Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo suscitar reflexões sobre experiência, autoria e linguagens entrelaçadas no ensino-aprendizagem de francês língua estrangeira em contexto escolar por meio da análise e da discussão de problematizações e temas apresentados no formato de um inventaire futile, exercício de escrita realizado, entre outros, por Roland Barthes (1975) e Jean-Pierre Jeunet (1989) e que tem por base a enumeração e as listas (Eco, 2009). Todos os temas do inventário foram desencadeados por interações vividas nas aulas da disciplina Francês, ministrada no Ensino Médio da Escola de Aplicação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (EA-FEUSP) desde 2010, mas especialmente no período de 2014 a 2018, e por relatos dos(as) alunos(as) em seu journal de bord uma proposta trimestral de atividade extra-classe. As pesquisas em educação (Meirieu, 2005; Freire, 2015; Masschelein & Simons, 2015), principalmente as pós-críticas (Silva, 2008; Larrosa, 2002, 2008, 2011; Corazza, 2013) e as pesquisas sobre o pós-método no ensino de línguas estrangeiras (Kumaravadivelu, 1994, 2003, 2006) constituíram a fundamentação teórica para o estudo e a análise de tais interações e permitiu-nos conhecer, por meio do confronto do que foi proposto para o ensino com o que foi relatado pelos(as) estudantes, as perspectivas de quem ensina e as de quem aprende uma língua estrangeira. / This research had the objective of encouraging reflections on experience, authorship and intertwined languages on teaching and learning French as a foreign language in a school context through analysis and discussion of problematizations and themes presented in the format of an Inventaire Futile, a writing exercise performed by Roland Barthes (1975) and Jean-Pierre Jeunet (1989), among others, and which is based on enumeration and lists (Eco, 2009). Every inventory theme has emerged from interactions within French classes taught at the Secondary School of the School of Application of the School of Education at the University of São Paulo (EA-FEUSP) since 2010, but specially in the period from 2014 to 2018. It also emerged from students\' accounts on their journal de bord - a quarterly proposal for extra-class activity. Researches on education (Meirieu, 2005; Freire, 2015; Masschelein & Simons, 2015), mainly post-criticism ones (Silva, 2008; Larrosa, 2002, 2008, 2011; Corazza, 2013), and researches on postmethod for teaching foreign languages (Kumaravadivelu, 1994, 2003, 2006) provided the theoretical foundation for us to study and analyze such interactions. It allowed us to learn the perspectives of those who teach and of those who learn a foreign language by confronting what was proposed for teaching with what was reported by the students.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo suscitar reflexões sobre experiência, autoria e linguagens entrelaçadas no ensino-aprendizagem de francês língua estrangeira em contexto escolar por meio da análise e da discussão de problematizações e temas apresentados no formato de um inventaire futile, exercício de escrita realizado, entre outros, por Roland Barthes (1975) e Jean-Pierre Jeunet (1989) e que tem por base a enumeração e as listas (Eco, 2009). Todos os temas do inventário foram desencadeados por interações vividas nas aulas da disciplina Francês, ministrada no Ensino Médio da Escola de Aplicação da Faculdade de Educação da Universidade de São Paulo (EA-FEUSP) desde 2010, mas especialmente no período de 2014 a 2018, e por relatos dos(as) alunos(as) em seu journal de bord uma proposta trimestral de atividade extra-classe. As pesquisas em educação (Meirieu, 2005; Freire, 2015; Masschelein & Simons, 2015), principalmente as pós-críticas (Silva, 2008; Larrosa, 2002, 2008, 2011; Corazza, 2013) e as pesquisas sobre o pós-método no ensino de línguas estrangeiras (Kumaravadivelu, 1994, 2003, 2006) constituíram a fundamentação teórica para o estudo e a análise de tais interações e permitiu-nos conhecer, por meio do confronto do que foi proposto para o ensino com o que foi relatado pelos(as) estudantes, as perspectivas de quem ensina e as de quem aprende uma língua estrangeira. / This research had the objective of encouraging reflections on experience, authorship and intertwined languages on teaching and learning French as a foreign language in a school context through analysis and discussion of problematizations and themes presented in the format of an Inventaire Futile, a writing exercise performed by Roland Barthes (1975) and Jean-Pierre Jeunet (1989), among others, and which is based on enumeration and lists (Eco, 2009). Every inventory theme has emerged from interactions within French classes taught at the Secondary School of the School of Application of the School of Education at the University of São Paulo (EA-FEUSP) since 2010, but specially in the period from 2014 to 2018. It also emerged from students\' accounts on their journal de bord - a quarterly proposal for extra-class activity. Researches on education (Meirieu, 2005; Freire, 2015; Masschelein & Simons, 2015), mainly post-criticism ones (Silva, 2008; Larrosa, 2002, 2008, 2011; Corazza, 2013), and researches on postmethod for teaching foreign languages (Kumaravadivelu, 1994, 2003, 2006) provided the theoretical foundation for us to study and analyze such interactions. It allowed us to learn the perspectives of those who teach and of those who learn a foreign language by confronting what was proposed for teaching with what was reported by the students.

We present the first characterization of K+ optimization of N uptake and metabolism in an NH4+-tolerant species, tropical lowland rice (cv. IR-72). 13N radiotracing showed that increased K+ supply reduces futile NH4+ cycling at the plasma membrane, diminishing the excessive rates of both unidirectional influx and efflux. Pharmacological testing showed that low-affinity NH4+ influx may be mediated by both K+ and non-selective cation channels. Suppression of NH4+ influx by K+ occurred within minutes of increasing K+ supply. Increased K+ reduced free [NH4+] in roots and shoots by 50-75%. Plant biomass was maximized on 10 mM NH4+ and 5 mM K+, with growth 160% higher than 10 mM NO3--grown plants, and 220% higher than plants grown at 10 mM NH4+ and 0.1 mM K+. Unlike in NH4+-sensitive barley, growth optimization was not attributed to a reduced energy cost of futile NH4+ cycling at the plasma membrane. Activities of the key enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were strongly stimulated by elevated K+, mirroring plant growth and protein content. Improved plant performance through optimization of K+ and NH4+ is likely to be of substantial agronomic significance in the world’s foremost crop species.

We present the first characterization of K+ optimization of N uptake and metabolism in an NH4+-tolerant species, tropical lowland rice (cv. IR-72). 13N radiotracing showed that increased K+ supply reduces futile NH4+ cycling at the plasma membrane, diminishing the excessive rates of both unidirectional influx and efflux. Pharmacological testing showed that low-affinity NH4+ influx may be mediated by both K+ and non-selective cation channels. Suppression of NH4+ influx by K+ occurred within minutes of increasing K+ supply. Increased K+ reduced free [NH4+] in roots and shoots by 50-75%. Plant biomass was maximized on 10 mM NH4+ and 5 mM K+, with growth 160% higher than 10 mM NO3--grown plants, and 220% higher than plants grown at 10 mM NH4+ and 0.1 mM K+. Unlike in NH4+-sensitive barley, growth optimization was not attributed to a reduced energy cost of futile NH4+ cycling at the plasma membrane. Activities of the key enzymes glutamine synthetase (GS) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) were strongly stimulated by elevated K+, mirroring plant growth and protein content. Improved plant performance through optimization of K+ and NH4+ is likely to be of substantial agronomic significance in the world’s foremost crop species.

To live and die according to law. Interdisciplinary theoretical thoughts on person’s life and the right to lifeThe article discusses different considerations on the right to lifeand life protected by law from an anthropologic and legal bioethics perspective based on the analysis made between «the living’s life» and «the person’s life» distinctions as well as thoughts about ill person’s will restrictions at the final stage of his life. / El artículo aborda, desde la perspectiva de la antropología y la bioética jurídica, una serie de consideraciones sobre el derecho a la vida y la vida protegida por el derecho, partiendo de analizar las distinciones entre la vida del viviente y la vida de la persona, y reflexionando desde allí sobre los límites a la voluntad del sujeto enfermo que se encuentra en el tramo final de su existencia.

Moral distress is a state of concern or anxiety that occurs when there is a correct action to take but an individual's ability to take that action is constrained in some way. Nurses, especially those who work in intensive care units (ICUs), may struggle with moral distress due to feelings of futility when caring for end-of-life patients. The purpose of this 1-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, guided by Lazarus's theory of stress, coping, and adaptation, was to determine whether End-of-Life Nursing Education Consortium (ELNEC) education reduces moral distress in ICU nurses caring for end-of-life patients. A revised Moral Distress Survey (MDS-R 2017) by Hamric was given before and after ELNEC education to determine whether ELNEC reduced ICU nurses' moral distress level in relation to providing end-of-life care. Participants were 56 ICU nurses recruited from several healthcare institutions in the northeastern United States. Dependent t-test results showed that there was a significant difference (p = .002) in the intensity and frequency of moral distress in ICU nurses before versus after participating in an ELNEC education program. Recommendations for future study include investigating the potential long-term effects of ELNEC education on moral distress, using a larger sample size, and including nurses who work in areas other than ICU. This study may contribute to the development of interventions to reduce moral distress in nurses to make them less likely to leave their employers, subject to lower levels of moral distress, and able to achieve greater emotional and physical well-being. In showing that providing nurses with additional education can decrease their moral distress, this study may promote decreased job turnover and increased physical well-being for nurses, as well as improved nursing care at the end of life which may affect positive social change.

L'obésité est une maladie associée à de nombreuses complications comme le diabète de type 2, l'hypertension et le cancer. De nos jours, les modifications au mode de vie, tels l’alimentation et le niveau d’activité physique, ne sont pas suffisants pour combattre les effets délétères de l'obésité. La pharmacothérapie est un traitement alternatif bien que les effets bénéfiques soient temporaires et ne peuvent être maintenus à long terme. Le besoin pour un traitement bénéfique à long terme sans effet secondaire n'est pas comblé. Mieux connu pour son rôle dans la régulation de la pression artérielle, le système rénine-angiotensine favorise l'entreposage du gras. Le récepteur à la prorénine et à la rénine est une composante du système rénine-angiotensine. Ainsi, le récepteur qui amplifie l'activation de celui-ci pourrait avoir un rôle clé dans le gain de masse grasse. Le but de ce projet de thèse est d'évaluer le rôle du récepteur à la prorénine et à la rénine dans le développement de l'obésité et de ses complications chez la souris et ce, en utilisant une combinaison de diète riche en gras et en hydrates de carbone et du handle region peptide, un bloqueur du récepteur à la prorénine à la rénine. Après une période de 10 semaines, nous avons constaté que l'expression et la protéine du récepteur à la prorénine et à la rénine augmentent spécifiquement dans le tissu adipeux sous-cutané et viscéral des souris obèses. Lorsqu'administré en concomitance avec une diète riche en gras et en hydrates de carbone, le handle region peptide favorise chez la souris des diminutions des gains des masses corporelles et adipeuses viscérales. Une diminution de l'expression de l'enzyme catalysant la dernière étape de la lipogenèse pourrait être responsable de la réduction de gras viscéral. Chez les mêmes animaux, l'expression de plusieurs adipokines est également diminuée dans le tissu adipeux suggérant une réduction de la résistance à l'insuline, de l'inflammation et de l'infiltration des macrophages localement dans le gras sous-cutané et viscéral. L'augmentation de l'expression d’un marqueur de l'adipogenèse dans le tissu adipeux sous-cutané pourrait suggérer un plus grand nombre d'adipocytes. Cela pourrait tamponner l'excès d'acides gras libres circulants puisque nous avons constaté une diminution de ce paramètre chez les souris ayant une diète riche en gras et en hydrates de carbone et traitées avec le peptide. Nous avons émis l'hypothèse qu'un cycle futile pourrait être activé dans le gras sous-cutané car nous avons observé une augmentation de l'expression de plusieurs enzymes impliquées dans la lipogenèse et dans la lipolyse. Le ''brunissement'' du tissu adipeux est la présence de cellules similaires aux adipocytes bruns dans le tissu adipeux qui sont caractérisés par une grande densité mitochondriale et la thermogenèse. L'augmentation de l'expression des marqueurs de ''brunissement'' et de biogenèse de mitochondrie dans le gras sous-cutané suggère que le ''brunissement'' pourrait également être activé dans ce dépôt de gras. La sensibilité à l'insuline chez ces animaux pourrait être améliorée telle que suggérée en circulation par la diminution de l'insuline, par le glucose qui change peu, par l'augmentation du ratio glucose sur insuline ainsi que par un changement potentiel dans la corrélation entre le poids corporel de la souris et les niveaux d’adiponectine circulante. Nos travaux suggèrent que le handle region peptide pourrait augmenter la capacité du tissu adipeux sous-cutané à métaboliser les lipides circulants avec l'activation potentielle d'un cycle futile et le ''brunissement''. Cela préviendrait le dépôt ectopique de lipides vers les compartiments viscéraux comme le suggère la réduction de masse adipeuse viscérale chez les souris ayant une diète riche en gras et en hydrates de carbone et traitées avec le peptide. Utilisant un modèle de souris, cette étude démontre le potentiel pharmacologique du handle region peptide comme un nouveau traitement pour prévenir l'obésité. / Obesity is a disease associated with multiple complications such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Nowadays, lifestyle modifications, such as eating habits and physical activity, are simply not enough to counter the deleterious effects of obesity. Pharmacotherapy is used as an alternative treatment although beneficial effects are temporary and cannot be maintained in the long run. The current medical need for a treatment with long term beneficial outcomes devoid of side effects is unmet. Best known for its role in blood pressure regulation, the renin-angiotensin system has recently been attributed a role in favouring fat storage. The prorenin and renin receptor is a component of renin-angiotensin system that amplifies its activation. Thus, the prorenin and renin receptor might play a key role in gaining fat mass. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of the prorenin and renin receptor in the development of obesity and its complications in mice using a combination of high-fat and high carbohydrate diet and the handle region peptide, a blocker of the prorenin and renin receptor. After a period of 10 weeks, we have found that the prorenin and renin receptor is increased specifically in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of obese mice. When administered simultaneously with a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet, the handle region peptide reduced body weight gain in mice with similar decrease in visceral fat mass. Decreased expression of the enzyme catalyzing the last step of lipogenesis could be responsible for the reduction in visceral fat mass. In the same animals, the expressions of several adipokines were also decreased in adipose tissue suggesting reduced insulin resistance, inflammation and macrophage infiltration locally in subcutaneous and visceral fat. Increased expression of a marker of adipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue could suggest higher adipocyte number. This would buffer excess circulating free fatty acid since we have noticed a reduction in the latter in mice on a high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet and treated with the peptide. We hypothesized that a futile cycle could be activated in subcutaneous fat because we have observed increased expression of several enzymes implicated in lipogenesis and lipolysis. « Beiging » is defined as the presence of brown-like adipocytes in adipose tissue which is characterized by high mitochondrial density and thermogenesis. Increased expression of markers for « beiging » and mitochondrial biogenesis in subcutaneous fat suggests that « beiging » could also be activated in this fat pad. Insulin sensitivity in these animals could be improved as suggested in the circulation by decreased insulin, similar glucose, increased glucose on insulin ratio as well as a possible change in the correlation between mouse body weight and circulating adiponectin levels. Our work suggests that the handle region peptide could increase the capacity of subcutaneous adipose tissue to metabolize circulating lipids with a potential activation of a futile cycle and « beiging ». This would prevent ectopic deposition of fat in visceral compartments as suggested by the reduction in visceral fat mass in mice on high-fat and high-carbohydrate diet and treated with the peptide. Using a mice model, this study demonstrates the pharmacological potential of the handle region peptide as a novel treatment to prevent obesity.

A cidade de São Paulo registrou altas taxas de homicídio durante os anos 1990 e 2000. Este fenômeno está profundamente relacionado com os elevados níveis de criminalidade urbana no final de 1970. Em geral, os estudos sobre crimes violentos enfatizam o impacto da distribuição desigual de direitos, o domínio do crime organizado, e incapacidade do Estado para fazer cumprir a lei e manter a ordem. No entanto, há uma falta de literatura sobre os crimes violentos como resultado de conflitos interpessoais. Esta dissertação propõe transitar do o nível macro ao nível micro de análise, bem como mudar o foco dos estudos de homicídios para os estudos sobre conflito. Os dados utilizados foram autos de processo penal para crime de homicídio registrados entre 1991 e 1997 em 16 delegacias das regiões Norte e Oeste do município de São Paulo; foram selecionados 30 processos de conflitos ocorridos em bares. Este estudo analisou também o entendimento jurídico da banalidade. Nos últimos anos, aumentou o discurso de certos meios de comunicação sobre as razões triviais dos crimes violentos. Identificou-se que os conceitos banais e fúteis são manipulados a fim de qualificar tipos aceitáveis de sensibilidade e emoções sociais envolvidos em crimes violentos. Por fim, foi examinado como agressores, vítimas e testemunhas justificam os conflitos e as violências deles resultantes. Identificou-se que as hostilidades são consequência de brigas ou desafios públicos; isso significa que o conflito surge como uma forma de estabelecer limites e fronteiras para as autoridades sociais. Neste cenário, tem-se como resultado que a desconfiança interpessoal parece sustentar o uso da violência. / The city of São Paulo recorded high rates of homicide during the 1990s and 2000s. This phenomenon was deeply related with the high levels of urban crime in the late 1970s. In general, the violent crime studies emphasize the impact of unequal distribution of rights, the domain of organized crime, and the state\'s inability to enforce the law and maintain the order. However, there is a lack of literature on the violent crimes as result of interpersonal conflict. This master thesis proposes to move from the macro level toward micro level of analysis, and change the focus from homicide studies into interpersonal conflict studies. The data used were criminal records of murders between 1991 and 1997, gathering in 16 police stations located in the North and West areas of São Paulo; it was selected 30 violent crimes committed in bars. This study also examined the legal understanding of banality. In recent years, certain media discourse has increased around \"trivial reasons\" of violent crimes. It was identified that the banal and futile concepts are manipulated in order to qualify acceptable types of sensibilities and social emotions involved in violent crimes. Lastly, it is examined how offenders, victims and witnesses justify the conflicts and the interpersonal violence outcomes. It was identified that the hostilities is consequence of quarrels or public challenges; it means the conflict arises as a way of setting limits and boundaries for the social authorities. As a result, in this scenario interpersonal distrust seems to sustain the use of violence.

A cidade de São Paulo registrou altas taxas de homicídio durante os anos 1990 e 2000. Este fenômeno está profundamente relacionado com os elevados níveis de criminalidade urbana no final de 1970. Em geral, os estudos sobre crimes violentos enfatizam o impacto da distribuição desigual de direitos, o domínio do crime organizado, e incapacidade do Estado para fazer cumprir a lei e manter a ordem. No entanto, há uma falta de literatura sobre os crimes violentos como resultado de conflitos interpessoais. Esta dissertação propõe transitar do o nível macro ao nível micro de análise, bem como mudar o foco dos estudos de homicídios para os estudos sobre conflito. Os dados utilizados foram autos de processo penal para crime de homicídio registrados entre 1991 e 1997 em 16 delegacias das regiões Norte e Oeste do município de São Paulo; foram selecionados 30 processos de conflitos ocorridos em bares. Este estudo analisou também o entendimento jurídico da banalidade. Nos últimos anos, aumentou o discurso de certos meios de comunicação sobre as razões triviais dos crimes violentos. Identificou-se que os conceitos banais e fúteis são manipulados a fim de qualificar tipos aceitáveis de sensibilidade e emoções sociais envolvidos em crimes violentos. Por fim, foi examinado como agressores, vítimas e testemunhas justificam os conflitos e as violências deles resultantes. Identificou-se que as hostilidades são consequência de brigas ou desafios públicos; isso significa que o conflito surge como uma forma de estabelecer limites e fronteiras para as autoridades sociais. Neste cenário, tem-se como resultado que a desconfiança interpessoal parece sustentar o uso da violência. / The city of São Paulo recorded high rates of homicide during the 1990s and 2000s. This phenomenon was deeply related with the high levels of urban crime in the late 1970s. In general, the violent crime studies emphasize the impact of unequal distribution of rights, the domain of organized crime, and the state\'s inability to enforce the law and maintain the order. However, there is a lack of literature on the violent crimes as result of interpersonal conflict. This master thesis proposes to move from the macro level toward micro level of analysis, and change the focus from homicide studies into interpersonal conflict studies. The data used were criminal records of murders between 1991 and 1997, gathering in 16 police stations located in the North and West areas of São Paulo; it was selected 30 violent crimes committed in bars. This study also examined the legal understanding of banality. In recent years, certain media discourse has increased around \"trivial reasons\" of violent crimes. It was identified that the banal and futile concepts are manipulated in order to qualify acceptable types of sensibilities and social emotions involved in violent crimes. Lastly, it is examined how offenders, victims and witnesses justify the conflicts and the interpersonal violence outcomes. It was identified that the hostilities is consequence of quarrels or public challenges; it means the conflict arises as a way of setting limits and boundaries for the social authorities. As a result, in this scenario interpersonal distrust seems to sustain the use of violence.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2018-01-31T14:58:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2870522 bytes, checksum: 9a66acf4e1e01494613efb41e9fea8bf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-31T14:58:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2870522 bytes, checksum: 9a66acf4e1e01494613efb41e9fea8bf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-28 / The theme of urban violence in Brazil is increasingly becoming the subject of national concern; and the city of João Pessoa, in recent years, presented its highest rates of intentional homicide lethal. The different ways in which everyday violence manifests itself in the national, regional and local levels, is a major challenge for research seeking to interpret the phenomenon from its multifarious forms that interact with analysis of more general factors, such as the crime and diversion. However, in the social sciences and particularly in sociology, there is a lack of literature about the killings for trivial, clumsy or banal reasons, in Brazil. This study aims to evaluate the lethal outcomes among individuals marked by neighborly ties with rational actions for particular solution of interpersonal conflicts. the criminal proceedings related to cases of intentional murder were futile used for trivial reasons, practiced in the metropolitan region of João Pessoa, selected from the notoriety that cases reached through the media. Was analyzed as social actors announce in court proceedings, the modus operandi of violent acts, without the mediation - conscious or unconscious - of the state for the resolution of disputes under the canopy of the management of internal mechanisms of control of emotions and the effects the furious conduct of an (in)dividual on the Other produces the imaginary and social life. / O tema da violência urbana no Brasil é, cada vez, mais objeto da preocupação nacional; e a cidade de João Pessoa, nos últimos anos, apresentou suas maiores taxas de homicídio letal intencional. As diferentes formas como a violência cotidiana se manifesta, nas esferas nacional, regional e local, constituem um dos grandes desafios para as pesquisas que procuram interpretar o fenômeno a partir das suas formas multifacetadas que interagem com análises de fatores mais gerais, a exemplo do crime e do desvio. Entretanto, nas ciências sociais, e especialmente na sociologia, há falta de literatura especializada quanto aos homicídios praticados por razões fúteis, torpes ou banais, no Brasil. O presente estudo propõe avaliar os desfechos letais entre indivíduos marcados por vínculos de vizinhança, com ações racionais para a solução particular de conflitos interpessoais. Foram utilizados os processos-crime referentes aos casos de homicídio fútil intencional, por razões fúteis, praticados na região metropolitana de João Pessoa, selecionados a partir da notoriedade que os casos alcançaram nos meios de comunicação. Foi analisado como os atores sociais anunciam nos processos judiciais o modus operandi das ações violentas, sem a mediação – consciente ou inconsciente – do Estado para a resolução das desavenças, sob o pálio da gestão dos mecanismos internos de controle das emoções e os efeitos que a conduta furiosa de um (in)divíduo sobre o Outro produz no imaginário e na vida social.