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Το κεντρικό ζήτημα που διαπραγματεύεται η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία είναι το θέμα της διαχείρισης των απορριμμάτων στις σύγχρονες κοινωνίες με προσανατολισμό την αξιοποίησή τους και την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Στην Ελλάδα σήμερα παράγονται ημερησίως περίπου 15.000 τόνοι απορριμμάτων, δηλαδή περίπου 5,5 εκατομμύρια τόνοι ετησίως, τα μισά από τα οποία στην Αττική. Μόνο ο όγκος αυτών των απορριμμάτων αποτελεί ζήτημα προς επίλυση. Μέχρι σήμερα ο τρόπος που κυριαρχεί στη διαχείριση αυτού του όγκου απορριμμάτων είναι οι Χώροι Υγειονομικής Ταφής Απορριμμάτων (ΧΥΤΑ). Εδώ πρέπει να σημειώσουμε ότι από το 2008, η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση έχει απαγορεύσει την κατασκευή νέων ΧΥΤΑ και έχει επιβάλλει τη μετατροπή των υφιστάμενων ΧΥΤΑ ως ΧΥΤΥ (Χώροι Υγειονομικής Ταφής Υπολειμμάτων). Η δημιουργία ΧΥΤΥ προϋποθέτει χημική επεξεργασία υπολειμμάτων πριν ταφούν και έχει κύκλο ζωής από είκοσι έως τριάντα χρόνια. Στους ΧΥΤΑ σήμερα θάβεται περίπου το 90% του συνολικού όγκου των απορριμμάτων, γεγονός που έχει σημαντικές συνέπειες για το περιβάλλον και τον άνθρωπο, είτε λόγω της εκροής μεθανίου στον αέρα είτε λόγω της μόλυνσης των λεκανών απορροής και των υπογείων υδάτων. Οι ΧΥΤΑ διακρίνονται σε νόμιμους και παράνομους. Νόμιμοι είναι αυτοί που έχουν χωροθετηθεί και διαθέτουν στοιχειώδεις, έστω, μελέτες και μια υποτυπώδη διαχείριση. Δίνουν όμως και τη δυνατότητα ελέγχου και συγκέντρωσης στοιχείων για τα απορρίμματα και επομένως για τους πιθανούς τρόπους επίλυσης του προβλήματος αυτού. Παράλληλα μεγαλύτερο πρόβλημα αποτελούν οι παράνομες χωματερές που λειτουργούν ως τέτοιες αλλά και οι κάθε είδους τυχαίοι χώροι όπως ποτάμια, ρέματα, παραλίες, θάλασσες, λίμνες και κάθε είδους χώροι στην ύπαιθρο που μπορεί να φτάσει κάποιος. Τα προβλήματα που δημιουργούνται από την ανεξέλεγκτη απόθεση των απορριμμάτων ή από την ξεπερασμένη μέθοδο των ΧΥΤΑ δεν είναι στενά περιβαλλοντικά. Οι επιπτώσεις αυτών των πρακτικών είναι επίσης κοινωνικές και οικονομικές και σε πολλά επίπεδα. Από τα προφανή που αφορούν τη μείωση της αξίας της γης κοντά στους χώρους αυτούς, τη μείωση της αξίας των προϊόντων που παράγονται πλησίον των χώρων αυτών, τους αντίστοιχους περιορισμούς στην οικιστική ανάπτυξη αλλά και σε επιχειρηματικά σχέδια. Κεντρικό ζήτημα αυτού του είδους αποτελεί και το πλήγμα στον τουρισμό, ειδικά σε περιοχές που αυτή η οικονομική δραστηριότητα αποτελεί βασική πηγή εισοδημάτων. Σε κάθε περίπτωση, όμως, δεν πρέπει να μας διαφεύγει το γεγονός ότι είναι λάθος μια θεώρηση που αντιμετωπίζει τα απορρίμματα ως «πράγματα για πέταγμα, σκουπίδια». Αυτή η θεώρηση είναι η κεντρική φιλοσοφία της συνέχισης της λειτουργίας πάσης φύσης χωματερών, νόμιμων και μη. Η σύγχρονη αντίληψη σχετικά με τα απορρίμματα αφορά μαζί με την περιβαλλοντική προστασία και τη δημιουργία νέας αξίας. Αφορά, δηλαδή, την ανάπτυξη μεθόδων για την αξιοποίηση των απορριμμάτων με διάφορους στόχους. Ανακύκλωση, παραγωγή νέων προϊόντων, παραγωγή παραπροϊόντων, ενεργειακή αξιοποίηση, κλπ. Στην εργασία αυτή γίνεται αναφορά σε όλες τις μεθόδους αξιοποίησης των απορριμμάτων ενώ επικεντρωνόμαστε στη θερμική επεξεργασία ως κύρια μέθοδο ενεργειακής αξιοποίησης. Η θερμική επεξεργασία και κυρίως η καύση των απορριμμάτων είναι μια πρακτική ευρέως διαδεδομένη στην Ευρώπη για την οποία υπάρχουν επισήμως προδιαγραφές από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση από το 1999, μέσω της οδηγίας 2000/76/EC. Στις περισσότερες χώρες της Ευρώπης λειτουργούν εργοστάσια καύσης των απορριμμάτων με σκοπό την παραγωγή ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας παράλληλα με τη μείωση του συνολικού όγκου τους αλλά και την αδρανοποίηση – εξουδετέρωση τοξικών – μολυσματικών παραγόντων. Η διαδικασία της καύσης δε γίνεται χωρίς προεπεξεργασία. Απαιτεί προηγούμενες διεργασίες που αφορούν τη διαλογή, τη μηχανική επεξεργασία, πριν καταλήξουν τα απορρίμματα στη διαδικασία της καύσης. Επομένως, ως μέθοδος η καύση συμβάλλει στη γενικότερη αξιοποίηση των απορριμμάτων και ενισχύει και άλλες μεθόδους και δεν τις καταργεί. Χαρακτηριστικά παραδείγματα τέτοιων πρακτικών είναι διαδεδομένα σε χώρες της Ευρώπης που θεωρούνται πρωτοποριακές στις οικολογικές πρακτικές, όπως η Δανία και η Σουηδία. Βεβαίως υπάρχουν και τα μειονεκτήματα της μεθόδου. Αυτά αφορούν την εκπομπή αερίων και βαρέων μετάλλων από τις μονάδες καύσης τα οποία είναι επιβλαβή για το περιβάλλον και τους ανθρώπους. Όμως η πρόοδος στον τομέα αυτό είναι ραγδαία, οι κανονισμοί αυστηροί, οι πρακτικές βελτιούμενες και, σε τελευταία ανάλυση, το ερώτημα που πρέπει να απαντηθεί δεν είναι αν υπάρχει μια μέθοδος που έχει μόνο πλεονεκτήματα και καθόλου μειονεκτήματα αλλά από τις διαθέσιμες μεθόδους ποια είναι η βέλτιστη. / The central issue that this thesis negotiates is the issue of waste management in modern societies oriented exploitation and production of electricity. In Greece approximately 15,000 tonnes of waste are produced per day, approximately 5.5 million tons annually, half of them in Athens. Only the volume of such waste is an issue to be resolved. Until now the predominant way to manage this volume of waste is the Waste Landfills (landfills). Here we must note that since 2008, the European Union has banned the construction of new landfills and has required the conversion of existing landfills as landfills (landfill debris). The creation of landfills requires chemical treatment before waste is buried, and provides a life cycle of twenty to thirty years. Today about 90% of the total volume of waste is buried in landfills, which has important consequences for the environment and humans, either because of the outflow of methane in air or due to contamination of watersheds and groundwater. Landfills are divided into legal and illegal. Legitimate are those who have sited and elementary, at least, a rudimentary studies and management. They, however, have to control and collect data on waste and therefore allow to search for the possible ways to solve this problem. At the same time the biggest problem is illegal landfills operated as such and all kinds of random places such as rivers, streams, beaches, seas, lakes and all kinds of outdoor spaces that can be reached. The problems created by uncontrolled dumping of waste or the outdated method of landfills are not closely environmentally. The effects of these practices are also social and economic and on many levels. From the obvious results to the reduction in value of land near these areas, reducing the value of products produced near these sites, the corresponding restrictions on residential development and business plans. The central question of this kind is the blow to tourism, especially in areas that economic activity is a major source of income. In each case, however, we must not overlook the fact that it is a wrong approach that addresses the waste as "throwing things, garbage." This approach is the central concept of its continuation in landfills of every kind, legal or not. The modern concept of waste is one with regard to environmental protection and new value creation. This means, the development of methods for the utilization of waste with different objectives. Recycling, manufacturing new products, meat production, energy use, etc. In this paper we refer to all methods of waste utilization and we focus on the thermal treatment as the primary method of energy recovery. The heat treatment and especially the burning of waste is a widespread practice in Europe for which there is a formally issued guideline from the European Union from 1999 through (Directive 2000/76/EC). In most European countries plants for burning waste operate to generate electricity while reducing the total volume and the inactivation - neutralizing toxic – infectious agents. The burning process is done without pretreatment. It requires previous processes for the sorting, mechanical processing, before ending up in waste combustion process. Therefore, as a method of burning contributes to the overall utilization of waste and strengthens and other methods and do not confront with them. Examples of such practices are widespread in European countries that are considered innovative in ecological practices, such as Denmark and Sweden. Certainly there are disadvantages of the method. These relate to the emission of gases and heavy metals from combustion plants which are harmful to the environment and people. But progress in this area is rapid, strict regulations, practices improved and, ultimately, the question to be answered is not whether there is a method that has only advantages and no disadvantages, but from the methods available, which one is the optimum.

O objetivo desta dissertação foi mostrar o cenário atual e as perspectivas para o setor de saneamento básico do Estado de Roraima. Destacou-se o perfil dos serviços de abastecimento de água, coleta de esgotos e coleta de lixo. Foram utilizadas diversas publicações, especialmente as do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística/IBGE, com destaque para a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios/PNAD e o Censo Demográfico 2000, que forneceram dados da população urbana do Estado atendida e não atendida pelos serviços de saneamento básico. Dessa forma, foi realizada a comparação dos resultados obtidos para o Estado com algumas cidades brasileiras, regiões do país, além de outros países. Sob esse aspecto, os resultados apurados apontaram que 96,9% dos domicílios urbanos do Estado, são atendidos pelos serviços de abastecimento de água, superando a realidade nacional. Quanto à coleta de esgotos, os resultados são preocupantes, uma vez que apenas 17,3% dos domicílios urbanos do Estado são atendidos por este serviço. Já a coleta de lixo 97,1% dos domicílios urbanos do Estado possui acesso a esse serviço. Constatou-se, ainda, que a maior parte do lixo coletado no Estado de Roraima é depositada a céu aberto, sem nenhum tratamento quanto às questões ambientais. Concluiu-se que a população urbana do Estado de Roraima apresenta ótimos resultados quanto ao acesso aos serviços de abastecimento de água e coleta de lixo. Contudo, a mesma situação não é observada quanto ao acesso aos serviços de coleta de esgotos, onde uma pequena parcela da população urbana é atendida. Nesse sentido, já existem recursos disponíveis para a universalização dos serviços de abastecimento de água e ampliação do sistema de esgoto sanitário. Entretanto, os recursos destinados a ampliação do sistema de esgotos ainda não é suficiente para atender a toda a população. / The objective of this thesis was to show the current scenario and prospects for the basic sanitation sector in the State of Roraima, showing the profile of the following services: water supply, waste sewage disposal and garbage collection. To obtain the data, various publications were used , especially the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), highlighting the National Survey of Home Sampling (PNAD) and the year 2000 Census which provided data on the urban population of the state with and without sanitation services. Thus, the results for the state were compared with other Brazilian cities, regions of the country and other countries. The findings indicate that 96.9% of urban households in the state are served by the water supply, surpassing the national reality, while the sewage disposal results are worrisome as only 17.3% of urban households in the state are served. As for garbage collection, 97.1% of urban households of the state have access to this service. It was further observed that most of the garbage collected in the state of Roraima is deposited in the open, without any form of treatment for environmental concerns. It was concluded that the urban population of the state of Roraima in great part have access to services of water supply and garbage collection. However, the same was not observed for sewage disposal services, where only a small portion of the urban population is served. There are resources available for expanding the water supply to service more households and the expansion of the sewerage system. However, the resources allocated for the expansion of sewerage system is not sufficient to meet the demands of the entire state population, and so, the need for a larger volume of investment.

Les compilateurs modernes constituent des programmes complexes, réalisant de nombreuses optimisations afin d'améliorer la performance du code généré. Du fait de cette complexité, des bugs y sont régulièrement détecté, conduisant à l'introduction de nouveau comportement dans le programme compilé. En réaction, il est aujourd'hui possible de prouver correct, dans des assistants de preuve tels que Coq, des compilateurs optimisants pour des langages tels que le C ou ML. Transporter un tel résultat pour des langages haut-niveau tels que Java est néanmoins encore hors de portée de l'état de l'art. Ceux-ci possèdent en effet deux caractéristiques essentielles: la concurrence et un environnement d'exécution particulièrement complexe.Nous proposons dans cette thèse de réduire la distance vers la conception d'un tel compilateur vérifié en nous concentrant plus spécifiquement sur la preuve de correction d'un glaneur de cellules concurrent performant. Ce composant de l'environnement d'exécution prend soin de collecter de manière automatique la mémoire, en lieu et place du programmeur. Afin de ne pas générer un ralentissement trop élevé à l'exécution, le glaneur de cellules doit être extrêmement performant. Plus spécifiquement, l'algorithme considéré est dit «au vol»: grâce à l'usage de concurrence très fine, il ne cause jamais d'attente active au sein d'un fil utilisateur. La preuve de correction établit par conséquent que malgré l'intrication complexe des fils utilisateurs et du collecteur, ce dernier ne collecte jamais une cellule encore accessible par les premiers. Nous présentons dans un premier temps l'algorithme considéré et sa formalisation en Coq dans une représentation intermédiaire conçue pour l'occasion. Nous introduisons le système de preuve que nous avons employé, une variante issue de la logique «Rely-Guarantee», et prouvons l'algorithme correct. Raisonner simultanément sur l'algorithme de collection et sur l'implantation des structures de données concurrentes manipulées générerait une complexité additionnelle indésirable. Nous considérons donc durant la preuve des opérations abstraites: elles ont lieu instantanément. Pour légitimer cette simplification, nous introduisons une méthode inspirée par les travaux de Vafeiadis et permettant la preuve de raffinement de structures de données concurrentes dites «linéarisables». Nous formalisons l'approche en Coq et la dotons de solides fondations sémantiques. Cette méthode est finalement instanciée sur la principale structure de données utilisée par le glaneur de cellules. / Modern compilers are complex programs, performing several heuristic-based optimisations. As such, and despite extensive testing, they may contain bugs leading to the introduction of new behaviours in the compiled program.To address this issue, we are nowadays able to prove correct, in proof assistants such as Coq, optimising compilers for languages such as C or ML. To date, a similar result for high-level languages such as Java nonetheless remain out of reach. Such languages indeed possess two essential characteristics: concurrency and a particularly complex runtime.This thesis aims at reducing the gap toward the implementation of such a verified compiler. To do so, we focus more specifically on a state-of-the-art concurrent garbage collector. This component of the runtime takes care of automatically reclaiming memory during the execution to remove this burden from the developer side. In order to keep the induced overhead as low as possible, the garbage collector needs to be extremely efficient. More specifically, the algorithm considered is said to be ``on the fly'': by relying on fine-grained concurrency, the user-threads are never caused to actively wait. The key property we establish is the functional correctness of this garbage collector, i.e. that a cell that a user thread may still access is never reclaimed.We present in a first phase the algorithm considered and its formalisation in Coq by implementing it in a dedicated intermediate representation. We introduce the proof system we used to conduct the proof, a variant based on the well-established Rely-Guarantee logic, and prove the algorithm correct.Reasoning simultaneously over both the garbage collection algorithm itself and the implementation of the concurrent data-structures it uses would entail an undesired additional complexity. The proof is therefore conducted with respect to abstract operations: they take place instantaneously. To justify this simplification, we introduce in a second phase a methodology inspired by the work of Vafeiadis and dedicated to the proof of observational refinement for so-called ``linearisable'' concurrent data-structures. We provide the approach with solid semantic foundations, formalised in Coq. This methodology is instantiated to soundly implement the main data-structure used in our garbage collector.

Submitted by JOÃO VITOR RAMOS DA SILVA null (joaopontogeo@gmail.com) on 2016-04-15T01:58:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação João - Versão Final Biblioteca.pdf: 5062608 bytes, checksum: d13064d87e2458bae58a8c4ac9fb649d (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: O arquivo submetido está sem a ficha catalográfica. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-18T17:48:11Z (GMT) / Submitted by JOÃO VITOR RAMOS DA SILVA null (joaopontogeo@gmail.com) on 2016-04-18T21:59:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação João - Versão Final Biblioteca.pdf: 5070849 bytes, checksum: f6648ed4572f687dbc0b9e763b803e17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-19T13:50:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jvr_me_prud.pdf: 5070849 bytes, checksum: f6648ed4572f687dbc0b9e763b803e17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T13:50:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_jvr_me_prud.pdf: 5070849 bytes, checksum: f6648ed4572f687dbc0b9e763b803e17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Esta dissertação se refere ao trabalho situado “por detrás das lixeiras da sociedade”, protagonizado pelos coletores de lixo domiciliar urbano na cidade de Presidente Prudente/SP. Buscou-se evidenciar as rotinas e processos de trabalho desses sujeitos, identificando as consequências para sua saúde e de que forma o fenômeno da invisibilidade social ocorre no contexto laboral da coleta de lixo. A pesquisa incluiu levantamento bibliográfico voltado a três eixos-mestres – trabalho na coleta de lixo, saúde do trabalhador e invisibilidade social –, realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os sujeitos e agentes da pesquisa (coletores, sindicalista e representante do Ministério Público do Trabalho) e uso de informações secundárias de diversas fontes. Esse conjunto compôs as ferramentas analíticas empregadas para construir um enredo capaz de dar voz aos coletores de lixo. O trabalho na coleta é extremamente penoso e gera efeitos nocivos à saúde dos trabalhadores, em curto e principalmente em longo prazo, quando as dores no corpo tornam-se crônicas. Ademais, a invisibilidade social e a concomitante humilhação contribuem para precariedade laboral em termos da saúde mental dos coletores. Observa-se fragilidade na luta sindical no que tange a remuneração e aumentos salariais, e na própria relação com os coletores, embora haja algumas conquistas pontuais, como a obtenção e incremento de equipamentos de proteção individual. A insatisfação dos coletores com sua representação sindical frente à empresa empregadora, todavia, não é suficiente para ensejar uma articulação concreta entre os próprios trabalhadores, pelo temor de represálias ou da perda do emprego. / This paper refers to the labor located “behind the bins of society” experienced by urban garbage collectors in the city of Presidente Prudente (State of São Paulo, Brazil). It sought to highlight the routines and work processes of these individuals, identifying the consequences for their health and how the phenomenon of social invisibility occurs in the labor context of garbage collection. The research included literature review focused on three master-axes (work in garbage collection, workers‟ health and social invisibility), semi-structured interviews with the subjects and agents of the survey (collectors, union leader and representative of the Ministry of Labor) and using secondary information from various sources. This set composed the analytical tools used to build a storyline capable of giving voice to garbage collectors. Garbage collection is burdensome and generates harmful effects on workers‟ health, in short term and mainly in long term, when body pains become chronic. Moreover, the social invisibility and concomitant humiliation contribute to labor precariousness in terms of collectors‟ mental health. It is observed weakness in the trade union efforts concerning to remuneration and salary increases, as well as in the relation with the collectors, although there are some specific achievements like getting and incrementing personal protective equipment. The collectors‟ dissatisfaction with their union representation against the employer company, however, is not sufficient to bring a concrete coordination between the workers themselves, because of fear of reprisals or job loss. / CNPq: 130639/2013-3

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-11-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:13:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lealdini_mlc_me_rcla.pdf: 2990507 bytes, checksum: 3bd025712243c64ccedb751e7213727c (MD5) / A crescente geração de resíduos sólidos e a destinação final inadequada ocasionam diversos problemas ambientais na maioria das cidades brasileiras e que afetam a qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. O depósito de resíduos sólidos urbanos em lixões ainda é a prática mais utilizada para a destinação final, principalmente, nos municípios de pequeno porte. O município de Estiva Gerbi, no interior do Estado de São Paulo, área de estudo, tem uma população estimada de 10.223 habitantes (IBGE, 2006) e gera, diariamente, 4,4 toneladas de resíduos sólidos urbanos, dos quais 32,8% representam materiais recicláveis. A coleta regular municipal atende 99% dos domicílios, porém, desde 1993, os resíduos são depositados inadequadamente em uma área caracterizada como passivo ambiental, de antiga cava de mineração de argila. A situação agrava-se com a presença de catadores que efetuam a triagem de recicláveis no local. Não há controle dos resíduos depositados, nem do acesso à área (pessoas ou veículos), ocorrendo, inclusive, o lançamento clandestino de resíduos industriais (não inertes) no local. Além das dificuldades financeiras, administrativas e técnicas, o município tem sido autuado pela Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental (CETESB) por não atender às exigências mínimas de controle na área. A situação atual dos resíduos sólidos nesse município foi levantada como base de estudos para a apresentação de diretrizes específicas. Foram analisadas as características das unidades geológico-geotécnicas quanto às restrições e potencialidades à implantação de um aterro sanitário e selecionaram-se critérios geoambientais de orientação à pré-seleção de áreas com tal finalidade. São apresentadas, ainda, alternativas tecnológicas simplificadas, de fácil operação e manutenção, sanitariamente adequadas... . / The growing generation of solid waste and its final inadequate destination cause several environmental problems in the majority of the Brazilian cities which affect the quality of life of its inhabitants. Dumping solid urban waste in dumps is the most used practice as a final destination, especially in small cities. The city of Estiva Gerbi, located in the countryside of the State of São Paulo, a study area, has a population of approximately 10.223 inhabitants (IBGE, 2006) and generates daily, 4.4 tons of solid urban waste, from which 32,8% represent recyclable materials. Regular municipal collection attends 99% of the dwellings, however since 1993; the waste is deposited inadequately in an area characterized as environmental liability, from old clay mining. The situation becomes more serious with the presence of scavengers who sort out the recyclables in the area. There is no control of the waste deposited, nor of the access to the area (people and vehicles), also having the dumping of clandestine industrial waste (not inert) in the place. Besides the financial, administrative and technical difficulties, the city has suffered constant bookings by the CETESB (Environmental Agency) for not fulfilling the minimal control requirements in the area. The current situation of the solid waste in this city has been raised as basis for study for the presentation of specific guidelines. The Geological Geotechnical characteristics of the units were analyzed as to the restrictions and potentiality of implanting a sanitary landfill and geoenvironmental criteria of orientation and pre-selection of areas for this purpose. Still, simplified technological alternatives are presented, of easy operation and maintenance, sanitarily adequate to the final disposition of the solid waste... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).

O objetivo desta dissertação foi mostrar o cenário atual e as perspectivas para o setor de saneamento básico do Estado de Roraima. Destacou-se o perfil dos serviços de abastecimento de água, coleta de esgotos e coleta de lixo. Foram utilizadas diversas publicações, especialmente as do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística/IBGE, com destaque para a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios/PNAD e o Censo Demográfico 2000, que forneceram dados da população urbana do Estado atendida e não atendida pelos serviços de saneamento básico. Dessa forma, foi realizada a comparação dos resultados obtidos para o Estado com algumas cidades brasileiras, regiões do país, além de outros países. Sob esse aspecto, os resultados apurados apontaram que 96,9% dos domicílios urbanos do Estado, são atendidos pelos serviços de abastecimento de água, superando a realidade nacional. Quanto à coleta de esgotos, os resultados são preocupantes, uma vez que apenas 17,3% dos domicílios urbanos do Estado são atendidos por este serviço. Já a coleta de lixo 97,1% dos domicílios urbanos do Estado possui acesso a esse serviço. Constatou-se, ainda, que a maior parte do lixo coletado no Estado de Roraima é depositada a céu aberto, sem nenhum tratamento quanto às questões ambientais. Concluiu-se que a população urbana do Estado de Roraima apresenta ótimos resultados quanto ao acesso aos serviços de abastecimento de água e coleta de lixo. Contudo, a mesma situação não é observada quanto ao acesso aos serviços de coleta de esgotos, onde uma pequena parcela da população urbana é atendida. Nesse sentido, já existem recursos disponíveis para a universalização dos serviços de abastecimento de água e ampliação do sistema de esgoto sanitário. Entretanto, os recursos destinados a ampliação do sistema de esgotos ainda não é suficiente para atender a toda a população. / The objective of this thesis was to show the current scenario and prospects for the basic sanitation sector in the State of Roraima, showing the profile of the following services: water supply, waste sewage disposal and garbage collection. To obtain the data, various publications were used , especially the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), highlighting the National Survey of Home Sampling (PNAD) and the year 2000 Census which provided data on the urban population of the state with and without sanitation services. Thus, the results for the state were compared with other Brazilian cities, regions of the country and other countries. The findings indicate that 96.9% of urban households in the state are served by the water supply, surpassing the national reality, while the sewage disposal results are worrisome as only 17.3% of urban households in the state are served. As for garbage collection, 97.1% of urban households of the state have access to this service. It was further observed that most of the garbage collected in the state of Roraima is deposited in the open, without any form of treatment for environmental concerns. It was concluded that the urban population of the state of Roraima in great part have access to services of water supply and garbage collection. However, the same was not observed for sewage disposal services, where only a small portion of the urban population is served. There are resources available for expanding the water supply to service more households and the expansion of the sewerage system. However, the resources allocated for the expansion of sewerage system is not sufficient to meet the demands of the entire state population, and so, the need for a larger volume of investment.

[pt] No Brasil os mecanismos de reciclagem dos resíduos sólidos gerados pelas obras de construção civil e demolições ainda são incipientes. Entretanto esses resíduos crescem em larga escala enquanto os agregados naturais se tornam mais escassos. Com intuito de preservar os recursos naturais; contribuir com a limpeza das cidades; poupar os rios, represas, terrenos incultos e o esgotamento sanitário; e aliviar o impacto nos aterros e lixões, tem-se como a melhor opção a reciclagem e beneficiamento desses resíduos. O programa pioneiro no Brasil, na cidade de Belo Horizonte em reciclagem, foi usado como referência na elaboração da resolução do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONOMA) número 307 de 5 de julho de 2002, que estabeleceu critérios e procedimentos a serem adotados para gestão dos resíduos da construção civil em território nacional. O CONAMA além de classificar os resíduos em A, B, C e D, determinou como responsabilidade dos municípios a elaboração do Plano Municipal de Gestão Integrada de Resíduos (PMGIRS) e do Plano Municipal de Gestão de Resíduos da Construção Civil (PMGRCC), além de determinar os pequenos e grandes geradores de RCD. Nestes aspectos estes últimos elaboram seus Planos de Gerenciamento de Resíduos. O RCD ou entulho como é popularmente chamado, é todo material proveniente de construções, reformas, reparos e demolições de obras de construção civil e os resultantes da preparação e escavação de terrenos. Esses resíduos após triagem podem ser beneficiados sofrendo alterações físicas, passando a possuir granulometrias diferenciadas. Cada granulometria tem utilidade dentro da construção civil, então os produtos gerados após a cominuição podem ser utilizados, em geral como sub-bases e concretos não estruturais de acordo com as normas técnicas vigentes. O intuito deste estudo foi caracterizar tecnologicamente os resíduos minerais reciclados através de ensaios granulométricos onde o RCD apresentou curva granulométrica dentro das normas técnicas, difração de Raios–X para conhecer os componentes minerais, que foram semelhantes aos presentes nos agregados naturais com exceção da presença marcante de gesso que prejudica na resistência a compressão e módulos de elasticidade, a composição mineral diversificada das amostras demonstraram que os resíduos possuem alto ter de argila e materiais friáveis, alto índice de teor de absorção de água, além de textura superficial áspera, mesmo apresentando características de agregado natural médio. Após a caracterização tecnológica foi essencial o desenvolvimento de fluxogramas de beneficiamento de RCD com intuito de elevar a qualidade dos produtos gerados, além de desenvolver uma padronização para o beneficiamento de RCD. As amostras foram utilizadas para confecção de corpos de prova com frações de RCD diferenciadas no traço do concreto, como resultados dos ensaios mecânicos foi observado que as frações com até 30 por cento de agregado reciclado obtiveram boa resistência a compressão e módulos de elasticidade, mas o mesmo resultado não foi possível para as frações que possuíam acima de 50 por cento de agregado reciclado no traço do concreto. / [en] In Brazil the system of recycling of solid waste generated by the works of construction and demolition are still incipient. However such residues grow on a large scale while natural aggregates become scarcer. In order to preserve natural resources; contribute to the cleanliness of the cities; save the rivers, dams, uncultivated land and sewage; and alleviate the impact on landfills and dumps, we have the best option for recycling and processing of the waste. The pioneering program in Brazil, in the city of Belo Horizonte in recycling, was used as reference in drafting the resolution of the National Environmental Council (CONAMA), number 307 of July 5, 2002, which established rules and procedures to be adopted for the management of civil construction waste in national territory. The according to CONAMAS s classification the debris, may belong to classes A, B, C and D, the council decided the municipalities are responsible for drawing up plans of the Integrated Management of Waste and the Integrated Management of Civil Construction. The CDW or rubble as it is popularly called is all waste from the construction, renovations, repairs and demolition of building works and resulting from the excavation and ground preparation. This debris after sorting can be benefited suffering physical changes, amendments shape and size of the rubble, producing differentiated grain size. Each grain size has specific use within in building construction, and then the generated products after the community can be used overall as subfloor and not structural concrete in accordance with the technical standards. The purpose of this study was to characterize technologically recycled mineral waste through particle size distribution, where the CDW presented grading curve within the technical standards, the DRX test was essential to know the mineralogical composition this rubble, which were similar to those present in natural aggregates except for the strong presence gypsum that affect the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, the diversified mineral composition of the samples showed that residues have high concentration of clay content and friable materials, high rate of water absorption content, and rough surface texture, even with characteristics medium natural aggregate. After the technological characterization was essential develop objective beneficiation flowcharts to CDW, with goal to raise the quality of the products generated, and develop a standard for the processing of CDW. The samples were used for preparation of specimens with CDW fractions different in the concrete mix, as results of the mechanical tests it was observed that the fractions of up to 30 per cent of recycled aggregate had good resistance to compression and elastic modulus, but the same result was not possible for the fractions that had over 50 per cent of recycled aggregate in the concrete mix.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-12-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:56:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 vieira_ea_me_rcla.pdf: 3364294 bytes, checksum: 976c0fd3c2d0b227ffc3b936d5bca6dc (MD5) / O presente estudo analisa a questão ambiental do resíduo/lixo em Ribeirão Preto, visto que esta cidade figura entre as que mais geram este tipo de detrito no estado de São Paulo e as que detêm altas taxas de geração desses objetos na América Latina e Caribe. Estudos realizados por diversos autores demonstram que a produção contínua e crescente de resíduo/lixo decorre dos valores culturais, sociais, políticos e econômicos da sociedade moderna. Com a finalidade de compreender melhor esses aspectos, analisa-se as práticas de gestão e gerenciamento; os impactos ambientais negativos acarretados pela destinação errada do resíduo/lixo. Verifica-se, a maneira pela qual a consciência das pessoas reflete essa problemática. Evidenciou-se que o Lixão da ex-Fepasa e o Lixão de Serrana, foram responsáveis por graves problemas ao ambiente; uma porcentagem significativa dos entrevistados preocupa-se com a preservação da vida no planeta, a poluição ambiental, assim como o destino do resíduo/lixo. Percebem também, as vantagens e desvantagens da sociedade de consumo, da tecnologia, bem como a necessidade de revisão de certos valores, discutindo a situação atual, na tentativa de reconstrução de uma sociedade sob fundamentos renovados. / The present study analyzes the environmental subject of the solid waste/garbage in Ribeirão Preto, because this city represents among the ones that more generates this debris type in the state of São Paulo and the ones that stop discharges rates of generation of those objects in Latin America and Caribbean. Studies accomplished by several authors they demonstrate that the continuous and growing production of solid waste/garbage elapses of the values cultural, social, political and economical of the modern society. Whit the purpose of understanding those aspects better, analyzed the administration practices and administration, as the negative environmental impacts carted for the wrong destination of the solid waste/garbage. It still verified, the way for the which the people's conscience reflects that problem. It was evidenced that of Lixão of the former-Fepasa and Lixão de Serrana, were responsible for serious problems to the atmosphere; a significant percentage of the interviewees worries with the preservation of the life in the planet, the environmental pollution, as well as the destiny of the solid waste/garbage. They also notice, the advantages and disadvantages of the consumption society, of the technology, as well as the revision of certain values, discussing the current situation, in the attempt of reconstruction of a society under renewed foundations.