In this thesis I present a nonequilibrium quantum field theory that describes the production of molecular dimers from a two-component quantum-degenerate atomic Fermi gas, via a linear downward sweep of a magnetic field across an s-wave Feshbach resonance. This problem raises interest because it is presently unclear as to why deviations from the universal Landau-Zener formula for the transition probability at two-level crossing are observed in the experimentally measured production efficiencies. The approach is based on evaluating real-time Green functions within the Keldysh- Schwinger formalism. The effects of quantum statistics associated with Pauli blocking for fermions and induced emission for bosons, characteristic of particle scattering in a quantum-degenerate many-body medium, are fully accounted for. I show that the molecular conversion efficiency is represented by a power series in terms of a dimensionless parameter which, in the zero-temperature limit, depends solely on the initial gas density and the Landau-Zener parameter. This result reveals a hindrance of the canonical Landau-Zener transition probability due to many-body effects, and presents an explanation for the experimentally observed deviations. A second topic treated in this thesis concerns the study of non-adiabatic transitions in N-state Landau-Zener systems. In connection to this, I provide a proof of the conjecture put forth by Brundobler and Elser, regarding the survival probability on the diabatic levels with maximum/minimum slope.

No description available.

This thesis aims to provide a geographical contribution to the understanding of disease causation, primarily through the development of causal models of chronic disease mortality incorporating both the physical and social environments. The overwhelming impression of previous research in this field is one of conflicting findings. For example, studies examining the relationship between disease and water hardness have found positive relationships, negative relationships and no relationship whatsoever. It is contended that this failure to replicate results is a direct consequence of applying an unsuitable 'confirmatory' approach to the quantitative analysis of geographical data. It is argued also that it is necessary to adopt a more appropriate statistical methodology, that of 'exploratory' statistics, before progress can be made. After an exegesis of the exploratory approach, the commonly used technique of multiple regression is given an exploratory interpretation. Each of the assumptions of this technique is discussed, and attention focuses on the effects of breaking the assumptions and on methods of detecting and overcoming the resultant problems. This exposition is illustrated by the re-analysis of previous studies, and it is demonstrated that inappropriate methods have led some researchers to inferential error. Finally in this methodological part of the research, an examination of the analysis of ratios is undertaken; here too it is suggested that the inappropriate analysis of death rates has resulted in some researchers making incorrect inferences. The empirical aspects of the thesis centre on the analysis of mortality variations in England and Wales. A critical appraisal of previous studies of the relationship between disease and water hardness is undertaken, and it is concluded that quantitative techniques have been poorly applied. Exploratory data analysis is then employed to develop models accounting for geographical variations in mortality experienced by the County Boroughs of England and Wales. In contrast to previous studies that have analysed these variations, no strong relationship is found between disease and water hardness. Moreover, an examination of the mortality experiences of Boroughs whose water supply has changed substantially over time also results in the conclusion that the effects of water hardness have been overestimated. Finally, the study examines the difficult problem of drawing inferences from aggregate data. Although it is concluded that much work remains to be undertaken, it is again argued that the exploratory approach may allow progress to towards the solution of this problem and, consequently, some guidelines for further research are outlined.

This thesis is an intersectional study of forest rights of forest-dwellers in the tribal territory of Koraput, India. The thesis is developed around a piece of path-breaking legislation, the Forest Rights Act (FRA) of India 2006, under which land titles and resource use rights are being granted to many forest-dwelling households and communities. This work exclusively deals with the individual title holders of forest land under the FRA. It explores three important questions: 1) what is the history of forest-rights delineation in Koraput?, 2) how are the rights of forest-dwelling people being settled under FRA? and, 3) what are the complexities of land use in these tribal forestlands?} The thesis has used a mixed-methods approach to build and connect its three focus areas. Historical aspects of local forest rights have been explored through the lens of colonial and post-colonial forest policy analysis. The investigation of the various aspects of FRA implementation and ground realities combines cross-disciplinary approaches from political and gendered micro geography. The analysis of emerging land use on forest lands allotted under FRA is influenced by the Sen’s theory of entitlements, endowments and capabilities {Sen, 2001}. A multi-approach assessment methodology has been used by analysing a wide range of data streams including historical documents, household surveys, interviews, participatory maps, observations, group discussions and secondary data sets. Key findings that have emerged from this thesis are, 1) the consequences of the implementation of colonial and post-colonial forest policy measures on Koraput's forest-dwellers are substantial and unique geography of Koraput has produced new insights to the existing knowledge of history of forest rights in India, 2) FRA is a promising piece of legislation that has achieved significant political and bureaucratic collaboration in Koraput, but it is marred by major operational inefficiencies, and 3) the newly created FRA-lands will provide opportunities for policy makers and title owners to reconsider many existing norms including legal versus illegal occupation of forest land, forest-farming practices on FRA lands, and a need for renewed forest and land management goals for FRA territories in tribal India.

This research project investigates how a coastal community in the Upper Gulf of Thailand has been dealing with a local ecological crisis, the rapid erosion of their coastline and potential loss of the entire territory of their village. The case study examines the community’s interactions with development agents and their engagement with broader political and economic forces. Empirically, the thesis is based primarily on participant observation of the community, Ban Khun Samut Chin, supported by extensive documentary research. Applying theoretical frameworks from the fields of political ecology, environmental sociology, and sociology of the self and everyday life, the thesis demonstrates some interesting findings. Firstly, rather than passive victims of national economic development and ecological change, many members of the Ban Khun Samut Chin community have proven to be sophisticated strategic actors. Through interactions with researchers and other external stakeholders, Ban Khun Samut Chin villagers have encountered multiple framings of their situation. This has provided them alternatives for self-understanding and self-representation, and allowed for sophisticated adaptation in the face of a challenging ecological and political environment. Articulating their identity as a self-sufficient, close-knit community, they have taken advantage of the romanticized ideas many of their potential supporters have about them, in order to secure resources for adaptation. The community has even found ways to leverage their ecological crisis in order to generate alternative sources of income, for example through “disaster tourism”. The research explores how individual members of the community have negotiated their own somewhat inconsistent beliefs and hopes, and plans for the future. The research finds that despite their sophisticated understandings of different environmental narratives and possible scenarios for the village, most of the villagers continue to rely on their customary social networks and livelihood skills, as they struggle to adapt.

In an effort to document and monitor the scale and scope of recent conflicts (1998–2004) in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), the International Rescue Committee (IRC), in conjunction with some of the world’s leading epidemiologists, conducted a series of five surveys in the country over a seven years’ period (2000–2007). Estimates of conflict-related mortality generated from the IRC’s surveys range from 3.3 million between years 1998 and 2002, to 5.4 million excess deaths for the period between 1998 and 2007. Reflecting on the IRC’s work, the current study combines four different data sources – 1984 DRC Population Census, 1995 and 2001 DRC Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) and the 2007 DRC Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) – to derive demographic estimates and assess the extent of population loss associated with the conflict period between 1995 and 2007. Both statistical and demographic techniques are relied upon for this purpose. Findings from this study do not warrant estimates produced by the IRC. The IRC approach may have overestimated the scale of excess deaths associated with the 1998 – 2007 armed conflict period. Because the approach used in the current study is mainly based on selected assumptions, a level of uncertainty is expected to be associated with the derived estimates. For this reason, sensitivity analyses have been conducted to define a range of plausible estimates representing the excess population loss.

The thesis explores the relationship between politics of state and environmental governance in North-Eastern India.Foucault's idea of art of governmentality has been appled to understand the environmental conservation practices in India. / environmental governance in North-Eastern India

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos com extração assistida por ultrassom para a determinação de As, Cd, Cr, Pb e Se em fertilizantes base orgânica por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS) e espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Para o desenvolvimento de métodos onde se utiliza a extração assistida por ultrassom, além da escolha do dispositivo ultrassônico a ser utilizado, são necessárias as otimizações de parâmetros como concentração de ácido na solução extratora, tempo de extração e massa de amostra, de modo a se obter a máxima eficiência de extração. Foram utilizados dois dispositivos: o banho ultrassônico, equipamento largamente difundido em laboratórios de química e uma adaptação da sonda ultrassônica em banho, na ausência e na presença de borbulhamento com ar atmosférico para agitação da solução. Tendo sido definidos os dispositivos a serem utilizados, desenvolveu-se o primeiro método, onde foram empregados ácidos diluídos nas soluções extratoras (HNO3 e HCl). Após a otimizações dos parâmetros de concentração, tempo e massa, percebeu-se que As, Cd e Pb tiveram recuperações próximas a 100% em CRM de lodo de esgoto, o que não ocorreu para Cr e Se. As condições otimizadas para ambos os ácidos ficaram em 2% (v v-1) de ácido, com tempo de extração de 10 minutos e massa de amostra de 60 mg, sendo que os dispositivos ultrassônicos que obtiveram melhor eficiência foram o banho ultrassônico e a sonda (extração indireta) com borbulhamento de ar atmosférico. De modo a se obterem extrações quantitativas de Cr e Se, foi desenvolvido um segundo método, onde adicionava-se ácido concentrado diretamente na amostra. Foram feitas diluições da solução extratora antes e depois da extração, para se verificar a eficiência de extração em pequenos volumes de solução extratora. Nesse método, foram otimizados o volume de ácido concentrado adicionado, tempo de extração e massa de amostra. Houve a impossibilidade de borbulhamento devido ao pequeno volume de amostra, foram utilizados os dispositivos de banho ultrassônico e sonda (extração indireta). Foram observadas boas recuperações (entre 80% e 100%) para todos elementos com ambos os ácidos, com exceção do Se quando se adiciona HCl diretamente na amostra. As condições otimizadas foram de adição de 1000 µL de HNO3, com tempo de extração de vinte minutos e massa de amostra de 30 mg e de 200 µL de HCL, com tempo de extração de dez minutos e massa de amostra de 60 mg. Após o desenvolvimento dos métodos com CRM, foram determinadas as figuras de mérito para cada analito, onde os limites de quantificação de todos os elementos ficaram abaixo do exigido pela normativa brasileira. Os métodos foram aplicados em amostras de condicionadores de solo, substrato e fertilizante, utilizando-se a digestão assistida por microondas para comparação de resultados. Não foram encontrados teores quantificáveis de As, Cd e Se, enquanto o Pb foi quantificável apenas nas amostras digeridas por micro-ondas e o Cr pelos dois métodos. No entanto, para Cr, os resultados não foram concordantes, sendo que foi encontrado um maior teor desse elemento na digestão assistida por micro-ondas. / The aim of this work was de development of analytical methods by assisted ultrasound extraction for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Pb e Se in organic fertilizers by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasm Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). For methods\' development, which are employed the assisted ultrasound extraction, beyond the choice of the ultrasonic device that will be used, optimizations parameter like concentration of acid, time of extraction and sample mass are needed, in order to obtain maximum efficiency of extraction. Two devices were used in this work: the ultrasonic bath, that is widespread in chemical labs and a probe, wherein was made an indirect extraction in the presence and absence of atmospheric air bubbling. With the definition of the devices that will be used, the first method was developed, which were employed diluted acids as extractors (HNO3 e HCl). After the optimization of acid concentration, time of extraction and sample mass, the method was applied for the determination of As, Cd and Pb with recoveries near to 100% in sewage sludge CRM, but did not present good results for Cr and Se. The optimized conditions for both acids were 2% (v v-1) of concentration, 10 minutes of ultrasonication and 60 mg of sample mass. The better extraction efficiency was observed for ultrasonic bath and probe (indirect extraction) with atmospheric air bubbling. In order to obtain quantitative extractions of Cr and Se, a second method was developed, based on direct addition of concentrated acid on the sample and ultrasonication. The dilution of the extractor solution was made before and after the extraction, in order to verify the efficiency of the extraction. In this method, the volume of acid, time of extraction and sample mass were also optimized. Due to the small volumes it is was not possible of bubbling air during the extraction using ultrasonic bath and probe (indirect extraction). Good recoveries were obtained for all analytes with both acids, excepting the recovery of Se with directly addition of HCl. The optimized conditions for extraction with HNO3 were 1000 µL, 20 minutes and 30 mg of sample mass. For the extraction with HCl, the parameters optimized were 200 µL, 10 minutes and 60 mg of sample mass. After the development of both methods with CRM, the figures of merit for each analyte were determined and the methods were applied in soil conditioners, substrate and organic fertilizer samples. The results were compared with the microwave assisted digestion of the samples. There were not found quantifiacle levels of As, Cd and Se, while Pb was founded only in the samples prepared with microwave assisted digestion and Cr was determined in both methods. However, the results for Cr were not concordants, wherein was found a higher level in the microwave assisted digested samples.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos com extração assistida por ultrassom para a determinação de As, Cd, Cr, Pb e Se em fertilizantes base orgânica por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GF AAS) e espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP OES). Para o desenvolvimento de métodos onde se utiliza a extração assistida por ultrassom, além da escolha do dispositivo ultrassônico a ser utilizado, são necessárias as otimizações de parâmetros como concentração de ácido na solução extratora, tempo de extração e massa de amostra, de modo a se obter a máxima eficiência de extração. Foram utilizados dois dispositivos: o banho ultrassônico, equipamento largamente difundido em laboratórios de química e uma adaptação da sonda ultrassônica em banho, na ausência e na presença de borbulhamento com ar atmosférico para agitação da solução. Tendo sido definidos os dispositivos a serem utilizados, desenvolveu-se o primeiro método, onde foram empregados ácidos diluídos nas soluções extratoras (HNO3 e HCl). Após a otimizações dos parâmetros de concentração, tempo e massa, percebeu-se que As, Cd e Pb tiveram recuperações próximas a 100% em CRM de lodo de esgoto, o que não ocorreu para Cr e Se. As condições otimizadas para ambos os ácidos ficaram em 2% (v v-1) de ácido, com tempo de extração de 10 minutos e massa de amostra de 60 mg, sendo que os dispositivos ultrassônicos que obtiveram melhor eficiência foram o banho ultrassônico e a sonda (extração indireta) com borbulhamento de ar atmosférico. De modo a se obterem extrações quantitativas de Cr e Se, foi desenvolvido um segundo método, onde adicionava-se ácido concentrado diretamente na amostra. Foram feitas diluições da solução extratora antes e depois da extração, para se verificar a eficiência de extração em pequenos volumes de solução extratora. Nesse método, foram otimizados o volume de ácido concentrado adicionado, tempo de extração e massa de amostra. Houve a impossibilidade de borbulhamento devido ao pequeno volume de amostra, foram utilizados os dispositivos de banho ultrassônico e sonda (extração indireta). Foram observadas boas recuperações (entre 80% e 100%) para todos elementos com ambos os ácidos, com exceção do Se quando se adiciona HCl diretamente na amostra. As condições otimizadas foram de adição de 1000 µL de HNO3, com tempo de extração de vinte minutos e massa de amostra de 30 mg e de 200 µL de HCL, com tempo de extração de dez minutos e massa de amostra de 60 mg. Após o desenvolvimento dos métodos com CRM, foram determinadas as figuras de mérito para cada analito, onde os limites de quantificação de todos os elementos ficaram abaixo do exigido pela normativa brasileira. Os métodos foram aplicados em amostras de condicionadores de solo, substrato e fertilizante, utilizando-se a digestão assistida por microondas para comparação de resultados. Não foram encontrados teores quantificáveis de As, Cd e Se, enquanto o Pb foi quantificável apenas nas amostras digeridas por micro-ondas e o Cr pelos dois métodos. No entanto, para Cr, os resultados não foram concordantes, sendo que foi encontrado um maior teor desse elemento na digestão assistida por micro-ondas. / The aim of this work was de development of analytical methods by assisted ultrasound extraction for the determination of As, Cd, Cr, Pb e Se in organic fertilizers by Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF AAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasm Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES). For methods\' development, which are employed the assisted ultrasound extraction, beyond the choice of the ultrasonic device that will be used, optimizations parameter like concentration of acid, time of extraction and sample mass are needed, in order to obtain maximum efficiency of extraction. Two devices were used in this work: the ultrasonic bath, that is widespread in chemical labs and a probe, wherein was made an indirect extraction in the presence and absence of atmospheric air bubbling. With the definition of the devices that will be used, the first method was developed, which were employed diluted acids as extractors (HNO3 e HCl). After the optimization of acid concentration, time of extraction and sample mass, the method was applied for the determination of As, Cd and Pb with recoveries near to 100% in sewage sludge CRM, but did not present good results for Cr and Se. The optimized conditions for both acids were 2% (v v-1) of concentration, 10 minutes of ultrasonication and 60 mg of sample mass. The better extraction efficiency was observed for ultrasonic bath and probe (indirect extraction) with atmospheric air bubbling. In order to obtain quantitative extractions of Cr and Se, a second method was developed, based on direct addition of concentrated acid on the sample and ultrasonication. The dilution of the extractor solution was made before and after the extraction, in order to verify the efficiency of the extraction. In this method, the volume of acid, time of extraction and sample mass were also optimized. Due to the small volumes it is was not possible of bubbling air during the extraction using ultrasonic bath and probe (indirect extraction). Good recoveries were obtained for all analytes with both acids, excepting the recovery of Se with directly addition of HCl. The optimized conditions for extraction with HNO3 were 1000 µL, 20 minutes and 30 mg of sample mass. For the extraction with HCl, the parameters optimized were 200 µL, 10 minutes and 60 mg of sample mass. After the development of both methods with CRM, the figures of merit for each analyte were determined and the methods were applied in soil conditioners, substrate and organic fertilizer samples. The results were compared with the microwave assisted digestion of the samples. There were not found quantifiacle levels of As, Cd and Se, while Pb was founded only in the samples prepared with microwave assisted digestion and Cr was determined in both methods. However, the results for Cr were not concordants, wherein was found a higher level in the microwave assisted digested samples.

Orientador: Solange Cadore / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T04:41:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_EmanuelidoNascimentoda_M.pdf: 1310162 bytes, checksum: cf2ef6caeefb5aae3a404cf9c42f847b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Para o desenvolvimento de um método para a determinação de Se em corantes alimentícios por GF AAS, foi feito um estudo com diversos modificadores químicos, avaliando as temperaturas ótimas de pirólise e de atomização, bem como diferentes procedimentos para o preparo da amostra. O método escolhido para a determinação do analito foi o ajuste de matriz (matrix-matching), utilizando o corante E-132. A DA (dissolução ácida) mostrou-se um tratamento adequado para a amostra, o modificador químico selecionado foi o Pd 5 mg/Mg(NO3)2 3mg e as temperaturas ótimas foram 1300 ºC para a pirólise e 1800 ºC para a atomização. O método apresentou exatidão e precisão adequadas, uma vez que as recuperações ficaram entre 90 e 100% e os desvios relativos foram menores que 10% para todos os corantes. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram 0,62 e 2,07 mg kg, respectivamente. Para Cr e Cu tambem foram estudados diferentes procedimentos para o preparo da amostra e temperaturas de pirólise e de atomização. Para Cr as temperaturas ótimas foram de 1500 ºC para a pirólise e 2500 ºC para a atomização, utilizando a DA como tratamento da amostra e Mg(NO3)2 15 mg como modificador químico. O método utilizando uma curva de calibração externa para a determinação de Cr em corantes apresentou recuperações entre 90 e 110% com desvios relativos menores que 10%, mostrando exatidão e precisão para o método proposto. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação para o método foram 0,076 e 0,248 mg kg e 0,169 e 0,556 mg kg, para as curvas de menor e maior concentração, respectivamente. Já para Cu as temperaturas ótimas foram de 1200 ºC para a pirólise e de 2000 ºC para a atomização, utilizando a DA como tratamento da amostra e Pd 5 mg/Mg(NO3)2 3 como modificador químico. Entretanto, para este analito o método com a curva de calibração externa foi eficiente somente para os corantes E-102, E-110 e E-124, apresentando exatidão e precisão, com recuperações de 90-110% e desvios menores que 10%. Os limites de detecção e de quantificação para o método foram 0,030 e 0,102 mg kg e 0,086 e 0,290 mg kg, para as curvas de menor e maior concentraçãoo, respectivamente. Já para os corantes E-132 e E-123, curvas de adição de padrão devem ser utilizadas para a determinação dos analitos nos corantes alimentícios. Para o corante E-132 o LOD foi de 0,109 mg kg e o LOQ de 0,364 mg kg, e para o corante E-123 o LOD foi de 0,063 mg kg e o LOQ de 0,211 mg kg / Abstract: A study with various chemical modifiers for the determination of Se in food dyes by GF AAS was developed, assessing the optimum pyrolysis and atomization temperatures, as well as different procedures for sample preparation. The method selected for the determination of the analyte was the matrix-matching, using the E-132 dye. The AD (acid dissolution) showed to be an appropriate treatment for the sample, while 5mg Pd/3 mg/Mg(NO3)2 3mg was the chemical modifier selected and optimum temperatures were 1300 °C for pyrolysis and 1800 °C for atomization. The method presented adequate accuracy and precision, considering that recoveries were within the 90 and 100% range and the relative standard deviations were < 10% for all dyes studied. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.62 and 2.07 mg kg, respectively. For Cr and Cu it was also studied different procedures for sample preparation and temperatures of pyrolysis and atomization. For Cr the optimum temperatures were 1500 °C for pyrolysis and 2500 °C for the atomization using AD as a sample treatment and 15 mg/Mg(NO3)2 as chemical modifier. The method using an external calibration curve for the determination of Cr in dyes presented recoveries within the 90 and 110% range with relative standard deviations < 10%, showing accuracy and precision for the proposed method. Limits of detection and quantification for the method of 0.076 and 0.248 mg kg and 0.169 and 0.556 mg kg were obtained for the curves of lower and higher concentrations, respectively. The optimum temperatures for Cu were 1200 °C for pyrolysis and 2000 °C for the atomization using AD as a sample treatment and using 5mg Pd/3 mg/Mg(NO3)2 as chemical modifier. However, the external calibration curve was efficient only for E-102, E-110 and E-124 dyes, which allowed recoveries between 90 and 110% and relative standard deviations < 10%. The limits of detection and quantification for the method were 0.030 and 0.102 mg kg and 0.086 and 0.290 mg kg for the lower and higher concentrations curves, respectively. For E-132 and E-123 dyes, standard addition calibration curves should be used for the xii determination of Cu in food dyes. For E-132 the LOD was 0.109 mg kg and LOQ was 0.364 mg kg, and for E-123 the LOD was 0.063 mg kg and LOQ was 0.211 mg kg / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestra em Química