75 VI.II Thermisch-kontrollierte reversible Polymerisation (DIELS-ALDER-Reaktion) 77 VI.II. a) Hintergrund thermisch-kontrollierter reversibler Polymerisationen 77 VI.II. b) DIELS-ALDER-AB-Monomer mit flexiblem Spacer 80 VI.II. c) Charakterisierung der thermisch-kontrollierten Polymerisation 83 VI.III Zusammenfassung 96 VI.IV Photochemisch-kontrollierte reversible Polymerisation 97 VI.IV. a) Hintergrund photochemisch-kontrollierter reversibler Polymerisationen 97 VI.IV. b) Synthese geeigneter Biscumarine 101 VI.V Experimenteller Teil 108 VI.V. a) Thermisch-kontrollierte reversible Polymerisationen 108 VI.V. b) Photochemisch-kontrollierte reversible Polymerisationen 114 Kapitel VII Reversible Polymere an Oberflächen 117 VII.I Anbinden von DIELS-ALDER-AB-Polymeren an Maleimid- und Furan-Oberflächen 117 VII.I. a) ATR-IR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung 119 VII.II Zusammenfassung 121 VII.III Anbinden von Biscumarinen an Cumarin-Oberflächen 122 VII.III. a) ATR-IR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung 123 VII.IV Zusammenfassung 125 VII.V Experimenteller Teil 126 VII.V. a) Anbinden von DIELS-ALDER-AB-Polymeren an Maleimid-Oberflächen 126 VII.V. b) Anbinden von DIELS-ALDER-AB-Polymeren an Furan-Oberflächen 126 VII.V. c) Anbinden von Biscumarin an Cumarin-Oberflächen 126 Kapitel VIII Photoaktive Oberflächen 127 VIII.I Hintergrund und Motivation Cumarin-funktionalisierter Oberflächen 127 VIII.II Synthese Cumarin-funktionalisierter PDMS-Oberflächen 129 VIII.II. a) Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Oberflächen mit Cumarin-Gruppen 129 VIII.II. b) Allgemeine Bemerkung zur Wahl des Lösungsmittels 130 VIII.II. c) Photochemie von Cumarin-funktionalisierten PDMS-Oberflächen 131 VIII.II. d) ATR-IR-spektroskopische Charakterisierung photoaktiver Cumarin-Beschichtungen 132 VIII.III UV/Vis-spektroskopische Charakterisierung photoaktiver Cumarin-Beschichtungen 137 VIII.III. a) Belichtung mit UVA-Strahlung 137 VIII.III. b) Belichtung mit UVC-Strahlung 140 VIII.IV Zusammenfassung 142 VIII.V Experimenteller Teil 144 VIII.V. a) Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten mit Isocyanat 144 VIII.V. b) Funktionalisierung von PDMS-Substraten mit Cumarin 144 VIII.V. c) Photochemisch-kontrollierte Modifikation von PDMS-Substraten mit Cumarin-Beschichtung 144 Kapitel IX Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 145 Kapitel X Anhang 150 X.I Messmethoden 150 X.I. a) ATR-IR-Spektroskopie 150 X.I. b) UV/Vis-Spektroskopie 150 X.I. c) Kontaktwinkelanalyse 151 X.I. d) Rasterkraftmikroskopie (AFM) 151 X.I. e) NMR-Spektroskopie 152 X.I. f) Größenausschluss-Chromatographie (SEC) 152 X.I. g) Thermoanalyse (TA) 152 X.I. h) Thermogravimetrie (TGA) 153 X.I. i) Dynamische Differenzkalorimetrie (DSC) 153 X.II Trocknen von Lösungsmitteln , 153 Kapitel XI Literatur 154 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 161 Lebenslauf 162 Danksagung 163

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