Recent newspaper headlines announced "Coastal plot prices up 500 per cent - SOUTHERN CAPE LAND SCRAMBLE" and reference was made to the big demand for plots at coastal resorts between Mossel Bay and Knynsa, and the holiday trade's interest in such big hotel deals as R400,000 at The Wilderness. ''Local authorities and businessmen feel the upsurge in demand for property, may indicate that the Southern Cape is set to take over "holiday mecca of the country". While the echo of these super cents in the till is deadening even the sound of the sea to some, other's concern is sending a chill down the spine. Many, during their active lives, craved for a slaver pace of living. Many found it here, and called it Hunter's Home, and Leisure Isle. Nov they see man's restlessness give a new scale to his pursuit of leisure.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the 12th century the Ab Suger, a church leader from near Paris in France, initiated a new approach to church architecture, the Gothic style. He diverted from the existing traditions and utilized pointed arches as one of the basic components of the new style. Pointed arches, unlike normal arches, distribute load-carrying weight not only downwards, as normal arches do, but also sideways. Strategically placed flying buttresses can help neutralize the thrust to the sides and reduce the weight on walls. Walls no longer had to be massive and it became possible to utilize big parts of the walls for windows, which were filled with brightly coloured glass. The style deliberately made use of height and enclosed spaces as a design element, to an extent unknown until that time. For some four centuries cathedrals in this style were built all over Europe, before the style was replaced with the coming of the Renaissance. The 19th century saw the coming of a style of Gothic Revival. New building materials had become available and there were fundamental differences between the original Gothic style and the Neo-Gothic (or Gothic Revival) style. In some instances elements of the original style lost their functions and were applied in a purely decorative function in the Gothic Revival style. With the colonization of Africa, the Neo-Gothic style came to South Africa. It took root locally and became part of South African church architecture. Local conditions required that some adaptations be made and several varieties of the Neo-Gothic style became part of the South African architectural landscape. Many church buildings were constructed in South Africa in this style during the last century and a half. The ones older than sixty years enjoy some measure of protection under current legislation relating to heritage conservation. It became evident that within the variety of Neo-Gothic idioms a number of churches have become so simplified that only some characteristics of the style have remained. Throughout the study it was indicated how the significance of a building and its architectural style also impact on the non-material culture of a community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die 12de eeu het ab Suger, ‘n kerkleier van naby Parys in Frankryk, met ‘n nuwe benadering tot kerkargitektuur na vore gekom wat later as die Gotiese styl sou bekend staan. Hy het afgewyk van bestaande tradisies en gebruike in verband met kerkargitektuur. Deur die aanwending van spitsboë is die afwaartse druk van ‘n kerk se dak gedeeltelik na buite verplaas, in plek van alles na onder. Strategies geplaasde boogstutte het die sywaartse druk geneutraliseer. Hierdie boumetode is saam met die gebruik van geribde gewelwe gebruik om die druk in so ‘n mate van symure af te haal dat die mure nie meer dik en sterk moes wees nie en dit moontlik was om groot dele van die mure met vensters van gekleurde glas te vul. Die nuwe styl het ingeslote ruimtes en hoë gewelwe gehad soos die Middeleeuse mens nog nie vantevore geken het nie. Vir sowat vier eeue lank het katedrale in dié styl oral oor Europa opgeskiet, totdat dit met die koms van die Renaissance deur ander style vervang is. In die 19de eeu het daar ‘n herlewing in die Gotiese styl gekom. Beter boumateriale was beskikbaar en die Gotiese Herlewingstyl het in sommige opsigte groot verskille met die oorspronklike getoon. Van die Gotiese boustyl se komponente is aangepas om totaal ander funksies te vervul. Verskeie aspekte van die Gotiese styl is slegs behou as versiering. Met die kolonisasie van Afrika het die Gotiese Herlewingstyl na Suid-Afrika gekom. Die styl het posgevat en versprei in Suid-Afrika maar plaaslike omstandighede het aanpassings daarvan genoodsaak en etlike variasies op die Neo-Gotiese tema het na vore gekom. ‘n Groot aantal kerke is in die afgelope anderhalf eeu in Suid-Afrika in hierdie styl gebou. Sommiges daarvan geniet ‘n mate van beskerming ingevolge Suid-Afrika se bewaringswetgewing. Hierdie studie fokus op kerkgeboue met Neo-Gotiese stylkenmerke in ‘n bepaalde geografiese gebied in Suid-Afrika. Daar is bevind dat van die variasies op die Neo-Gotiese styl so vereenvoudig het, dat daar slegs enkele stylkenmerke by hulle oorgebly het. Deurgaans is aangedui op watter wyse die betekenis van die kerkgebou en die styl daarvan ook die nie-tasbare kultuur van ‘n gemeenskap geraak het.

The aim of this study was to create a profile of the agricultural tourism industry in the Garden Route area of South Africa, and to determine what general influence agricultural tourism has on the macro environment (rural area) with regard to socio- economic development, as ell as on the micro environment (farm) with regard to the generating of additional income. This study only includes agricultural operations (farms) in the Garden Route area that practice tourism activities. Out of 54 potential agricultural units that were identified, 46 were willing to participate in the study. Information from only 40 of the abovementioned units was finally included in this study. Six agricultural units could not supply sufficient information during the surveys. Data were gathered by means of a scientifically compiled questionnaire. All the individuals involved in this study completed this questionnaire by means of a personal interview. The aspects investigated in order to compile a profile were the characteristics of the suppliers, activities and the extent of the agricultural tourism industry. In order to determine the contribution of agricultural tourism on micro- and macro levels, aspects such as the contribution to farming turnover were investigated as well as the socioeconomic contribution in view of the infrastructure development, job creation, education and housing. The results of this study indicate that 78% of respondents are aged 40 years and older, are mainly male, and, in most of the cases, married (95%). Agricultural tourism enterprises in the Garden Route area are, in most cases (60%), managed by the farmers’ wives. The business type whereby respondents’ agricultural tourism enterprises are conducted, is as follows: in 72.5% of the cases a sole ownership, 17.5% a private company, 5% a partnership, 2.5% a closed corporation and the other remaining 2.5% is managed as a trust. The majority (65%) of persons involved in the management of the agricultural tourism enterprise has received some form of tertiary education. A degree of statistical significance (p = 0.0728) exists between the education level of the type of person/persons that manages the tourist branches and the type of activity category that is offered. In 65% of the cases the farms that offered agricultural tourism, were smaller than 500 hectare. A negative correlation (r² = -0.31700; p<0.0001) was found between farm size and the total farming turnover per year. This trend is even more distinctive (r² = -0.47156; p<0.0001) for farms smaller than 1 000 ha. A statistically meaningful (p = 0.0115) relationship exists between farm size and the number of activities that were offered. This occured in cases where farms were smaller than 1 000 ha. In 25% of the cases only one agricultural tourism activity was offered, 12.5% of these farms were 100 ha or smaller. The maximum number of activities that were offered was 11 and it was found in 3.13% of the cases. A highly statistically meaningful (p = <0.0001) connection exists between the percentage tourism turnover per year and the different types of activity categories that were offered. In 35.75% of the cases these activity categories earned between 1 and 10% of the yearly tourism turnover. A highly statistically meaningful (p = 0.0036) connection also exists between the degree of popularity and the type of activity category that was offered. In 53.07% of the cases the most popular activities were those that are nature-based, followed by accommodation-based activities (23.46%). In 82.5% of the cases additional income was the main reason for offering agricultural tourism. Other distinctive reasons were the love for people (50%) and the desire to share the farm life and beauty with others (25%). The tourism activities that were offered on the farms were respectively, guest houses (62.5%) followed by hiking trails (57.5%) and swimming opportunities (32.5%). Wildlife viewing was the activity that has been offered for the longest period of time, some 11,5 years. The general location of the agricultural tourism operations were 21.9 km from towns and 9.65 km from main routes. Word-of-mouth was the most successful marketing method, followed by the use of own brochures (90%) and local tourism bureau brochures (87.5%). A degree of statistical significance (p = 0.0902) exists between the number of marketing methods and the average percentage of the tourism branch as a total part of the total farming turnover per year. A positive correlation (r² = 0.29118; p<0.0001) exists between the number of marketing methods and the total farming turnover per year. Visitors to the agriculture tourism operations were in 55% of the cases mainly domestic tourists, followed by 25% that includes both domestic and foreign tourists, and a further 20% that mainly includes foreign tourists. The majority (67.5%) of operations indicated that agricultural tourism formed less than 30% (between 2% and 30%) of their annual agricultural turnover, 5% between 30% - 50%, 25% between 80% - 100% of their turnover, while 2.5% generated no income from agricultural tourism. A highly statistically meaningful (p = 0.0010) relationship exists between the percentages that the tourism branch contributes as a total of the farming turnover per year and the number of years that the respondents hade been involved in the offering of agricultural tourism. A positive correlation (r² = 0.30005; p<0.0001) exists between the number of years involved with the offering of agricultural tourism and the average percentage of the total farming turnover per year. New infrastructure was created by 40% of the providers, a further 12.5% partially created new infrastructure, while 47.5% made use of infrastructure that was already in place. Thus far job opportunities have been created for 58 people of whom 13.79% are male and 86.21% are female. A statistically meaningful (p = 0.0406) relationship exists between the number of workers that had to be appointed additionally and the number of activities that were offered. In 17.5% of the cases it was only needed to appoint one worker, followed by 2.5% that appointed three workers each, 5% that had to appoint four workers each and a further 2.5% that had to appoint seven workers each. There are 27.5% of agricultural tourism providers that had to appoint additional workers, 20% provided education to those workers and 36.36% of the above-mentioned provided housing to those workers and their dependants. A statistically meaningful (p = 0.0209) relationship exists between education provided to workers that had to be appointed additionally and the type of activity combination that was presented. A degree of statistical significance (p = 0.0691) exists between housing provided to additional workers and the number of activities that were presented. A statistically meaningful (p = 0.0455) relationship further exists between housing provided to workers that had to be appointed additionally and the type of activity combination that was presented. From the results of this study it appeared that the development of agricultural tourism in the Garden Route area has a positive impact on the micro- and macro environments of the rural areas. This impact can make a direct or indirect contribution to the socio-economic development of this region and it can induce the generation of additional income, infrastructure development, job creation, education and housing. This study suggests that there is significant potential for the further development and exploitation of agricultural tourism.

Text in Afrikaans, with abstracts in Afrikaans, English and Xhosa / Dissipline in skole en leerders se uitslae het sedert 1994 baie verswak. Aanranding op opvoeders haal daagliks die nuus wat 'n swak beeld van die stand van onderwys in Suid-Afrika die wêreld instuur. Hierdie studie het die rol wat die skoolbestuurspanne kan doen om 'n effektiewe dissiplinebeleid in plek kan stel ten einde die gedrag van die leerders te verbeter, ondersoek. Die studie het bevind dat die skole dissiplinebeleide aangekoop het wat deur 'n eksterne maatskappy saamgestel is. Die opvoeders, ouers en leerders het geen aandeel in hierdie beleid nie en daarom neem hulle nie eienaarskap daarvan nie. Dit het ook aan die lig gekom dat die opvoeders verskillende metodes, sommige selfs onwettig, gebruik om leerders te straf. Hulle fokus op straf in plaas daarvan om die gedrag van die leerders te herstel. Die studie doen aanbevelings oor wat die skoolbestuurspan kan doen en gee riglyne vir die opstel van 'n effektiewe dissiplinebeleid. / The systemic test results shows that since 1994, discipline in schools and amongst learners has drastically deteriorated. Assaults on educators on a daily basis reach the news, which leaves a bad image to the world on the state of education in South Africa. This study investigates the role that school management teams can play to put an effective discipline policy in place to improve the behaviour of learners. The study found that schools have acquired policies on school discipline that were developed by an external company. Educators, learners and parents were not involved in the development thereof and for this reason they do not take ownership of it. It has come to light that educators use different methods, sometimes even unethical and illegal, to discipline learners. They focus on discipline (punitive) instead of trying to correct the behaviour of the learner (remedial). The study gives recommendations on what school management teams can do with guidelines on how to develop an effective discipline policy. / Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukususela ngo-1994 ukuqeqeshwa ezikolweni kwaye abafundi baye bahlaselwa kakhulu. Ukuhlaselwa kootitshala kwimihla ngemihla kufikelela kwiindaba ezishiya umfanekiso ombi kwihlabathi kwimfundo eMzantsi Afrika.Olu pho nonongo luphanda iqela lokulawula isikolo lingalidlala ukubeka umgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo wokuphucula ukuziphatha kwabafundi. Olu pho nonongo luye lwabonisa ukuba izikolo zifumene imigaqo-nkqubo yokuqeqeshwa kwesikolo eyenziwe yinkampani yangaphandle. Ootitshala, abafundi nabazali abazange bathathe inxaxheba ekuphuhlisweni kwayo ngenxa yeso sizathu abakhange bawuthathe ubunini bayo. Kwaye kwacaca ukuba ootitshala basebenzisa iindlela ezihlukeneyo, ngamanye amaxesha nangona zingekho mthethweni, ekuqeqeshweni labafundi. Zijolise ekuqeqesheni (isigwebo) endaweni yokuzama ukulungisa ukuziphatha komfundi (ukulungiswa).Uphononongo unikeza iingcomo malunga naziphi iikomiti zolawulo lwesikolo ezinokukwenza nezikhokelo malunga nokuphuhlisa umgaqo-nkqubo osebenzayo. / Educational Management and Leadership / M. Ed. (Education Management)

Over the past few decades, customer satisfaction, customer retention and policies and procedures to sustain the above mentioned, have earned great amount of lip service. The importance of satisfied customer percentage have been emphasized by theories even longer before the best advised companies have done so. It is only recently, on the eve of the Soccer World cup 2010 that the issue has been narrowed down to truly hard relationships and one hard question: “Will the guest visiting the hospitality establishment frequent the hotel?” Two vital financial catalysts were used as basis for customer retention. The first is that of old customer’s costs much less than acquisition of new ones and the profit generated from the retained customer must therefore handsomely exceed the harvest reaped from the new clientele. Retaining customers have become an intangible asset in the sense that their value demonstrates the return that is won by successful efforts to satisfy the customers so greatly that they and their custom literally and figuratively stays with you. South Africa has lured even the loneliest traveller to the scenic beauty that is cradled by the country and its surroundings. When taking the former into consideration, South African businesses have enjoyed an increased appreciation and application of Business Management and its accompanying principles. The hospitality industry should therefore embrace the business management principles with specific emphasis on Total Quality Management (TQM); providing managers with the capacity to think strategically about the organisation, its business position, how it can gain sustainable competitive advantage and how its business management strategy can be implemented and executed successfully. The latter forms the basis for ensuring the smooth running of operations and ultimately, ensuring guests have a wonderful experience at the particular establishment. There is a strong belief that lodging facilities in the Garden Route area has experienced low customer retention due to a lack of comprehensive implementation of Total Quality Management principles which impedes on the establishments to reach their optimum profit levels. It is for this reason that this thesis will argue the importance of the systematic client retention as a strategic mandate in today’s service markets. Commercial reality demand long and lasting relationships that are beneficial to both the hospitality related establishment and their customers. The hypothesis used is the application of Total Quality Management as a Business Management Strategy which will facilitate customer retention in hospitality related industries such as hotels situated in the Garden Route area. Research shows that service expectations of customers and potential customers have escalated. Hospitality businesses found that implementation of quality processes to be a vital competitive component. However, many hotels are still struggling to reach a real understanding of what is meant by TQM. The research data indicates that 93 percent of hotels in the Garden Route do not follow a TQM program although all the hotels were familiar with the concept. This might be the reason why most hotels neglect customer retention activities. The literature reviewed in chapter two considers the customer retention activities evaluated in the questionnaire as important to retain guests. Hotels in the Garden Route do not perform these activities to the extent of success. Hotel managers thus know what to do in order to retain guests but the problem is quite simple, they do not always implement the necessary strategies.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Climate change creates both risks and opportunities worldwide. By understanding, planning for and adapting to a changing climate, individuals and societies can take advantage of these opportunities and reduce risks where possible. The consequences of climate variability and climate change are potentially more significant for activities that depend on local weather and climatic conditions. The Garden Route in the Western Cape (southern region), is an agricultural region that is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and climate variables; if these climatic conditions should change, productivity levels and livelihoods would be directly affected. This study examined how farmers’ perceptions of weather conditions have corresponded with the climatic data recorded at various meteorological stations in the Garden Route, South Africa, and whether these perceptions could be linked to an understanding of the ethical implications of climate change or not. Through the use of indepth interviews, the study analysed farmers’ adaptive responses, their perceptions and understanding of climate change, and their perceptions and understanding of the ethical challenges posed by climate change. The Heckman Probit Adaptation Model was used to examine perception and adaptation to climate change and climate variability. Main constraints cited by farmers in changing their ways of farming and adapting to climate change were obtaining rights to increasing their water storage capacities (increasing dam walls or building dams), flood water management, cash flow and financial support, obtaining permits to burn, and general support from official structures. Furthermore this study implemented a scenario-planning exercise to determine adaptation trends in the observed and projected climate for the Garden Route, with the aim of providing possible solutions for wiser agricultural practices. The following scenarios were compared: (1) If agricultural practices continue as per status quo – with no change in climatic conditions; (2) If agricultural patterns are significantly modified, to reduce agricultural impact on local biodiversity – with no change in climatic conditions; (3) If agricultural practices continue as per status quo – with significant change in climatic conditions; and (4) If agricultural practices are significantly modified, to reduce agricultural impact on local biodiversity, and taking account of likely changes in climatic conditions. The analyses – according to these four scenarios – indicated the likelihood of possible trends in future, using specific climate variables, together with possible adaptation strategies. With no change in climatic conditions, but a change in farming practices towards environmental protection, the farming sector may achieve sustainability. However, if climatic conditions should change, changes in farming practices may not be enough to guarantee its sustainability. Farmers in the Garden Route indicated that agricultural production on any scale is completely dependent on water, leaving this sector exposed and vulnerable posing substantial obstacles to farmers to continue farming in the same way. Farmers are now faced with the decision to “adapt or die”. The convergence of these factors has the potential to create a “perfect moral storm”. One consequence of this storm is that, even if the other difficult ethical questions surrounding climate change could be answered, farmers still may find it difficult to articulate what this moral storm could entail, and how to act upon it. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Klimaatsverandering skep wêreldwyd beide risiko’s en geleenthede. Deur klimaatsverandering te verstaan, daarvoor te beplan en daarby aan te pas, kan individue en gemeenskappe hierdie geleenthede aangryp en, waar moontlik, die risiko’s verlaag. Die gevolge van klimaatskommelings en klimaatverandering is potensieel meer betekenisvol vir daardie aktiwiteite wat afhanklik is van plaaslike weer- en klimaatstoestande. Die landboustreek in die Tuinroete in die Wes-Kaap (suidelike streek) is gevoelig vir die impak van klimaatsverandering en klimaatskommelings; indien klimaatstoestande verander, sal produktiwiteitsvlakke en lewenskwaliteit direk beïnvloed word. Hierdie studie het ondersoek ingestel na die ooreenkoms tussen boere se persepsie van klimaatsverandering, en die klimaatsdata by verskeie meteorologiese stasies in die Tuinroete, Suid-Afrika en of hierdie persepsies verbind kan word aan 'n begrip van die etiese implikasies van klimaatsverandering of nie. By wyse van indiepte onderhoude het die studie boere se aanpassingmeganismes, hul persepsies en begrip van klimaatsverandering, asook hul persepsies en begrip van die etiese uitdagings van klimaatsverandering ontleed. Die Heckman Probit Aanpassings-Model is gebruik om die persepsie en aanpassing by klimaatsverandering en klimaatskommelings te bepaal. Boere het die volgende as die vernaamste struikelblokke in die verandering in landboupraktyke en aanpassing by klimaatsverandering beskou: a) verkryging van toestemming om wateropgaarkapasiteit te verhoog (die bou of verhoging van damme); b) vloedbestuur; c) kontantvloei en finansiële ondersteuning; d) verkryging van brandpermitte; en e) algemene ondersteuning vanaf amptelike instansies. Voorts het hierdie studie scenario-beplanning gebruik om tendense in die aanpassing by die waargenome en voorspelde klimaatsverandering in die Tuinroete te bepaal. Die doel hiervan is om moontlike oplossings vir beter landboupraktyke te verskaf. Die volgende scenario’s is met mekaar vergelyk: (1) Indien landboupraktyke voortgaan soos gewoonlik (status quo) – geen verandering in klimaatstoestande; (2) Indien landbou betekenisvol verander om die impak van landbou op plaaslike biodiversiteit te verlaag – geen verandering in klimaatstoestande; (3) Indien landboupraktyke voortgaan soos gewoonlik (status quo) – betekenisvolle verandering in klimaatstoestande; en (4) Indien landbou betekenisvol verander om die impak van landbou op plaaslike biodiversiteit te verlaag – met inagneming van moontlike veranderings in klimaatstoestande. By wyse van die vier scenario’s dui die analise moontlike toekomstige tendense aan deur gebruik te maak van spesifieke klimaatskommelings, tesame met moontlike aanpassingstrategieë. Met geen verandering in die klimaatstoestand kan die landbousektor volhoubaar wees indien landboupraktyke verander en omgewingsbeskerming in ag neem. Indien klimaatstoestande egter verander, mag gewysigde landboupraktyke nie genoeg wees om die volhoubaarheid daarvan te verseker nie. Boere in die Tuinroete het aangedui dat enige skaal van landbouproduksie geheel en al van water afhanklik is, wat hierdie sektor blootgestel en kwesbaar maak, en ‘n groot struikelblok is indien boere op dieselfde wyse bly boer. Boere is nou onderworpe aan die besluit om aan te pas of onder te gaan. Die sameloop van al hierdie faktore het die potensiaal om die “perfekte morele storm” te ontketen. Een gevolg van hierdie storm is dat, alhoewel ander moeilike etiese kwessies rondom klimaatsverandering beantwoord sou kon word, boere dit nog steeds moeilik mag vind om dié morele storm te omskryf en hoe om hierop te reageer.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The Garden Route is located along the southern Cape coast of South Africa, between the Outeniqua Mountain Range and the coast, stretching from Gourits River in the west to Bloukranz River in the east. This region is recognised as a holiday destination and the centre of the southern Cape’s tourism industry. It has also gained popularity as a golfing destination set to proliferate in terms of new golfcourse developments (Golf Digest 2004; Gould 2004; Granger 2003). No known complete academic or public record is however available for the study area in which all the golf development types, namely short courses, public-municipal golf-courses and residential golf estates, are recorded. This leaves a gap in the understanding of the Garden Route as a golfing destination, as well as opening the floor for public speculation about the status of the Garden Route golfscape. This situation emphasises the need for a description of the Garden Route golfscape in order to achieve a better understanding of it and of the Garden Route as an emerging golfing destination. The research aspires to describe the Garden Route golfscape in terms of the geographic spatial distribution and characteristics of all the golf development types mentioned. It also aims to analyse how the public and developers of golf developments perceive the Garden Route golfscape. The research has shown that amongst the four identified intra-regional golfscapes of the Garden Route, namely the Mossel Bay, George, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay intra-regional golfscapes, the George intra-regional golfscape has been affected the most by golf developments. This intra-regional golfscape has the greatest number of existing golf developments, as well as the highest number of new golf development applications followed by Mossel Bay, Knysna and Plettenberg Bay. It is also clear from the research that the press, through publishing factually incorrect and biased information, plays a significant role in negatively affecting the public’s perception about the Garden Route golfscape. The literature, as well as the results of the public opinion poll, identifies residential private golf estate developments as the development type responsible for controversial golf debates. The survey indicated that there is less concern and objection to public-municipal golf-courses and short courses. The lack of public support for golf developments is as a result of the fact that the public is not convinced that either the natural environment or tourism, will benefit from the Garden Route developing into an international golfing destination. At the time of research, the Garden Route hosted 22 approved golf developments of which nine are short courses, another nine are golf estates and the remaining four are public municipal courses. A total of eight new golf estates are proposed for the Garden Route. There are no proposals for new public-municipal golf-courses or short courses. The research has highlighted that existing challenges associated with Garden Route golf developments must be quantified through future research in order to compare the impacts (economic, social and environmental impacts) with that of other land uses in the study area. Results from such future exercises, combined with future in-depth environmental and human resource audits of the area, will help determine the carrying capacity of the study area for golf developments, which will in turn contribute to an even better understanding of the Garden Route golfscape.

In South Africa, there is a growing concern regarding the sustainability of bark harvesting due to the reduced availability of medicinal trees in natural areas and the slow growing and slow-reproducing nature of South Africa’s indigenous trees, of which some have specific habitat requirements and a limited distribution. With an estimated 80% of all Africans in South Africa still relying on plant material for their basic healthcare needs, approximately 200 000 traditional healers and an estimated 63 000 commercial harvesters, medicinal plants are being exploited to extinction. The aim of the study was to determine whether bridge-grafting could be used to restore growth in girdled Ocotea bullata and Curtisia dentata trees as these two medicinal tree species are listed on the South African Red List as ‘endangered’ and ‘near threatened’ due to overexploitation. These trees were also historically used in furniture production and general carpentry, which increased these trees’ vulnerability to extinction. Bridge-grafting is a technique widely described in horticultural literature but has not been used to restore growth in medicinal tree species with extensive harvesting damage. Metabolomics as analytical method is a relatively new science, but it is very useful, accurate and repeatable in obtaining knowledge on the metabolites present in a plant, and for determining the concentrations of metabolites. NMR metabolomics is, however, not sensitive enough to quantify metabolites with very low concentrations such as plant hormones. The results achieved showed that O. bullata and C. dentata responded differently to girdling and bridge-grafting regarding location of callus initiation, callus development, rate of callus development, basal shoot initiation and development and their sucrose source-sink relationships. NMR metabolomics showed that seasonality was an important factor affecting metabolite responses in both species. NMR metabolomics also showed that after one year, there were no differences in responses above and below the girdle wounds, nor were there differences between the grafted trees and the normal control trees. iv Although the method of bridge-grafting was successful in restoring the growth of O. bullata and C. dentata with this study, much more research needs to be conducted to prevent endangered girdled medicinal trees from becoming extinct, to maintain tree species diversity, genetic diversity and biodiversity. / School of Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Nature Conservation)

Thesis (MTech. degree in Adventure Tourism Management)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2009. / The purpose of the study was to develop an integrated strategy for community participation in tourism in the Garden Route region. The study contributes to the existing body of community participation in tourism knowledge domain. It adds value as this strategy can be applied to other regions in South Africa.

Text in Afrikaans with abstracts in Afrikaans and English / In hierdie proefskrif word die agtergrond van die pre-koloniale stand van die destydse Kaapkolonie geskets en die historiese ontstaan van een gemeenskap word as tersaaklike voorbeeld behandel. Die verhouding wat met verloop van tyd tussen hierdie gemeenskap en die indringende koloniste ontwikkel het, is grotendeels gebaseer op persepsies en houdinge wat reeds sedert die 17e, 18e en veral die 19e eeu weens die ontmoeting tussen die uiteenlopende bevolkingsgroepe ontstaan het. Die verhoudinge wat inherent as gevolg van hierdie koloniale inmenging vertroebel is, was die oorsaak dat sekere inheemse bevolkingsgroepe radikale verandering ondergaan het. Die inheemse bevolking se rol het al hoe meer ondergeskik geword en die landskap het vir goed verander. Waar die inheemse bevolkingsgroepe se grondgebied van hulle ontneem is, moes hulle hul oorlewingstrategieë drasties verander. Die sogenaamde bruinmense, wat ontstaan het uit die ondertrou van die koloniale inkommers met die plaaslike bevolking en ingevoerde slawe, is gou tot die rol van arbeiders gereduseer en hul status het bly verlaag soos die tyd verbygegaan het. Aangesien min van hulle grondbesitters kon wees, wys hierdie proefskrif dat daar wel uitsonderings was. Daar is ’n gemeenskap wat die eienaars van erfgrond aan die Gouritzrivier is en dit steeds na 155 jaar besit. Hierdie gemeenskap is Buisplaas. ‘n Blanke voorvader, Frederick du Buis het aan sy twee seuns wat van gemengde bloed was, Simson en Saul ’n stuk grond langs die Gouritzrivier in die suidooste van die Wes-Kaap nagelaat. Op hierdie 94 hektaar het ’n Buis-gemeenskap ontstaan wat deur al die jare van politieke veranderinge in Suid-Afrika bly voortbestaan en gegroei het. Die onsimpatieke geografie en klimaat van Buisplaas het sy beperkings ingehou en tog het hierdie gemeenskap oorleef en die skamele voordele soos die nabyheid van die rivier en die aalwyne tot hulle voordeel gebruik. Al het die ekonomiese realiteit die meeste van die inwoners genoop om elders te gaan vir verdere opleiding en werksgeleenthede het die Buis-afstammelinge dikwels na hul aftrede uit hul beroepe teruggekeer na hul heimat. Ontwikkeling en die daaropvolgende verbetering van hul omstandighede het eers 127 jaar na die oordrag van Buisplaas aan Simson en Saul Buis begin en ’n groot verbetering in hul lewensomstandighede gemaak. Die rol van die Buisplaas Bewonersvereniging wat in 1986 gestig is en die belangrike proses van ontwikkeling wat deur hierdie vereniging begin is, vorm ’n kernaspek van die studie. Oor die jare het die twee kerke, die Lutherse en Anglikaanse kerke ’n deurslaggewende invloed op die inwoners gehad en veral omdat die Lutherse kerk ook verantwoordelik was dat daar ’n laerskool op Buisplaas opgerig is. Die navorsingsproses het die toepassing van ’n multi-dissiplinêre benadering behels, maar is daar hoofsaaklik van historiese metodologie gebruik gemaak. Die aktiewe bydrae van verskeie inwoners en oud-inwoners van Buisplaas het die gebruik van ander primêre en sekondêre bronne aangevul. Die fokus van die studie was derhalwe op die Buisplaas-gemeenskap wat vir so lank reeds bruin grondeienaars is, te midde van die problematiek van grondeienaarskap in Suid-Afrika. Alhoewel die konkrete realiteite van hierdie gemeenskap behandel word, gaan dit meer oor die ontasbare emosionele verbintenis van die mense met hulle plek, hulle eiendom. Dit gaan oor ‘n landskap wat uit kulturele tradisies en herinneringe bestaan. Dit kry die mistiek deur die krag van onthou, deur die nooit-vergeet-nie van mense se plekbewussyn. Plek word die verlenging van die self want plek is dan ook ‘n oord van tussenmenslike verbondenheid. Dit maak dit nie ‘n volmaakte plek nie maar ten minste ‘n plek waar mense van mekaar geweet het en steeds weet. Die veranderende ekonomiese en politieke streeksdinamika het ‘n invloed op die betekenis wat die inwoners aan hulle plek heg. Die fisiese en ruimtelike omgewing beïnvloed ook die interaksie en verhoudings van hierdie mense. / This thesis describes the background of the pre-colonial situation in the Cape Colony of the time. It uses the historical origin and development of one specific community as an example. The relationship which developed between this community and the intrusive colonialists is based to a large extent on perceptions and attitudes which were observed in the seventeenth and eighteenth but especially during the nineteenth century between the diverse population groups. The interference of the colonialists caused great harm to these relationships and consequently some of the indigenous population groups underwent radical changes. The indigenous population’s role in the area became more and more submersed and the landscape changed forever. As the territories of the indigenous groups were taken from them, they had to change their survival strategies drastically. The group which in former times was called ‘coloured’ because of inter marriages between the colonialists and the local population or the imported slaves, was soon reduced to labourers and their status diminished as time went by. In spite of very few being able to remain as landowners this thesis shows that there were exceptions. There is a community which inherited land next to the Gouritz River and after 155 years they are still the rightful owners. This community is known as Buisplaas. A white ancestor, Frederick du Buis left his two sons, Simson and Saul who were of mixed blood, 94 hectares of land next to the Gouritz River, in the south eastern part of the Western Cape. This is where the Buis community came into being and through the many years of political change in South Africa they continued to remain and develop there. The harsh geography and climate of Buisplaas had its limitations and yet the community survived. They used the meagre possibilities of the area like their proximity to the Gouritz River and the aloes growing there to their benefit. Although the economic realities forced many of the inhabitants to move elsewhere to further their studies or to find work opportunities, the Buisplaas descendants often returned to their community after retirement. It was only 127 years after Simson and Saul Buis inherited Buisplaas that development and consequently improvement started happening on a bigger scale. It changed their quality of life immensely. In 1986 the Residents’ Association of Buisplaas was formed and its role in the development of the community forms the major part of this study. Over the years both the Lutheran and the Anglican churches had a very strong influence on the inhabitants, especially since the Lutheran church was responsible for the establishment of a primary school at Buisplaas. The research entailed a multi-faceted approach, but mostly historical methodology was used. The active participation of different members of the Buisplaas community as well as some of the former inhabitants and neighbours in this thesis, supplemented the use of various other sources. The focus of the study was on the Buisplaas community who had been land owners as so-called ‘coloured’ people long before the issues and problems of owning land in South Africa were addressed. Although the basic realities of survival of this community will be addressed, the main focus is on the emotional bonds of the people with their place, with their property. It deals with their memories and with the cultural traditions that form the backbone of the area. This study has a charm which is revealed because of the memories of the people and the omnipresent consciousness of the ownership of their special place. Place becomes an extension of the self because place and space are also where human ties exist. It doesn’t make the place perfect but it remains a place where the people have always been aware of one another. The changing political and economic dynamics of the area have an influence on the importance and meaning of this place for its inhabitants. The physical and spatial environment and its spiritual importance also influence the interaction and relationships between these people. / History / D. Litt. et Phil. (Geskiedenis)